Trois types des ETLs ont été développés et étudiés dans cette travaille comme une photoélectrode dans la cellule solaire à colorant (DSSC). Ils sont composés de (1) deux types de nanoparticules de TiO2-brookite, (2) le composite d'anatase et graphène et (3) la nanoparticule de ZnO qui a nanobâtonnet structure, respectivement. Toutes photoélectrodes sont préparées par le technique « doctor blade ». La morphologie des photoélectrodes ont été caractérisées par microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) et microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). Les épaisseurs de couche sont mesurées en utilisant la profilométrie. Pour les films caractérisations structurelles, une haute résolution diffractomètre à rayons X a été utilisée. La spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR) et micro-Raman ont été effectués pour vérifier la préparation composite TiO2_Gr. Les propriétés des films optiques ont été enregistrées avec un spectrophotomètre équipé d'une sphère d'intégration de techniques. Les performances de cellules ont été obtenues en mesurant les courbes IV des cellules sous illumination calibré. Pour atteindre une compréhension profonde du fonctionnement de la cellule, la spectroscopie d'impédance (IS) technique a été étudiée sur une grande gamme de potentiel appliquée. En faisant est l'étude, la structure électronique, porteurs de charge à vie (tn), le transport / heure de collecte (ttr) et les paramètres de transport d'électrons des couches ont été déterminées. L'étude soin de leurs propriétés a révélé non seulement leurs avantages mais aussi leur limitation. Cette information sera bénéfique comme une considération pour les travaux futurs. / Three kinds of ETL have been developed and studied in this present work as a photoelectrode in DSSC. Those composed of (1) two kinds of TiO2-brookite nanoparticles, (TiO2_B1 and TiO2_B2), (2) the composite of anatase and graphene (TiO2_Gr) and (3) the nanorods like ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO_NR), respectively. All photoelectrode are prepared by doctor blading technique. The morphology of photoelectrodes have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The layer thicknesses were measured using profilometry. For the film structural characterizations, a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer was used. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and micro Raman measurement have been carried out to verify the TiO2_Gr composite preparation. The optical film properties (total transmission and total reflection) were recorded with a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere techniques. The cell performances were obtained by measuring the I-V curves of the cells under calibrated illumination. To achieve an in-deep understanding of the cell functioning, the impedance spectroscopy (IS) technique has been studied over a large applied potential range. By doing IS study, the electronic structure, charge carrier lifetime (tn), transport/collection time (ttr) and electron transport parameters of the layers have been determined. The carefully study of their properties has revealed not only their advantages but also their limitation. This information will be beneficial as a consideration for the future work.

Neste trabalho são apresentados os valores do primeiro coeficiente de Townsend de ionização, α, para o isobutano puro, obtidos com uma câmara de placas paralelas de anodo resistivo no intervalo de campo elétrico reduzido de 140 Td a 230 Td. O método empregado baseia-se em uma nova versão da técnica de Townsend pulsada, onde a ionização primária é produzida pela incidência de um feixe de laser pulsado de nitrogênio em um eletrodo (catodo) de alumínio. O anodo de vidro de alta resistividade (ρ = 2 x 1012Ω.cm) protege o detector contra descargas disruptivas. Para validação inicial do método, a comparação entre as correntes elétricas medidas nos regimes de ionização e de avalanche foi usada na determinação dos valores de α no nitrogênio, gás amplamente estudado com dados bem estabelecidos na literatura. Esta técnica foi estendida com sucesso para obtenção do parâmetro α para o isobutano puro. A presença de efeitos relativos à carga espacial, recombinação e à queda ôhmica através do anodo resistivo foi investigada mediante variação da taxa de repetição do feixe de laser, de sua intensidade e do campo elétrico aplicado. Destes processos secundários, somente a queda ôhmica mostrou-se relevante e os valores de campo elétrico reduzido foram corrigidos para este efeito. Os primeiros coeficientes de Townsend obtidos são compatíveis, dentro do erro experimental, com os determinados com o programa Magboltz 2 versões 7.1 e 8.6. / In this work are presented data of Townsend first ionization coefficient, α, in pure isobutane, obtained with a parallel plate chamber of resistive anode, for the reduced electric field range of 140 Td up to 230 Td. The adopted method is based on a new version of the Pulsed Townsend Technique, where the primary ionization is produced by the incidence of nitrogen pulsed laser beam in an aluminum electrode (cathode). The glass anode of high resistivity (ρ = 2 x 1012 Ω.cm) protects the detector against sparks. To validate the method, the α values were determined by comparing the ionization and avalanche electric currents in nitrogen, gas widely studied with well-established data in literature. This technique was successfully extended to obtain α parameters in pure isobutane. The presence of effects related to spatial charge, recombination and ohmic drop across the resistive anode was investigated by varying laser pulse repetition rate, its intensity and applied electric field. Of these secondary processes, only the ohmic drop was relevant and the reduced electric field values were corrected for it. The first Townsend coefficients obtained are compatible, within the experimental errors, with those determined with Magboltz 2 program versions 7.1 e 8.6.

Neste trabalho são apresentados os valores do primeiro coeficiente de Townsend de ionização, α, para o isobutano puro, obtidos com uma câmara de placas paralelas de anodo resistivo no intervalo de campo elétrico reduzido de 140 Td a 230 Td. O método empregado baseia-se em uma nova versão da técnica de Townsend pulsada, onde a ionização primária é produzida pela incidência de um feixe de laser pulsado de nitrogênio em um eletrodo (catodo) de alumínio. O anodo de vidro de alta resistividade (ρ = 2 x 1012Ω.cm) protege o detector contra descargas disruptivas. Para validação inicial do método, a comparação entre as correntes elétricas medidas nos regimes de ionização e de avalanche foi usada na determinação dos valores de α no nitrogênio, gás amplamente estudado com dados bem estabelecidos na literatura. Esta técnica foi estendida com sucesso para obtenção do parâmetro α para o isobutano puro. A presença de efeitos relativos à carga espacial, recombinação e à queda ôhmica através do anodo resistivo foi investigada mediante variação da taxa de repetição do feixe de laser, de sua intensidade e do campo elétrico aplicado. Destes processos secundários, somente a queda ôhmica mostrou-se relevante e os valores de campo elétrico reduzido foram corrigidos para este efeito. Os primeiros coeficientes de Townsend obtidos são compatíveis, dentro do erro experimental, com os determinados com o programa Magboltz 2 versões 7.1 e 8.6. / In this work are presented data of Townsend first ionization coefficient, α, in pure isobutane, obtained with a parallel plate chamber of resistive anode, for the reduced electric field range of 140 Td up to 230 Td. The adopted method is based on a new version of the Pulsed Townsend Technique, where the primary ionization is produced by the incidence of nitrogen pulsed laser beam in an aluminum electrode (cathode). The glass anode of high resistivity (ρ = 2 x 1012 Ω.cm) protects the detector against sparks. To validate the method, the α values were determined by comparing the ionization and avalanche electric currents in nitrogen, gas widely studied with well-established data in literature. This technique was successfully extended to obtain α parameters in pure isobutane. The presence of effects related to spatial charge, recombination and ohmic drop across the resistive anode was investigated by varying laser pulse repetition rate, its intensity and applied electric field. Of these secondary processes, only the ohmic drop was relevant and the reduced electric field values were corrected for it. The first Townsend coefficients obtained are compatible, within the experimental errors, with those determined with Magboltz 2 program versions 7.1 e 8.6.