Resin transfer molding (RTM) is an infusion-based closed-mold manufacturing process where resin is injected into a preform of dry reinforcement to create a net shape part. Often, when a preform is draped over a mold with complex geometry, such as the double curvature of a dome, a reorientation of the fibers takes place in the form of in-plane shear. This deformation of the reinforcement structure has the potential to adversely affect the resin flow and the filling of the mold during RTM if the manufacturer fails to properly account for the shear effects. Various process simulation tools are being developed and used to simulate infusions in a virtual environment and assist manufacturers in optimizing tooling features and process parameters before needing to invest in tooling or prototypes. Such simulation requires material characterization of the resin viscosity and reinforcement permeability. The latter is a function of the reinforcement architecture and is highly sensitive to perturbations such as shear. Permeability measurement is well represented in the literature, but for ideal fabric arrangements without the deformations caused by complex mold geometries typical to industrial parts. The purpose of this study is to develop the first method for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) permeability tensor of a sheared fiber reinforcement in a single test and empirical models to show the effect shear has on permeability. The method and models are intended to enhance the accuracy of infusion simulation and further advance the development of liquid composite molding processes. Building off the work of previous researchers who have used trellis tools to induce uniform shear on fabric samples and 3D point-infusion tools for radial flow tests, these two methods were combined to measure the sheared permeability of a carbon fiber non-crimp fabric (NCF) in the x, y, and z directions. To mitigate the amount of spring-back that occurs when transferring the sheared preform from the trellis tool to the permeability tool, a method of incorporating an adhesive binder into the preform is presented. Lastly, the permeability data obtained from testing samples sheared at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees is documented. Mathematical models are provided based on the data gathered in this work that show the permeability of a NCF in the x, y, and z directions as a function of shear angle. The resulting models indicate an inverse correlation between permeability and shear due to the reorientation of the fibers and closure of preferential flow channels in the preform. These models can be used to predict the permeability for shear angles less than 40 degrees. To validate these results, theoretical shear permeability models are included for comparison. Recommendations for future studies involving the measurement of 3D sheared permeability are discussed.

No description available.

The calculation of ellipsoidal areas in Geodesy is a not trivial task. By this motive, is common the calculation of plane areas, whose difficulty degree is enough small. For short areas, the simple abstraction of the real format of the Land is sufficient. For bigger areas, however, the Cartography uses the equivalent projections that, for being indirect forms, present a minor reliability in relation the direct numerical methods. More grave still it is the case of Brazil, where the areas send for certification together the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), second to the Brazilian Law 10267 of Cadastro Nacional de Imóveis Rurais (CNIR), are calculated as function of the coordinates of the projection system Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). This projection system is conformal, that is, presenting distortions in relation to the ellipsoidal. The majority of the used commercial programs does not present more efficient forms of calculation. The present work of research is directed in this direction. We searchs a executable program that incorporates fundamental characteristics to the calculation of areas and to programming, generating a product that can present effective results consumer market. A methodology was chosen that considers solution for the calculation of any areas or polygon form that they desires to calculate. The methodology was codified in different forms and was generated an executable in C language. The results had been compared with the same integration carried through in environment of calculator HP42S and in the Spring system through the Albers Equivalent Conical Projection. The research shows that the proposal methodology possess ample potential to computational employment, having presented great efficiency in the calculation of ellipsoidais areas. / O cálculo das áreas elipsoidais em Geodésia não é uma tarefa trivial. Por esse motivo, é comum o cálculo de áreas planas, cujo grau de dificuldade é bastante pequeno. Para áreas pequenas, a simples abstração do formato real da Terra é suficiente. Para áreas maiores, entretanto, a Cartografia se vale das chamadas projeções equivalentes que, por serem formas indiretas, apresentam uma confiabilidade menor em relação a métodos numéricos diretos. Mais grave ainda é o caso do Brasil, em que as áreas enviadas para certificação junto ao Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), segundo a Lei 10267/2001 do Cadastro Nacional de imóveis Rurais (CNIR), são calculadas em função das coordenadas do sistema de projeção Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). Esse sistema de projeção é conforme, ou seja, apresenta distorções em relação à área elipsoidal. Isso se deve ao fato de que a maioria dos programas comerciais usados não apresentam formas de cálculo mais eficientes. O presente trabalho de pesquisa é dirigido nesse sentido. Busca-se chegar a um programa executável que incorpore características fundamentais ao cálculo de áreas e à programação, gerando um produto que possa apresentar resultados efetivos para o mercado consumidor. Escolheu-se uma metodologia que propõe solução para qualquer que seja a forma das poligonais que constituem o polígono cuja área deseja-se calcular. A metodologia foi codificada de diferentes formas e foi gerado um executável final em linguagem C. Os resultados foram comparados com a mesma integração realizada em ambiente de calculadora HP42S e no sistema Spring através da Projeção Cônica Equivalente de Albers. A pesquisa mostra que a metodologia proposta possui amplo potencial para emprego em meio computacional, tendo apresentado grande eficiência no cálculo de áreas elipsoidais.

No description available.

No description available.

Η ηλεκτρομαγνητική δραστηριότητα του εγκεφάλου μελετάται με τη βοήθεια των μη παρεμβατικών μεθόδων της Ήλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφίας και της Μαγνητοεγκεφαλογραφίας. Ειδικότερα, κάθε ηλεκτροχημικά παραγόμενο ρεύμα στο εσωτερικό του εγκεφάλου δημιουργεί ένα ηλεκτρικό και ένα μαγνητικό πεδίο, στο εσωτερικό και στο εξωτερικό του εγκεφάλου αντίστοιχα. Τα πεδία αυτά καταγράφονται στην επιφάνεια και στον εξωτερικό χώρο του κρανίου και δίνουν το Ηλεκτροεγκεφαλόγραφημα (EEG) και το Μαγνητοεγκεφαλόγραφημα (MEG) αντίστοιχα, τα οποία μεταφέρουν πληροφορίες για τη λειτουργία του εγκεφάλου τη χρονική στιγμή της καταγραφής. Η παρούσα διατριβή αφορά στη μαθηματική ανάλυση ευθέων και αντίστροφων προβλημάτων που συνδέονται με τις μεθόδους αυτές με σκοπό τον εντοπισμό και το χαρακτηρισμό της πηγής που παρήγαγε τα μετρούμενα πεδία. Στο Μέρος Ι μελετάται αναλυτικά η δομή και λειτουργία του εγκεφάλου, περιγράφεται το φυσικό πρότυπο που χρησιμοποιούμε και γίνεται αναφορά τόσο στη σφαιρική όσο και στην ελλειψοειδή γεωμετρία που αποτελούν τα γεωμετρικά υπόβαθρα. Στο Μέρος ΙΙ επιλύεται το ευθύ πρόβλημα του Βιοηλεκτρισμού στην περίπτωση του σφαιρικού ομογενούς προτύπου για τον ανθρώπινο εγκέφαλο, όπου η πηγή είναι αυθαίρετη κατανομή ρεύματος. Αποδεικνύεται ό,τι, στο εξωτερικό ηλεκτρικό δυναμικό δεν εμπεριέχεται η συνεισφορά του σωληνοειδούς μέρους της εφαπτομενικής συνιστώσας του ρεύματος και συνεπώς το αντίστοιχο αντίστροφο πρόβλημα είναι μη μοναδικό. Με την απαίτηση το ρεύμα να ελαχιστοποιεί την , το αντίστροφο πρόβλημα επιλύεται μοναδικά και προσδιορίζονται οι συνιστώσες του νευρωνικού ρεύματος από γνωστές μετρήσεις του ηλεκτρικού δυναμικού. Τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά καθώς και οι περιορισμοί που επιβάλλουν το φυσικό και το γεωμετρικό πρόβλημα αναλύονται λεπτομερώς. Στο Μέρος ΙΙΙ επιλύονται ευθέα προβλήματα του Βιοηλεκτρομαγνητισμού σε ελλειψοειδή γεωμετρία και αντλούμε χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα για την αντιστροφή των προβλημάτων MEG. Συγκεκριμένα υπολογίστηκε η οκταπολική προσέγγιση του μαγνητικού πεδίου που παράγεται στο εξωτερικό του πλέον ρεαλιστικού ομογενούς προτύπου για τον ανθρώπινο εγκέφαλο, που είναι το ελλειψοειδές, συναρτήσει των ελλειψοειδών αρμονικών τρίτου βαθμού. Η βελτίωση αυτή είναι σημαντική καθώς αποδεικνύεται αριθμητικά ότι η μαγνητικά «σιωπηλή» πηγή της τετραπολικής προσέγγισης συνεισφέρει στις μετρήσεις του μαγνητικού πεδίου. Ως εκ τούτου, η νέα αυτή προσέγγιση του μαγνητικού πεδίου παρέχει αρκετές πληροφορίες για την πιθανή αντιστροφή του προβλήματος. Στη συνέχεια επιλύθηκε το ευθύ πρόβλημα του Βιοηλεκτρομαγνητισμού στην περίπτωση που ο εγκεφαλικός ιστός περιλαμβάνει περιοχή υγρού πυρήνα διαφορετικής αγωγιμότητας. Ο πυρήνας αυτός πληρούται από εγκεφαλονωτιαίο υγρό ενώ η πηγή βρίσκεται στον φλοιό του εγκεφαλικού ιστού. Υπολογίζεται το ηλεκτρικό δυναμικό και το μαγνητικό πεδίο στο εξωτερικό του αγωγού και τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίνονται αναλυτικά και αριθμητικά με τα αντίστοιχα αποτελέσματα του ομογενούς προτύπου του εγκέφαλου. Από την σύγκριση αυτή προκύπτει ότι τόσο η ανομοιογένεια εντός του εγκεφαλικού ιστού όσο και η θέση της πηγής υπεισέρχονται με καθοριστικό τρόπο στο μαγνητικό πεδίο του υπό μελέτη προτύπου. / The electromagnetic activity of the human brain is studying via the non invasive methods of Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography. It is well known that an electrochemically generated current in the interior of the brain generates an electric and a magnetic field, both in the interior and exterior of the brain. The resulting electric and magnetic fields are measured on the surface and the exterior of the head via the EEG and MEG, respectively. In the present thesis we study direct and inverse EEG and MEG problems in order to identify and characterize the source. In the First Part we describe the morphology and the functionality of the human brain and we state the physical and geometrical models that we use. In the Second Part we solved the direct problem of EEG for the spherical homogeneous model of the brain in the case of a continuously distributed neuronal current. It turns out that the electric potential is independent of the solenoid part of the tangential component of the neuronal current. Consequently, the corresponding inverse problem is not uniquely solvable. Hence, we demand that the current has minimum and in this case we ended up with the complete expansions of the visible part of the current from the knowledge of the electric field. In the Third Part we studied direct problems of MEG in ellipsoidal geometry. In particular we evaluated the octapolic term of the magnetic induction field which it’s produced in the exterior of the ellipsoidal model of the brain-head system. This term provides the highest order terms that can be expressed in closed form. It is shown numerically that the silent source of the quadrupolic term of the magnetic induction field does contribute to the octapolic term. Therefore, the knowledge of the quadrupolic and octapolic terms provides enough data to construct an effective algorithm for inversion. Finally, the direct problem of MEG is presented, in the case where the cerebral tissue is considered as an ellipsoidal conductor and surrounds a fluid ellipsoidal core of different conductivity. The fluid core is occupied by the cerebrospinal fluid and the source lies in the cerebral shell. The electric field in every region and the exterior magnetic induction field are obtained. Furthermore, we compare analytically and numerically the results of the inhomogeneous model with the homogeneous ellipsoidal model. We observed that both the inhomogeniety inside the cerebral tissue and the location of the source appear in the magnetic induction field of the inhomogeneous model. Τhe existence of the fluid core effects the monotonicity of the components of the magnetic field as well as its magnitude.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe „Normalinių ir elipsoidinių aukščių sąsajos analizė (vakarų Lietuvoje) yra analizuojamas normalinių aukščių prognozės modeliai, sudaryti taikant kolokacijos metodą. Tam tikslui yra panaudojami 1-os klasės vertikaliojo tinklo GPS matavimų duomenys – punktų elpisoidiniai aukščiai bei jų koordinatės LKS 94 sistemoje ( vakarų Lietuvos dalyje). Prognozinio normalinio aukščio tikslumui įvertinti buvo panaudojami trys analizės variantai: taikant 5-ių, 6-ių ir 7-ių parametrų variantus. Įvertinama modelio kaita priklausomai nuo parametrų skaičiaus. Analizuojama klaidų įtaka prognozės modelio parametrų bei prognozinių normalinių aukščių tikslumui. / The thesis „The analysis of normal and ellipsoidal heights interrelation“ examines the making of the normal heights prognosis models, employing the Kolokation method. In that case, are used 1rst class vertical Lithuanian levelling network data measurements by GPS - point with elipsoidal heigts and their coordinates in the LKS 94 system (Western Lithuania). It was used three analysis variants for the evaluation of the accuracy of the prognostic normal heights: 5th, 6th, 7th parameters variants.This is performed by changing the sequence of the polynoms and elements of matrix of weights at elipsoidic and normal heights. The analysis of the influence of the prognostic model errors for the accuracy of the parametrs and prognostic normal heights.

Les écoulements chargés en particules sont présents dans de nombreuses applications industrielles telles que le transport de boues ou l’industrie chimique en général. Dans des mélanges constitués de particules solides immergées dans un fluide visqueux, les interactions entre particules jouent un rôle essentiel dans la viscosité globale du mélange.Le phénomène de suspension est causé par des interactions hydrodynamiques à courte distance, connues sous le nom de lubrification. Les forces de lubrification sont généralement sous-estimées en raison de leur nature et de la discrétisation spatiale du problème.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle de lubrification qui estime les forces et couples hydrodynamiques non résolues par un solveur couplant la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes incompressible par une méthode de volumes pénalisés, à la résolution de la dynamique des particules par une méthode aux éléments discrets. Les corrections des contraintes hydrodynamiques sont faites localement sur la surface des particules en interaction sans aucune hypothèse sur la forme générale des particules. La version finale du modèle de lubrification proposée peut être utilisée pour des suspensions de particules convexes sans aucune tabulation. La méthode numérique a été validée avec des particules sphériques et des ellipsoïdes, en comparant des simulations à des données expérimentales.Dans le cas de particules sphériques, le modèle de lubrification est aussi précis que les modèles de lubrification existants qui sont limités à ce type de géométrie. La compatibilité du modèle avec des particules convexes a été validée en comparant des simulations,utilisant des ellipsoïdes, à des mesures expérimentales que nous avons réalisées. / Particle-laden flows can be found in many industrial applications such as slurry transport or the chemical industry in general. In mixtures made of solid particles emerged in a viscous fluid, particle interactions play an essential role in the overall mixture viscosity. The suspension phenomenon is caused by short-range hydrodynamic interactions, known as lubrication. Lubrication forces are usually underestimated due to their singularities and the spatial discretization of the numerical schemes. In this thesis, we propose a lubrication model for a coupled volume penalization method and discrete element method solver that estimates the unresolved hydrodynamic forces and torques in incompressible Navier-Stokes flows. Corrections are made locally on the surfaces of the interacting particles without any assumption on the global particle shapes. The final version of the local lubrication model can be used for suspension of convex particles without any tabulations. The numerical method has been validated against experimental data with spherical and ellipsoidal particles. With spherical particles, the lubrication model performs as well as existing numerical models that are limited to this specific particle shape. The model compatibility with convex particles has been validated by comparing simulations using ellipsoids to experimental measurements we made.

Ce travail de thèse fait partie intégrante de l’ANR PLAYER (début janvier 2012), projet visant à étendre les simulations d'écoulements gaz-particules à des particules non-sphériques ayant une inertie couvrant une large gamme. Les avancées de cette ANR portent notamment sur la détermination des forces et couples élémentaires sur de tels objets avec la question du nombre de degrés de liberté supplémentaires à prendre en compte, l'impact de la forme et de l’effet d'inertie ainsi que l’influence d’une force extérieure telle que la gravité sur les interactions particule-turbulence. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier finement la dispersion de particules non-sphériques rigides dans un écoulement turbulent à l’échelle mésocospique (il est supposé que les particules sont des points matériels). Pour ce faire, un suivi lagrangien de particules ellipsoïdales couplé à un code de simulation numérique directe d’un écoulement turbulent de canal a été utilisé. Cette méthode nécessite alors une bonne estimation des forces et couples hydrodynamiques agissant sur ce type de particules, ainsi qu’un couplage des équations du mouvement de translation et de rotation. En se basant sur les résultats obtenus par une simulation numérique directe résolue à l’échelle de la particule (Ansys Fluent, body-fitted method), nous avons établi, dans un premier temps, des corrélations pour les coefficients hydrodynamiques (traînée, portance, couple de tangage) dépendant du nombre de Reynolds particulaire, de la forme, et de l'orientation des particules. L’originalité de ce travail réside en la validité de ces corrélations pour des gammes étendues de facteurs de forme (rapport entre la longueur et la largeur de la particule w ∈ [0,2-32] et de Reynolds particulaires Rep ∈ [1-240]. Ces corrélations ainsi que les équations du mouvement de rotation ont été ensuite intégrées dans le code « maison » de simulation numérique directe d’un écoulement turbulent gaz-solide à l’échelle mésocospique. Après avoir validé ce code à travers différents cas tests, nous avons étudié la dispersion de différentes particules ellipsoïdales dans un écoulement de canal turbulent pour un nombre de Reynolds modéré. Trois principaux effets sont à l’étude : l’effet de forme, l'effet d'inertie et l'effet du croisement de trajectoires. / The present work is a part of a program research ANR PLAYER (started from January 2012), the aim of the project is to extend the simulations of gaz-particles flow to the non-spherical particles with a large range of inertia. The main objectives of this project consist, firstly, on the founding of hydrodynamic forces and torques occurring on these non-spherical particles. As results, we focus on the additional degrees of freedom that must be considered, shape effects and effects of inertia. Secondly, we are interested on the study of particle-turbulence interaction and particle-particle interaction. The aim of this Phd thesis consists on the studying of the dispersion of solide non-spherical particles in turbulent channel flow at mesoscopic scale. In order to achieve this work, we considered a one way coupling and we used a technique of Particles Lagrangian Tracking coupled with a Direct Numerical Simulation of the turbulent channel flow (DNS/PLT). This technique requires a well prediction of hydrodynamic forces and torques occurring on each particle. In addition, this technique requires a coupling of translational and rotational motions. Firstly, a Direct Numerical Simulation is used with a body-fitted method in CFD code Ansys-Fluent to simulate flow around ellipsoids. Based on the obtained results, models of correlation for hydrodynamic coeffients (drag, lift and torque) are proposed. The major results of this part is the accuracy models for a large ranges of particles Reynolds number, aspect ratio and orientations. Indeed these models take the particle Reynolds number Rep ∈ [1-240], the shape (aspect ratio w ∈ [0.2-32]) and the orientation of the particle into account. Secondly, these models of correlation as well as translational and rotational motions are implemented in the in-house DNS code. After a rigorous validation of the code using a different test cases, simulations of dispersion of ellipsoidals particles in a tubulent channel flow is performed for a moderate Reynolds number. Three main effects are investigated in this study: shape effect, inertial effect and the “effect of crossing trajectories”.

[pt] A análise de agrupamento não supervisionado, o processo que consistem em agrupar conjuntos de pontos de acordo com um ou mais critérios de similaridade, tem desempenhado um papel essencial em vários campos. O dois algoritmos mais populares para esse processão são o k-means e o Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). O primeiro atribui cada ponto a um único cluster e usa a distância Euclidiana como similaridade. O último determina uma matriz de probabilidade de pontos pertencentes a clusters, e usa distância de Mahalanobis como similaridade. Além da diferença no método de atribuição - a chamada atribuição hard para o primeiro e a atribuição soft para o último - os algoritmos também diferem em relação à estrutura do cluster, ou forma: o k-means considera estruturas esféricas no dados; enquanto o GMM considera elipsoidais através da estimação de matrizes de covariância. Neste trabalho, um problema de otimização matemática que combina a atribuição hard com a estrutura do cluster elipsoidal é detalhado e formulado. Uma vez que a estimativa da covariância desempenha um papel importante no comportamento de estruturas agrupamentos elipsoidais, técnicas de regularizações são exploradas. Neste contexto, dois métodos de meta-heurística, uma perturbação Random Swap e um algoritmo híbrido genético, são adaptados, e seu impacto na melhoria do desempenho dos métodos é estudado. O objetivo central dividido em três: compreender as condições em que as estruturas de agrupamento elipsoidais são mais benéficas que as esféricas; determinar o impacto da estimativa de covariância com os métodos de regularização; e analisar o efeito das meta-heurísticas de otimização global na análise de agrupamento não supervisionado. Finalmente, a fim de fornecer bases para a comparação das presentes descobertas com futuros trabalhos relacionados, foi gerada uma base de dados com um extenso benchmark contendo análise das variações de diferentes tamanhos, formas, número de grupos e separabilidade, e seu impacto nos resultados de diferentes algoritmos de agrupamento. Além disso, pacotes escritos na linguagem Julia foram disponibilizados com os algoritmos estudados ao longo deste trabalho. / [en] Unsupervised cluster analysis, the process of grouping sets of points according to one or more similarity criteria, plays an essential role in various fields. The two most popular algorithms for this process are the k-means and the Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). The former assigns each point to a single cluster and uses Euclidean distance as similarity. The latter determines a probability matrix of points to belong to clusters, and the Mahalanobis distance is the underlying similarity. Apart from the difference in the assignment method - the so-called hard assignment for the former and soft assignment for the latter - the algorithms also differ concerning the cluster structure, or shape: the k-means considers spherical structures in the data; while the GMM considers ellipsoidal ones through the estimation of covariance matrices. In this work, a mathematical optimization problem that combines the hard assignment with the ellipsoidal cluster structure is detailed and formulated. Since the estimation of the covariance plays a major role in the behavior of ellipsoidal cluster structures, regularization techniques are explored. In this context, two meta-heuristic methods, a Random Swap perturbation and a hybrid genetic algorithm, are adapted, and their impact on the improvement of the performance of the methods is studied. The central objective is three-fold: to gain an understanding of the conditions in which ellipsoidal clustering structures are more beneficial than spherical ones; to determine the impact of covariance estimation with regularization methods; and to analyze the effect of global optimization meta-heuristics on unsupervised cluster analysis. Finally, in order to provide grounds for comparison of the present findings to future related works, a database was generated together with an extensive benchmark containing an analysis of the variations of different sizes, shapes, number of clusters, and separability and their impact on the results of different clustering algorithms. Furthermore, packages written in the Julia language have been made available with the algorithms studied throughout this work.