Τα τελευταία χρόνια τα ενσωματωμένα συστήματα πραγματικού χρόνου χρησιμοποιούνται σε ολοένα μεγαλύτερη γκάμα εφαρμογών. Κινητά τηλέφωνα, συσκευές αναπαραγωγής ψηφιακών δίσκων, εκτυπωτές, ψηφιακές φωτογραφικές μηχανές, αποτελούν λίγα παραδείγματα συσκευών που χρησιμοποιούν την τεχνολογία των ενσωματωμένων συστημάτων. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία ερευνήθηκαν οι δυνατότητες αξιοποίησης του Real-Time Linux σε ενσωματωμένα συστήματα. Μελετήθηκε διεξοδικά ο πυρήνας του λειτουργικού συστήματος Linux και ο αλγόριθμος χρονοδρομολόγησης που χρησιμοποιεί. Αναζητήθηκαν τρόποι μετατροπής του Linux σε λειτουργικό σύστημα για συστήματα πραγματικού χρόνου. Για το σκοπό αυτό, μελετήθηκε η έννοια του πραγματικού χρόνου όσον αφορά την κατασκευαστική διάσταση του συστήματος και το πρόγραμμα της εφαρμογής. Μια κατηγορία συστημάτων παραγματικού χρόνου είναι τα λειτουργικά συστήματα με δυνατότητες πραγματικού χρόνου. Αυτά οργανώνουν και καθορίζουν την χρήση των πόρων των συστημάτων ώστε να είναι ιδανική για εφαρμογές πραγματικού χρόνου πέρα από το περιβάλλον για ανάπτυξη και εκτέλεση των προγραμμάτων που παρέχουν. Γίνεται αναφορά στην έννοια της πολυεπεξεργασίας (multiprocessing), της χρήσης δηλαδή δύο ή και παραπάνω κεντρικών μονάδων επεξεργασίας (CPU) σε ένα υπολογιστικό σύστημα. Λόγω της αύξησης της θερμοκρασίας στα ηλεκτρονικά κυκλώματα με την αύξηση των ταχυτήτων ρολογιού στις κεντρικές μονάδες επεξεργασίας και την μείωση του μεγέθους των ηλεκτρονικών, η ταχύτητα του ρολογιού αλλά και η μείωση του μεγέθους περιορίζονται ώστε να υπάρχει αντοχή στις θερμοκρασίες που αναπτύσσονται. Το γεγονός αυτό σε συνδυασμό με την ιδέα του multiprocessing οδήγησε στην ιδέα των πολλαπλών ανεξάρτητων πυρήνων ανά κεντρική μονάδα επεξεργασίας (multicore systems) για βελτίωση της αποδοτικότητας, ακόμα και των συστημάτων ευρείας κατανάλωσης. Η διαφορά των πολυπύρηνων (multicore) συστημάτων με τα multiprocessing συστήματα, έγκειται στην συνύπαρξη των πυρήνων σε ένα ολοκληρωμένο κύκλωμα (chip) αντί για πολλές κεντρικές μονάδες επεξεργασίας και η ομοιότητα τους, στο ότι ουσιαστικά τα multicore συστήματα εξομοιώνουν λειτουργίες πολυεπεξεργασμού. Πλεόν, πολλά ενσωματωμένα συστήματα διαθέτουν πολυπύρηνους επεξεργαστές καθιστώντας απαραίτητη την ανάπτυξη λειτουργικών συστημάτων πραγματικού χρόνου που να αξιοποιούν στο έπακρο τις δυνατότητες τους. Δοκιμάστηκε και αξιολογήθηκε η επέκταση ASMP-Linux που αποτελεί έναν τρόπο μετατροπής του Linux σε λειτουργικό σύστημα πραγματικού χρόνου. Το ASMP-Linux αξιοποιεί τις ικανότητες πολυεπεξεργασίας ενός συστήματος με τη δυνατότητα δημιουργίας διαμερισμάτων πραγματικού χρόνου σε κάθε στοιχείο επεξεργασίας. Αναπτύχθηκε εφαρμογή αξιολόγησης σε γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C. Τα αποτελέσματα μελετήθηκαν διεξοδικά μέσω γραφημάτων και εξαγωγής στατιστικών μέτρων όπως η μέση τιμή και η τυπική απόκλιση. Μελετήθηκε η περίπτωση χρήσης της εφαρμογής ελέγχου του Festo MecLab, που αναπτύχθηκε από τον διδακτορικό φοιτητή Γεώργιο Δούκα. Το Festo MecLab αποτελεί μια προσομοίωση γραμμής παραγωγής με σταθμούς στοίβαξης, μεταφοράς και χειρισμού. Η εφαρμογή ελέγχου εκτελέστηκε επιτυχώς στο λειτουργικό σύστημα πραγματικού χρόνου ASMP-Linux και περιγράφεται στο παράρτημα Α. Στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής εργασίας εκτελέστηκε στο Τεχνολογικό Πανεπιστήμιο της Βιέννης μέσω του προγράμματος Erasmus project που αφορά την ανίχνευση και χρονοσφράγιση προγραμμάτων ενσωματωμένων συστημάτων. H τεχνική αναφορά του project παρατίθεται στο παράρτημα Β. / In recent years, embedded real time systems are used in an increasingly wider range of applications. Mobile phones, compact discs players, printers, digital cameras, are a few examples of devices using the technology of embedded systems. This thesis investigated the possibilities of Real-Time Linux in embedded systems. The kernel of the Linux operating system and its scheduling algorithm was studied in detail. Ways of making Linux a real time operating system were sought. For this purpose, the essence of real time on the construction aspect of the system and the program application was studied. A class of real time-systems is real time operating systems. They organize and determine the use of resources systems that are ideal for real-time applications over the development environment and implementation of programs. The concept of multiprocessing, ie the use of two or more central processing units (CPU) on a computer system was also studied. Due to the increasing temperatures in electronic circuits and the reducing size of electronics, a limit in the reducing size is set, in order to withstand high temperatures. This, coupled with the idea of multiprocessing led to the idea multiple independent cores per CPU (multicore systems) to improve efficiency, even that of large-scale consumption. The difference between multi-core and multiprocessing systems is the coexistence of cells in an integrated circuit (chip) instead of several CPU's and their similarity is that multicore systems implement multiprocessing functions. Moreover, many embedded systems have multi-core processors making it necessary to develop real-time operating systems to exploit their full capabilities. We tested and evaluated the ASMP-Linux patch, which is a way of converting Linux operating system in a real time operating system. The ASMP-Linux fully exploits the capabilities of a multiprocessing system by adding the ability to partition the operating system in real time partitions on each independent core/CPU. An assesment application was developed in the C programming language. The results have been studied extensively through graphs and statistical measures such as mean and standard deviation. We studied the use of a control application of the Festo MecLab, developed by the doctoral student George Doukas. The Festo MecLab is a production line simulation that implements functions such as stacking, transport and handling. The control application was executed successfully in the real-time operating system ASMP-Linux and is described in Annex A. As part of this thesis a project on the detection and timestamping programs of embedded systems was performed at the Technical University of Vienna via the Erasmus program. A technical report of the project is given in Annex B.

Crosscutting concerns are the issues in software that cannot be modularized within a software module. In this thesis work, a detailed evaluation of the use of Aspect Oriented Programming for the implementation of crosscutting concerns in embedded real-time systems is presented. The pilot Audio Switch project implementations are first evaluated in terms of software quality attributes. Then a detailed analysis of the two implementations, according to embedded real-time performance metrics has been carried out. Evaluation results show the benefits of Aspect Oriented Programming in embedded real-time systems.

This thesis explores the possibility of the functional programming paradigm in the domain of hard embedded real-time systems. The implementation consists of re-implementing an already developed system that is written with the imperative and object oriented paradigms. The functional implementation of the system in question is compared with the original implementation and a study of code complexity, timing properties, CPU utilization and memory usage is performed. The implementation of this thesis consists of re-developing three of the periodic tasks of the original system and the whole development process is facilitated with the TDD development cycle. The programming language used in this thesis is C but with a functional approach to the problem. We conclusions of this thesis is that the functional implementation will give a more stable, reliable and readable system but some code volume, memory usage and CPU utilization overhead is present. The main benefit of using the functional paradigm in this type of system is the ability of using the TDD development cycle. The main con of this type of implementation is that it relies heavily on garbage collection due to the enforcement of data immutability. We find in conclusion that one can only use the functional paradigm if one has an over dimensioned system when it comes to hardware, mainly when it comes to memory size and CPU power. When developing small systems with scarce resources one should choose another paradigm.

No description available.

<p>Development of software for embedded real-time systems poses severalchallenges. Hard and soft constraints on timing, and usually considerableresource limitations, put important constraints on the development. Thetraditional way of coping with these issues is to produce a fully static design,i.e. one that is fully fixed already during design time.Current trends in the area of embedded systems, including the emergingopenness in these types of systems, are providing new challenges for theirdesigners – e.g. integration of new software during runtime, software upgradeor run-time adaptation of application behavior to facilitate better performancecombined with more ecient resource usage. One way to reach these goals is tobuild self-configurable systems, i.e. systems that can resolve such issues withouthuman intervention. Such mechanisms may be used to promote increasedsystem openness.This thesis covers some of the challenges involved in that development.An overview of the current situation is given, with a extensive review ofdi erent concepts that are applicable to the problem, including adaptivitymechanisms (incluing QoS and load balancing), middleware and relevantdesign approaches (component-based, model-based and architectural design).A middleware is a software layer that can be used in distributed systems,with the purpose of abstracting away distribution, and possibly other aspects,for the application developers. The DySCAS project had as a major goaldevelopment of middleware for self-configurable systems in the automotivesector. Such development is complicated by the special requirements thatapply to these platforms.Work on the implementation of an adaptive middleware, DyLite, providingself-configurability to small-scale microcontrollers, is described andcovered in detail. DyLite is a partial implementation of the concepts developedin DySCAS.Another area given significant focus is formal modeling of QoS andresource management. Currently, applications in these types of systems arenot given a fully formal definition, at least not one also covering real-timeaspects. Using formal modeling would extend the possibilities for verificationof not only system functionality, but also of resource usage, timing and otherextra-functional requirements. This thesis includes a proposal of a formalismto be used for these purposes.Several challenges in providing methodology and tools that are usablein a production development still remain. Several key issues in this areaare described, e.g. version/configuration management, access control, andintegration between di erent tools, together with proposals for future workin the other areas covered by the thesis.</p> / <p>Utveckling av mjukvara för inbyggda realtidssystem innebär flera utmaningar.Hårda och mjuka tidskrav, och vanligtvis betydande resursbegränsningar,innebär viktiga inskränkningar på utvecklingen. Det traditionellasättet att hantera dessa utmaningar är att skapa en helt statisk design, d.v.s.en som är helt fix efter utvecklingsskedet.Dagens trender i området inbyggda system, inräknat trenden mot systemöppenhet,skapar nya utmaningar för systemens konstruktörer – exempelvisintegration av ny mjukvara under körskedet, uppgradering av mjukvaraeller anpassning av applikationsbeteende under körskedet för att nå bättreprestanda kombinerat med e ektivare resursutnyttjande. Ett sätt att nå dessamål är att bygga självkonfigurerande system, d.v.s. system som kan lösa sådanautmaningar utan mänsklig inblandning. Sådana mekanismer kan användas föratt öka systemens öppenhet.Denna avhandling täcker några av utmaningarna i denna utveckling. Enöversikt av den nuvarande situationen ges, med en omfattande genomgångav olika koncept som är relevanta för problemet, inklusive anpassningsmekanismer(inklusive QoS och lastbalansering), mellanprogramvara och relevantadesignansatser (komponentbaserad, modellbaserad och arkitekturell design).En mellanprogramvara är ett mjukvarulager som kan användas i distribueradesystem, med syfte att abstrahera bort fördelning av en applikation överett nätverk, och möjligtvis även andra aspekter, för applikationsutvecklarna.DySCAS-projektet hade utveckling av mellanprogramvara för självkonfigurerbarasystem i bilbranschen som ett huvudmål. Sådan utveckling försvåras avde särskilda krav som ställs på dessa plattformarArbete på implementeringen av en adaptiv mellanprogramvara, DyLite,som tillhandahåller självkonfigurerbarhet till småskaliga mikrokontroller,beskrivs och täcks i detalj. DyLite är en delvis implementering av konceptensom utvecklats i DySCAS.Ett annat område som får särskild fokus är formell modellering av QoSoch resurshantering. Idag beskrivs applikationer i dessa områden inte heltformellt, i varje fall inte i den mån att realtidsaspekter täcks in. Att användaformell modellering skulle utöka möjligheterna för verifiering av inte barasystemfunktionalitet, men även resursutnyttjande, tidsaspekter och andraicke-funktionella krav. Denna avhandling innehåller ett förslag på en formalismsom kan användas för dessa syften.Det återstår många utmaningar innan metodik och verktyg som är användbarai en produktionsmiljö kan erbjudas. Många nyckelproblem i områdetbeskrivs, t.ex. versions- och konfigurationshantering, åtkomststyrning ochintegration av olika verktyg, tillsammans med förslag på framtida arbete iövriga områden som täcks av avhandlingen.</p> / DySCAS

Development of software for embedded real-time systems poses severalchallenges. Hard and soft constraints on timing, and usually considerableresource limitations, put important constraints on the development. Thetraditional way of coping with these issues is to produce a fully static design,i.e. one that is fully fixed already during design time.Current trends in the area of embedded systems, including the emergingopenness in these types of systems, are providing new challenges for theirdesigners – e.g. integration of new software during runtime, software upgradeor run-time adaptation of application behavior to facilitate better performancecombined with more ecient resource usage. One way to reach these goals is tobuild self-configurable systems, i.e. systems that can resolve such issues withouthuman intervention. Such mechanisms may be used to promote increasedsystem openness.This thesis covers some of the challenges involved in that development.An overview of the current situation is given, with a extensive review ofdi erent concepts that are applicable to the problem, including adaptivitymechanisms (incluing QoS and load balancing), middleware and relevantdesign approaches (component-based, model-based and architectural design).A middleware is a software layer that can be used in distributed systems,with the purpose of abstracting away distribution, and possibly other aspects,for the application developers. The DySCAS project had as a major goaldevelopment of middleware for self-configurable systems in the automotivesector. Such development is complicated by the special requirements thatapply to these platforms.Work on the implementation of an adaptive middleware, DyLite, providingself-configurability to small-scale microcontrollers, is described andcovered in detail. DyLite is a partial implementation of the concepts developedin DySCAS.Another area given significant focus is formal modeling of QoS andresource management. Currently, applications in these types of systems arenot given a fully formal definition, at least not one also covering real-timeaspects. Using formal modeling would extend the possibilities for verificationof not only system functionality, but also of resource usage, timing and otherextra-functional requirements. This thesis includes a proposal of a formalismto be used for these purposes.Several challenges in providing methodology and tools that are usablein a production development still remain. Several key issues in this areaare described, e.g. version/configuration management, access control, andintegration between di erent tools, together with proposals for future workin the other areas covered by the thesis. / Utveckling av mjukvara för inbyggda realtidssystem innebär flera utmaningar.Hårda och mjuka tidskrav, och vanligtvis betydande resursbegränsningar,innebär viktiga inskränkningar på utvecklingen. Det traditionellasättet att hantera dessa utmaningar är att skapa en helt statisk design, d.v.s.en som är helt fix efter utvecklingsskedet.Dagens trender i området inbyggda system, inräknat trenden mot systemöppenhet,skapar nya utmaningar för systemens konstruktörer – exempelvisintegration av ny mjukvara under körskedet, uppgradering av mjukvaraeller anpassning av applikationsbeteende under körskedet för att nå bättreprestanda kombinerat med e ektivare resursutnyttjande. Ett sätt att nå dessamål är att bygga självkonfigurerande system, d.v.s. system som kan lösa sådanautmaningar utan mänsklig inblandning. Sådana mekanismer kan användas föratt öka systemens öppenhet.Denna avhandling täcker några av utmaningarna i denna utveckling. Enöversikt av den nuvarande situationen ges, med en omfattande genomgångav olika koncept som är relevanta för problemet, inklusive anpassningsmekanismer(inklusive QoS och lastbalansering), mellanprogramvara och relevantadesignansatser (komponentbaserad, modellbaserad och arkitekturell design).En mellanprogramvara är ett mjukvarulager som kan användas i distribueradesystem, med syfte att abstrahera bort fördelning av en applikation överett nätverk, och möjligtvis även andra aspekter, för applikationsutvecklarna.DySCAS-projektet hade utveckling av mellanprogramvara för självkonfigurerbarasystem i bilbranschen som ett huvudmål. Sådan utveckling försvåras avde särskilda krav som ställs på dessa plattformarArbete på implementeringen av en adaptiv mellanprogramvara, DyLite,som tillhandahåller självkonfigurerbarhet till småskaliga mikrokontroller,beskrivs och täcks i detalj. DyLite är en delvis implementering av konceptensom utvecklats i DySCAS.Ett annat område som får särskild fokus är formell modellering av QoSoch resurshantering. Idag beskrivs applikationer i dessa områden inte heltformellt, i varje fall inte i den mån att realtidsaspekter täcks in. Att användaformell modellering skulle utöka möjligheterna för verifiering av inte barasystemfunktionalitet, men även resursutnyttjande, tidsaspekter och andraicke-funktionella krav. Denna avhandling innehåller ett förslag på en formalismsom kan användas för dessa syften.Det återstår många utmaningar innan metodik och verktyg som är användbarai en produktionsmiljö kan erbjudas. Många nyckelproblem i områdetbeskrivs, t.ex. versions- och konfigurationshantering, åtkomststyrning ochintegration av olika verktyg, tillsammans med förslag på framtida arbete iövriga områden som täcks av avhandlingen. / DySCAS

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la validation temporelle ainsi qu'au déploiement d'applications de contrôle industriel à base de composants. La technologie des composants retenue est celle des Blocs Fonctionnels définie dans la norme industrielle IEC 61499. Un Bloc Fonctionnel est défini comme un composant réactif supportant des fonctionnalités d'une application. L'avantage de cette norme, connue dans l'industrie, est la description statique de l'application ainsi que de son support d'exécution. Une première contribution de la thèse est l'interprétation des différents concepts définis dans la norme. Nous précisons, en particulier, la dynamique du composant en vue de décrire un comportement déterministe de l'application. Pour appliquer une validation temporelle exhaustive, nous proposons un modèle de comportement d'un Bloc Fonctionnel à l'aide du formalisme des automates temporisés. D'autre part, nous fournissons une sémantique au concept de réseau de Blocs Fonctionnels pour décrire une application comme une composition de Blocs. Une deuxième contribution de la thèse est le déploiement de tels réseaux sur une architecture distribuée multi-tâches tout en respectant des propriétés sur les temps de réponse de bout en bout. Nous transformons un réseau de Blocs Fonctionnels vers un ensemble de tâches élémentaires dépendantes, appelées actions. Cette transformation permet l'exploitation de résultats d'ordonnancement pour valider la correction temporelle de l'application. Pour déployer les blocs d'une application, nous proposons une approche hybride alliant un ordonnancement statique non-préemptif et un autre ordonnancement en ligne préemptif. L'ordonnancement statique permet la construction des tâches s'exécutant sur chaque calculateur. Ces tâches sont vues comme des séquencements statiques d'actions. Elles sont alors à ordonnancer dynamiquement selon une politique préemptive reposant sur EDF (Earliest Deadline First). Grâce à cette approche, nous réduisons le nombre de commutation de contexte en regroupant les actions au sein des tâches. De plus l'ordonnancement dynamique préemptif augmente la faisabilité du système. Enfin, une dernière contribution est une extension de la deuxième. Nous proposons une approche d'allocation de réseaux de blocs fonctionnels sur un support d'exécution distribué. Cette allocation, basée sur une heuristique de Liste, se repose sur la méthode hybride pour assurer un déploiement faisable de l'application. Le problème d'allocation est de trouver pour chaque bloc fonctionnel le calculateur capable de l'exécuter tout en respectant des contraintes fonctionnelles, temporelles et de support d'exécution. Notons enfin que l'heuristique proposée se base sur une technique de retour-arrière pour augmenter l'espace de solutions. / This thesis deals with the temporal validation and the deployment of component-based industrial control applications. We are interested in the Function Blocks approach, defined in the IEC 61499 standard, as a well known component based technology in the industry. A Function Block is an event triggered component owning data to support the application functionalities. The advantage of this technology is the taking into account of the application and also its execution support. The first thesis contribution deals with the interpretation of the different concepts defined in the standard. In particular, we propose a policy defining a deterministic behavior of a FB. To apply an exhaustive temporal validation of the application, we propose a behavioral model of a Block as Timed Automata. On the other hand, we propose a semantic for the concept of FBs networks to develop industrial control applications. The second thesis contribution deals with the deployment of FBs networks in a distributed multi-tasking architecture. Such deployment has to respect classical End to End Response Time Bounds as temporal constraints. To validate the temporal behavior of an application, we propose an approach transforming its blocks into an actions system with precedence constraints. The purpose is to exploit previous theories on the scheduling of real-time systems. To deploy FBs networks in feasible OS tasks, we propose a Hybrid scheduling approach combining an off-line non-preemptive scheduling and an on-line preemptive one. The off-line scheduling allows to construct OS tasks from FBs, whereas the on-line one allows to schedule these tasks according to the classical EDF policy. A constructed OS task is an actions sequence defining an execution scenario of the application. Thanks to this approach, we reduce the context switching at run-time by merging application actions in OS tasks. In addition, the system feasibility is increased by applying an on-line preemptive policy. Finally, the last thesis contribution is an extension of the previous one. We propose an approach allocating FBs networks in a distributed architecture. Based on a heuristic, such approach uses the hybrid method to construct feasible OS tasks in calculators. The allocation problem of a particular application FB is to look for a corresponding calculator while respecting functional, temporal and execution support constraints. We note that the proposed heuristic is based on a back-tracking technic to increase the solutions space.