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Nätplan för fördelningsstation M4 Torsby / Network plan for electric substation M4 TorsbyOleryd, Josefin, Askevik, Karl-Johan January 2016 (has links)
Det här examensarbetet är utfört på uppdrag av Kungälv Energi AB. Syftet med arbetet är att upprätta en nätplan för området M4 Torsby som kan användas som underlag till investeringar. Nätplanen innehåller en geografisk beskrivning som ger en överblick av markförhållanden, en tillståndskontroll av nätet vid normal- samt reservdrift, kontroll av nätets prestanda vid framtida lastökning samt åtgärdsförslag. M4 Torsby är ett landsbygdsnät bestående av fem linjer som matar totalt 1949 kunder. Beräkningar som utförts i Kungälv Energis beräkningsprogram dpPower visar att på linje L403 finns det en Cu 10 friledning som är överbelastad vid normaldrift. I nätet finns även överbelastade transformatorer. Reservdrift i området kan hanteras på alla linjer förutom på linje L401 vid det specifikt valda beräkningsfallet. Undersökning av nätets framtida prestanda har beräknats enligt Kungälv Energis och Kungälv Kommuns planer för området. Även extra last har adderats för att få en högre belastningsökning än de redan planerade. Resultaten visar att nätet klarar denna belastningsökning i normal- och reservdrift förutom då K406 reservmatar stor del av L401. En ACJJ50 kabel i Kärna centrum överbelastas. Arbetet resulterade i åtgärdsförslag för transformatorer samt placering av nya frånskiljare för bättre sektionering av nätet. Även ett åtgärdsförslag på den ACJJ50 kabel som kan bli överbelastad vid framtida reservdrift har framställts. / This thesis is made on behalf of Kungälv Energi AB. The purpose of the thesis is to establish a network plan for the area M4 Torsby that can be used as a foundation for reconstruction and investments in the area. The network plan contains a geographical description that provides an overview of the area including ground conditions and nature reserves. It also procures condition monitoring of the power network to detect its strengths and weaknesses in normal and reserve operation. To detect if the network can handle future loads a simulated scenario has been made. M4 Torsby consists of five lines which supply 1949 customers. Calculations show that a specific part of line L403 and some transformers around the area are overloaded during normal operation. The area can be alternately supplied. Calculations on the simulated future show that the network can handle future loads in both normal and reserve operation if the overloaded part of L403 is upgraded.
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Aplicação do método de imagens complexas ao cálculo de malhas de aterramento em solos com estratificação horizontal. / Modelling of grounding grids in multilayer soils using complex images.Pereira Filho, Mário Leite 21 May 1999 (has links)
O projeto de malhas de aterramento requer o cálculo da resistência de aterramento e dos potenciais na superfície do solo. Quando o método das imagens é utilizado para este cálculo o modelo típico do solo é uma estratificação horizontal em 2 camadas. A extensão do método das imagens para solos com múltiplas camadas horizontais apresenta problemas numéricos importantes, de forma que a técnica de imagens complexas foi utilizada para permitir este cálculo, porém restringindo a posição dos eletrodos à primeira camada. Este trabalho objetiva a aplicação do método de imagens complexas a eletrodos situados em qualquer camada de solos com estratificação horizontal, deduzindo as funções kernel para posições arbitrárias da fonte e do objeto e determinando os resíduos e pólos das imagens utilizando a decomposição em autovalores e autovetores. Foi desenvolvido um programa que calcula a resistência de aterramento e os potenciais na superfície do solo para solos com até 4 camadas. Foram realizadas comparações com outros trabalhos publicados e os resultados obtidos permitem validar o uso do programa para esta aplicação. / Grounding grid design requires both ground resistance and surface potential. Traditional method of images restricts this calculation to two layer soils. Complex image method allows calculation of both resistance values and potentials at the soil surface, in multilayer soils with horizontal stratification, without grounding grid position limitation. This work presents a complete methodology for calculation of safety aspects of grounding grid design, validating results by comparison with published previous work.
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Aplicação do método de imagens complexas ao cálculo de malhas de aterramento em solos com estratificação horizontal. / Modelling of grounding grids in multilayer soils using complex images.Mário Leite Pereira Filho 21 May 1999 (has links)
O projeto de malhas de aterramento requer o cálculo da resistência de aterramento e dos potenciais na superfície do solo. Quando o método das imagens é utilizado para este cálculo o modelo típico do solo é uma estratificação horizontal em 2 camadas. A extensão do método das imagens para solos com múltiplas camadas horizontais apresenta problemas numéricos importantes, de forma que a técnica de imagens complexas foi utilizada para permitir este cálculo, porém restringindo a posição dos eletrodos à primeira camada. Este trabalho objetiva a aplicação do método de imagens complexas a eletrodos situados em qualquer camada de solos com estratificação horizontal, deduzindo as funções kernel para posições arbitrárias da fonte e do objeto e determinando os resíduos e pólos das imagens utilizando a decomposição em autovalores e autovetores. Foi desenvolvido um programa que calcula a resistência de aterramento e os potenciais na superfície do solo para solos com até 4 camadas. Foram realizadas comparações com outros trabalhos publicados e os resultados obtidos permitem validar o uso do programa para esta aplicação. / Grounding grid design requires both ground resistance and surface potential. Traditional method of images restricts this calculation to two layer soils. Complex image method allows calculation of both resistance values and potentials at the soil surface, in multilayer soils with horizontal stratification, without grounding grid position limitation. This work presents a complete methodology for calculation of safety aspects of grounding grid design, validating results by comparison with published previous work.
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Virtualization of a sensor node to enable the simulation of IEC 61850-based sampled value messagesLuwaca, Emmanuel January 2014 (has links)
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014 / The IEC 61850 standard, “Communication networks and systems in substations” was
promulgated to accommodate the need for a common communication platform within
substations for devices from different vendors. The IEC 61850 standard proposes a
substation automation architecture that is Ethernet-based, with a “station-bus” for
protection devices within the substation and a “process bus” where raw data from the
voltage and current transformers are published onto the data network using a device
known as a Merging Unit.
To date, most of the standardization efforts were focused at the station bus level
where event-triggered messages are exchanged between the substation automation
devices, commonly referred to as Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). These
messages are known as Generic Object Oriented Substation Event messages.
Equipment from vendors to accommodate the “process bus” paradigm, however is
still limited at present.
The Centre for Substation Automation and Energy Management Systems was
established within the Electrical Engineering Department at the Cape Peninsula
University of Technology with one of its objectives being the development of
equipment either for simulation or real-time purposes in compliance with the IEC
61850 standard. In order to fulfil this long-term objective of the Centre, an in-depth
understanding of the IEC 61850 standard is required.
This document details the efforts at acquiring the requisite knowledge base in support
of the educational objectives of the Centre and the research project implements a
simulation of a merging unit which is compliant with the functional behavior as
stipulated by the standard. This limited functional implementation (i.e. non-real-time)
of the merging unit, is achieved through the development of a virtualized data
acquisition node capable of synthetic generation of waveforms, encoding of the data
and publishing the data in a format compliant with the IEC 61850-9-2 sampled value
message structure.
This functional behavior of the virtual sensor node which was implemented has been
validated against the behavior of a commercial device and the sampled value
message structure is validated against the standard. The temporal behavior of the
proposed device is commented upon. This research project forms the basis for future
real-time implementation of a merging unit.
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Development of an embedded system actuator node for intergration into an IEC 61850 based substation automation applicationRetonda-Modiya, John-Charly January 2012 (has links)
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012 / The introduction of the IEC 61850 standard in substations for communication networks and
systems by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2003 provided the
possibility for communication between devices of different manufacturers. However, the
advent of this standard also brought about many challenges associated with it.
The challenges introduced by this fairly recent standard of communications in Substation
Automation Systems (SAS), and the need for the development of cost effective IEC 61850-
compliant devices, motivated the decision of the Centre for Substation and Energy
Management Systems within the Electrical Engineering Department of the Cape Peninsula
University of Technology to focus on the implementation of the IEC 61850 standard using an
embedded hardware platform.
The development of an IEC 61850 embedded application requires substantial knowledge in
multiple domains such as data networking, software modelling and development of Intelligent
Electronic Devices (IEDs), protection of the electrical system, system simulation and testing
methods, etc. Currently knowledge about the implementation of the IEC 61850 standard
usually resides with vendors and is not in the public domain.
The IEC 61850 standard allows for two groups of communication services between entities
within the substation automation system. One group utilizes a client-server model
accommodating services such as Reporting and Remote Switching. The second group
utilizes a peer-to-peer model for Generic Substation Event (GSE) services associated with
time-critical activities such as fast and reliable communication between Intelligent Electronic
Devices (IEDs) used for protection of the power network.
The messages associated with the GSE services are the Generic Object Oriented Substation
Event (GOOSE) messages. The use of GOOSE messages for protection of the electrical
system is very important in modern substations. Detailed knowledge of the structure of these
messages is important in instances requiring fault diagnosis to determine the cause of mal–
operation or to address interoperability concerns or when developing custom IEC 61850-
compliant devices with limited functionality.
A practical protection application (overcurrent) case study is presented where GOOSE
messages are exchanged between a commercial IED and an IEC 61850-compliant controller
based on an embedded platform. The basic data model and software development of an
actuator node for a circuit breaker is proposed using an IEC 61850 communication stack on
an embedded platform. The performance of the GOOSE messages is confirmed to be as per
the functional behaviour specified, and per the IEC 68150 standard in terms of the temporal
behaviour required.
This thesis document tables the methods, software programs, hardware interfacing and
system integration techniques that allow for the development and implementation of a low
cost IEC 61850-compliant controller unit on an embedded systems platform for the
substation automation system.
The overcurrent case study distributed between a commercial IED (SIEMENS Siprotec
device) and the actuator application developed on an embedded platform for this project
(DK60 board) is in compliance with the IEC 61850 standard and utilizing GOOSE messaging
is successfully completed both in terms of functional and temporal behaviour.
This novel research work contributes not only to the academic community, but to the
international Power Systems community as a whole.
Keywords: IEC 61850 standard, IEDs, GOOSE message, software modelling, software
development, substation automation systems, communication stack, embedded systems,
actuator.
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