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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Electrochemically controlled patterning for biosensor arrays.

Dondapati, Srujan Kumar 14 December 2006 (has links)
Existe una demanda creciente de dispositivos de análisis multianalito, con aplicaciones potenciales en los campos de la biomedicina y biotecnología, así como en el ámbito industrial y ambiental. Para el desarrollo de estos dispositivos resulta esencial un buen control espacial durante la etapa de inmovilización de las biomoléculas de interés; cada una de ellas debe ser depositada de forma precisa sobre la superficie del sensor (por ejemplo, un transductor amperométrico), evitando solapamientos que puedan comprometer la especificidad del sistema. El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar diferentes métodos de patterning para la inmovilización selectiva de biomoléculas. El primer método consiste en la electrodeposición selectiva de nanopartículas de oro biofuncionalizadas para el desarrollo de biochips. Se trata de un método de patterning controlado electroquímicamente, en el que las nanopartículas de oro se modifican en primer lugar recubriéndolas con diversos enzimas y a continuación se electrodepositan selectivamente sobre la superficie de un electrodo. Como parte de esta metodología, se prepararon nanopartículas de oro biofuncionalizadas utilizando tres estrategias diferentes: a través del enlace dativo oro-tiol, por adsorción directa o mediante interacción electrostática siguiendo la técnica layer-by-layer (capa por capa). Para la funcionalización de las nanopartículas de oro se emplearon distintas biomoléculas, como los enzimas peroxidasa de rábano (HRP), glucosa oxidasa (GOX) y albúmina de suero bovino (BSA), y finalmente oligonucleótidos modificados con moléculas fluorescentes y grupos tiol. Las nanopartículas biofuncionalizadas fueron caracterizadas mediante técnicas de espectroscopía UV-visible, microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM) y medida del potencial zeta. Mediante espectroscopía UV-visible se observó un pico de resonancia de plasmón característico de las nanopartículas modificadas, relacionado con la estabilidad de la preparación. La medida del potencial zeta permitió la caracterización de las nanopartículas de oro modificadas capa por capa con polímero redox y enzimas. También se estudiaron los cambios en el potencial zeta de nanopartículas modificadas con BSA a distintos valores de pH. Tras la preparación de las partículas biofuncionalizadas, se llevaron a cabo estudios fundamentales de electrodeposición de nanopartículas de oro modificadas con BSA y un polímero redox, con el fin de analizar el efecto de varios parámetros: potencial aplicado, tiempo de deposición, distancia entre los electrodos, superficie del electrodo auxiliar y pH del medio. Para estudiar el comportamiento electrocatalítico de las nanopartículas modificadas una vez electrodepositadas, se llevaron a cabo experimentos utilizando coloides de oro modificados con HRP y GOX. A continuación se empleó esta metodología para el desarrollo de biochips, utilizando dos configuraciones diferentes. En la primera, se electrodepositaron nanopartículas de oro funcionalizadas con GOX y HRP y modificadas con un polímero redox sobre la superficie de un chip de electrodos interdigitados (IDE), consiguiendo eliminar por completo las repuestas no específicas. En la segunda configuración, las partículas se modificaron con una capa adicional de polímero redox, comprobando de nuevo la ausencia total de respuestas no específicas después de la electrodeposición. Esta método de patterning es genérico y puede utilizarse para la producción de diversos biochips. El segundo método de patterning también está basado en el control electroquímico, y consiste en la modificación de los electrodos con monocapas autoensambladas electroactivas cuya funcionalidad es modulable en función del potencial aplicado. En esta metodología, la monocapa electroactiva contiene grupos acetal que pueden ser desprotegidos selectivamente mediante la aplicación de un potencial en zonas específicas de la superficie del electrodo. De esta manera quedan expuestos en la superficie grupos aldehído activos, que pueden ser fácilmente conjugados con aminas primarias presentes en las biomoléculas de interés. Los enzimas GOX y HRP se usaron como proteínas modelo para comprobar la versatilidad de esta técnica. Su aplicabilidad para la fabricación de biochips se demostró con medidas amperométricas y medidas en tiempo real mediante resonancia de plasmón de superficie combinado con electroquímica (eSPR). La tercera metodología es también un sistema de patterning controlado electroquímicamente, pero en este caso se utiliza la inmovilización del 4,4-bipiridil como base para la creación de biochips. Se sintetizaron moléculas de 4,4-bipiridil funcionalizadas con grupos carboxílicos, que fueron caracterizadas electroquímicamente y a continuación conjugadas con las biomoléculas de interés para la creación de biochips. La selectividad de estos sistemas se demostró colorimétricamente, obteniéndose niveles mínimos de respuesta inespecífica. Por último, el cuarto de los métodos de patterning desarrollados está basado en la técnica de fotolitografía. Los enzimas glucosa oxidasa y sarcosina oxidasa se depositaron selectivamente junto con un polímero redox sobre la superficie de electrodos interdigitados utilizando un proceso de lift off, consiguiendo eliminar por completo las señales cruzadas o cross-talk. Como parte de esta metodología se optimizaron varios procedimientos de inmovilización de las biomoléculas, con el fin de seleccionar la estrategia más adecuada. También se llevaron a cabo ensayos con diferentes reactivos para eliminar la adsorción inespecífica. Finalmente, el sistema optimizado fue aplicado sobre IDEs fabricados mediante fotolitografía. Los sensores de glucosa y sarcosina respondieron de forma selectiva a sus respectivos sustratos, con ausencia total de cross-talk. La presente tesis está estructurada en 7 capítulos. En el Capítulo I se exponen las bases del desarrollo de biochips, métodos de patterning con control electroquímico, otros métodos de patterning selectivo y las técnicas de fotolitografía, así como un resumen de la tesis. El Capítulo 2 y 3 describe la síntesis de coloides de oro, la modificación con biomoléculas, los estudios de estabilidad y los estudios fundamentales de electrodeposición de las nanopartículas de oro modificadas sobre la superficie de los electrodos. En el Capítulo 4 se muestra la aplicación de la electrodeposición de nanopartículas de oro biofuncionalizadas para la creación de biochips. El Capítulo 5 describe la inmovilización selectiva de biomoléculas mediante la desprotección electroquímica de monocapas autoensambladas electroactivas. En el Capítulo 6 se muestra la síntesis, caracterización e inmovilización selectiva de derivados de 4,4- bipiridil funcionalizados con HRP. El Capítulo 7 describe el patterning selectivo en la escala micrométrica de dos oxidasas sobre un chip de electrodos interdigitados mediante fotolitografía. Finalmente, el Capítulo 8 resume las conclusiones y el trabajo futuro. / There is an increasing demand of multianalyte sensing devices having potential applications in biomedical, biotechnological, industrial and environmental fields. A good spatial control during biomolecule deposition step is strictly necessary; each biomolecule has to be precisely deposited on the surface of the relevant sensor (eg., an amperometric transducer), avoiding mixing that can compromise the biosensor specificity. The aim of this thesis is to develop different patterning methods for the selective immobilization of biomolecules. The first method is selective electrodeposition of biofunctionalized Au nanoparticles for biosensor arrays. This is an electrochemically controlled patterning method where the Au nanoparticles modified by the enzymes initially and later the enzyme modified Au nanoparticles were electrodeposited selectively on the electrode surface. As a part of this methodology, initially biofunctionalized Au nanoparticles were prepared using three different approcahes. One is Au-thiol dative bonding, the second is direct adsorption and finally electrostatic layerby- layer approach. Different biomolecules like horse radish peroxidase(HRP), glucose oxidase (GOX), bovine serum albumin(BSA), and finally fluorescence labelled oilgonucleotide thiols were used to attch to the Au nanoparticles. Biofunctionalized Au nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques like zeta sizer, UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the successfull modification of Au nanoparticles with a characterstic surface plasmon peak related to the stability. By using zeta sizer, layer-by-layer modification of the Au nanoparticles with redox polymer and enzymes were characterized successfully. Changes of the Au nanoparticles modified with BSA was characterised at different pH s by using the zeta sizer. After the preparation of biofunctionalized particles, some fundamental studies were done with electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles modified with medically important BSA, redox polymer to see how different parameters like potential, time of deposition, interelectrode distance, counter electrode sized, pH, effect the electrodeposition. As a part of these fundamental studies Au colloids modified with HRP and GOX were deposited for studying the electrocalaytic behaviour of the enzymes on the Au nanoparticles after electrodeposition. Later this methodology was applied for creating biosensor arrays by using two different approaches. In the first approach, GOX and HRP functionalized redox polymer modified Au nanoparticles were electrodeposited successfully on an interdigitated electrode (IDE) array with complete absence of non-specific response. In the second approach the particles were modified with an extra redox polymer layer and proved that there is complete absence of nonspecific response after electrodeposition. Moreover, this patterning methodology is generic and can be used for production of different biochips. The second method is another electrochemically controlled patterning method where the electrodes were immobilized with self assembled monolayers with electroactive functionalities which can be tunable with potentials. In this methodology, electroactive self-assembled monolayer contains an active ligand aldehyde which can be readily conjugated to the primary amine group of the biomolecule is protected in the form of acetal. Later when a active potential was applied to the underlying electrode surface, the acetal functionality is deprotected to reveal the aldehyde functionality which was further conjugated to the biomolecule. Two enzymes GOX, HRP were used as model proteins to prove the versatility of this technique. Amperometric as well as real time measurements proved the selective applicability of this technique for creation of biosensor arrays. The third methodology is also an electrochemically controlled patterning methodology where the special advantage of the electrochemically-controlled immobilization of the 4,4-bipyridyl was taken as base for the creation of biosensor arrays. In this methodology, carboxylic acid functionalised 4,4, bipyridyl molecules were synthesized and characterized by electrochemistry. Later the biomolecules were conjugated to these special molecules for the creation of sensor arrays. Proof of selectivity was shown using colourimetrically with minimal non-specific response. Finally in the fourth method which is based on the photolithography technique, two different oxidases GOX & SOX were patterned along with redox polymer selectively on an IDE array using the lift off process with complete absence of cross-talk. As a part of this methodology, different immobilization methods were optimized initially for checking the best optimisation strategy. Later different reagents were tried to optimise the best reagent that prevents the non-specific adsorption. Later this optimised system was applied on the pholithographically created IDE array. Sarcosine and glucose sensors responded selectively to their substrates with complete absence of cross talk. This thesis is structured in 7 chapters. Chapter 1 establishes to basics of the biosensor arrays, electrochemically controlled patterning methods, other selectively patterned methods, photolithography and summary of this thesis. Chapter 2 describes about the gold colloid synthesis, modification with the biomolecules, stability studies. Chapter 3 decribes fundamental studies of the electrodeposition of the functionalised Au nanoparticles on the electrode surface. Chapter 4 describes the application of the electrodeposition of the protein functionalised Au nanoparticles for the creation of biosensor arrays. Chapter 5 describes the selective immobilization of biomolecules through electrochemical deprotection of electroactive self-assembled monolayers. Chapter 6 describes the synthesis, characterization and selective immobilization of HRP functionalized 4,4-bipyridyl derivatives. Chapter 7 describes the selective microscale protein patterning of two oxidases on an IDE array through photolithography. Finally chapter 8 summarizes the conclusions and the future work.
2

Electrochemical control of reversible DNA hybridisation : for future use in nucleic acid amplification

Syed, Shahida Nina January 2014 (has links)
Denaturation and renaturation is indispensable for the biological function of nucleic acids in many cellular processes, such as for example transcription for the synthesis of RNA and DNA replication during cell division. However, the reversible hybridisation of complementary nucleic acids is equally crucial in nearly all molecular biology technologies, ranging from nucleic acid amplification technologies, such as the polymerase chain reaction, and DNA biosensors to next generation sequencing. For nucleic acid amplification technologies, controlled DNA denaturation and renaturation is particularly essential and achieved by cycling elevated temperatures. Although this is by far the most commonly used method, the management of rapid temperature changes requires bulky instrumentation and intense power supply. These factors so far precluded the development of true point-of-care tests for molecular diagnostics. This Thesis explored the possibility of using electrochemical means to control reversible DNA hybridisation by using electroactive intercalators. First, fluorescence-based melting curve analysis was employed to gain an in depth understanding of the reversible process of DNA hybridisation. Fundamental properties, such as stability of the double helix, were investigated by studying the effect of common denaturing agents, such as formamide and urea, pH and monovalent salt concentration. Thereafter, four different electroactive intercalators and their effect on the thermodynamic stability of duplex DNA were screened. The intercalators investigated were methylene blue, thionine, daunomycin and adriamycin. Absorbance-based melting curve analysis revealed a significant increase of the melting temperature of duplex DNA in the presence of oxidised daunomycin. This was not observed in the presence of chemically reduced daunomycin, which confirmed the hypothesis that switching of the redox-state of daunomycin altered its properties from DNA binding to non-binding. Accordingly this altered the thermodynamic stability of duplex DNA. The difference in the stability of duplex DNA, as a direct result of the redox-state of daunomycin, was exploited to drive cyclic electrochemically controlled DNA denaturation and renaturation under isothermal conditions. This proof-of-principle was demonstrated using complementary synthetic 20mer and 40mer DNA oligonucleotides. Analysis with in situ UV–vis and circular dichroism spectroelectrochemistry, as two independent techniques, indicated that up to 80 % of the duplex DNA was reversibly hybridised. Five cycles of DNA denaturation and renaturation were achieved and gel electrophoresis as well as NMR showed no degradation of DNA or daunomycin. As no extreme conditions were implicated, no covalent modification of DNA was required and isothermal conditions were kept, this finding has great potential to simplify future developments of miniaturised and portable bioanalytical systems for nucleic acid-based molecular diagnostics.
3

Stimulation et maitrise électrochimique de la bioremédiation des eaux / Electrochemical stimulation and control of water bioremediatin

Jobin, Lucas 25 May 2018 (has links)
Notre étude porte sur la preuve de concept de contrôle électrochimique de la méthanogénèse, métabolisme clé de la digestion anaérobie et de la bioremédiation des eaux, en exploitant le principe des piles à combustible microbiennes. Une première partie bibliographique vise à décrire les mécanismes de la méthanogénèse dans le contexte de l'auto-épuration des eaux et de production naturelle de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Les technologies de pile à combustibles microbiennes y sont traitées. Une analyse critique des études sur le contrôle électrochimique de la méthanogénèse permet de dimensionner un montage expérimental dédié à la quantification des GES en cultures biologiques électro-stimulées. Sa conception, sa validation ainsi que les méthodes de mise en culture sont décrites dans une seconde partie. Une série de cultures préliminaires sur des boues digérées anaérobies de station d'épuration permettent d'identifier et fixer les paramètres expérimentaux. Dans une troisième partie, une étude expérimentale fait la preuve de concept de contrôle électrochimique de la méthanogénèse avec une diminution significative de 33% en CH4 (tension de +300 mV vs Ag/AgCl) par rapport à la méthanogénèse naturelle non stimulée. Toutefois, la stimulation contribue à multiplier par 10 la production de CO2. Ce constat amène la problématique supplémentaire d'impact sur l'effet de serre des cultures étudiées. Nous allons donc plus loin que l'objectif initial en nous intéressant à l'empreinte carbone générée par l'ensemble des GES. Le traitement électrochimique, outre la diminution du CH4 produit, permet de diminuer la contribution à l'effet de serre de 15% des cultures électro-stimulées / Our study focuses on the proof of concept of electrochemical control of methanogenesis, key metabolism of anaerobic digestion and water bioremediation, using the principle of microbial fuel cells. A first bibliographic section aims to describe the mechanisms of methanogenesis in the context of self-purification of water and natural production of greenhouse gases (GHG). Microbial fuel cell technologies are addressed. A critical analysis of the studies dealing with electrochemical control of methanogenesis makes it possible to size an experimental setup dedicated to quantification of GHGs in electro-stimulated biological cultures. Its design, validation and methods of cultivation are described in a second part. A series of preliminary cultures on anaerobic digested sewage sludge make it possible to identify and set the experimental parameters. In a third part, an experimental study proves the concept of electrochemical control of methanogenesis with a significant decrease of 33% in CH4 (voltage of +300 mV vs Ag/AgCl) compared to natural unstimulated methanogenesis. However, stimulation contributes to a 10-fold increase in CO2 production. This observation leads to the additional problem of impact on the greenhouse effect of the cultures studied. We go further than the initial objective by looking at the carbon footprint generated by all GHGs. The electrochemical treatment, in addition to the reduction of CH4 produced, makes it possible to reduce the contribution to the greenhouse effect of 15% of electro-stimulated cultures

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