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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Structural and solid state EMF studies of phases in the CaO–K<sub>2</sub>O–P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> system with relevance for biomass combustion

Sandström, Malin January 2006 (has links)
<p>Fosfaters reaktioner i energiomvandlingsprocesser är kritisk för den generella processen som helhet, för askrelaterade problem, emissioner liksom för en effektiv och hållbar användning av askan.</p><p>Denna avhandling är en sammanställning och diskussion med utgångspunkt i åtta artiklar som behandlar strukturella och termodynamiska studier på faser i CaO-K<sub>2</sub>O-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-systemet, vilka är av relevans inom förbränning av biomassa. Målsättningen med denna avhandling var: i) att sammanställa och granska tillgängliga strukturella och termodynamiska data i CaO-K<sub>2</sub>O-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-systemet samt att identifiera avsaknad av data, ii) att fylla i dessa luckor med grundläggande termodynamiska, strukturella och fasstabilitets studier samt iii) att visa på användning samt fördelarna med dessa nya data vid praktisk tillämpning.</p><p>En initial litteraturundersökning i CaO-K<sub>2</sub>O-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-systemet visade att det saknades både strukturella och termodynamiska data. När det gällde tillgängliga termodynamiska data var situationen särskilt otillfredsställande. Det fanns endast data för några kalcium– och kaliumfosfater med varierande tillförlitlighet. Situationen beträffande pulverröntgen för fasidentifiering var bättre, fast fördunklad av det faktum att strukturellt liknande fasövergångar ofta förekommer i det undersökta systemet. Däremot fattades det tillfredställande enkristallstrukturdata för ternära faser i det undersökta systemet.</p><p>Enkristallröntgendiffraktion användes för att bestämma strukturerna för CaK<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, CaKP<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub>, Ca<sub>10</sub>K(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>7</sub> och CaKPO<sub>4</sub>. Faserna CaK<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> and CaKPO<sub>4</sub> tillsammans med Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, KPO<sub>3</sub> och K<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> studerades med pulverröntgendiffraktion och termiska analysmetoder för att klargöra fasmodifikationer och övergångstemperaturer. Gibbs bildningsenergi bestämdes för Ca(PO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Ca<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Ca<sub>10</sub>K(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>7</sub>, CaK<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, CaKPO<sub>4</sub> och CaK<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> med ems-metodik och yttriastabiliserad zirkonia som fast elektrolyt och Ni/Ni<sub>3</sub>P som hjälpsystem. Både de strukturella och termodynamiska data användes sedan vid analyser i ett förbrännningexperiment av olika sädesslag. Framtagna data användes både vid identifiering och även vid kvantifiering av bildade faser i biomassaresterna.</p> / <p>The behaviour of phosphates in thermochemical biomass conversion processes are critical for the general process chemistry, for ash related problems, for emissions as well as for an efficient, sustainable and beneficial use of the ash residues.</p><p>This thesis is a summary and a discussion of eight papers dealing with structural and thermodynamical studies of phases in the CaO-K<sub>2</sub>O-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> system, with relevance for biomass combustion. The objectives were: i) to compile and review the available structural and thermodynamical data of phases in the CaO-K<sub>2</sub>O-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> system as well as to identify existing gaps in the field of these data, ii) to fill in as many as possible of the gaps by fundamental thermodynamic, structural and phase stability studies and iii) to demonstrate the uses and the benefits of the new data in practical applications.</p><p>An initial review of the CaO-K<sub>2</sub>O-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> system showed that both structural information and thermodynamic data were lacking. The situation regarding the available thermodynamic data was especially unsatisfactory, data could only be found for some few calcium phosphates and a few potassium phosphates with varying reliability. Concerning powder X-ray diffraction patterns for phase identification the situation was better, though obscured by the fact that structurally close related phase transitions often occur in the studied system. However, adequate single crystal structural data of ternary phases in the system was completely missing.</p><p>Crystal structures of CaK<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, CaKP<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub>, Ca<sub>10</sub>K(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>7</sub> and CaKPO<sub>4</sub> were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The phases CaK<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> and CaKPO<sub>4</sub> were together with Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, KPO<sub>3</sub> and K<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis to elucidate phase modifications and transitions temperatures. Gibbs standard energy of formation was determined for Ca(PO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Ca<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Ca<sub>10</sub>K(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>7</sub>, CaK<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, CaKPO<sub>4</sub> and CaK<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> by solid state emf measurements with yttria stabilised zirconia as solid electrolyte and Ni/Ni<sub>3</sub>P as auxiliary solid couple. Both the structural and thermodynamical data were subsequently utilised in analysis of a combustion experiment of cereal grains. The data were also used to both identify and quantify the phases formed in biomass combustion residues.</p>
2

Structural and solid state EMF studies of phases in the CaO–K2O–P2O5 system with relevance for biomass combustion

Sandström, Malin January 2006 (has links)
Fosfaters reaktioner i energiomvandlingsprocesser är kritisk för den generella processen som helhet, för askrelaterade problem, emissioner liksom för en effektiv och hållbar användning av askan. Denna avhandling är en sammanställning och diskussion med utgångspunkt i åtta artiklar som behandlar strukturella och termodynamiska studier på faser i CaO-K2O-P2O5-systemet, vilka är av relevans inom förbränning av biomassa. Målsättningen med denna avhandling var: i) att sammanställa och granska tillgängliga strukturella och termodynamiska data i CaO-K2O-P2O5-systemet samt att identifiera avsaknad av data, ii) att fylla i dessa luckor med grundläggande termodynamiska, strukturella och fasstabilitets studier samt iii) att visa på användning samt fördelarna med dessa nya data vid praktisk tillämpning. En initial litteraturundersökning i CaO-K2O-P2O5-systemet visade att det saknades både strukturella och termodynamiska data. När det gällde tillgängliga termodynamiska data var situationen särskilt otillfredsställande. Det fanns endast data för några kalcium– och kaliumfosfater med varierande tillförlitlighet. Situationen beträffande pulverröntgen för fasidentifiering var bättre, fast fördunklad av det faktum att strukturellt liknande fasövergångar ofta förekommer i det undersökta systemet. Däremot fattades det tillfredställande enkristallstrukturdata för ternära faser i det undersökta systemet. Enkristallröntgendiffraktion användes för att bestämma strukturerna för CaK2P2O7, CaKP3O9, Ca10K(PO4)7 och CaKPO4. Faserna CaK2P2O7 and CaKPO4 tillsammans med Ca3(PO4)2, KPO3 och K4P2O7 studerades med pulverröntgendiffraktion och termiska analysmetoder för att klargöra fasmodifikationer och övergångstemperaturer. Gibbs bildningsenergi bestämdes för Ca(PO3)2, Ca2P2O7, Ca3(PO4)2, Ca10K(PO4)7, CaK2P2O7, CaKPO4 och CaK4(PO4)2 med ems-metodik och yttriastabiliserad zirkonia som fast elektrolyt och Ni/Ni3P som hjälpsystem. Både de strukturella och termodynamiska data användes sedan vid analyser i ett förbrännningexperiment av olika sädesslag. Framtagna data användes både vid identifiering och även vid kvantifiering av bildade faser i biomassaresterna. / The behaviour of phosphates in thermochemical biomass conversion processes are critical for the general process chemistry, for ash related problems, for emissions as well as for an efficient, sustainable and beneficial use of the ash residues. This thesis is a summary and a discussion of eight papers dealing with structural and thermodynamical studies of phases in the CaO-K2O-P2O5 system, with relevance for biomass combustion. The objectives were: i) to compile and review the available structural and thermodynamical data of phases in the CaO-K2O-P2O5 system as well as to identify existing gaps in the field of these data, ii) to fill in as many as possible of the gaps by fundamental thermodynamic, structural and phase stability studies and iii) to demonstrate the uses and the benefits of the new data in practical applications. An initial review of the CaO-K2O-P2O5 system showed that both structural information and thermodynamic data were lacking. The situation regarding the available thermodynamic data was especially unsatisfactory, data could only be found for some few calcium phosphates and a few potassium phosphates with varying reliability. Concerning powder X-ray diffraction patterns for phase identification the situation was better, though obscured by the fact that structurally close related phase transitions often occur in the studied system. However, adequate single crystal structural data of ternary phases in the system was completely missing. Crystal structures of CaK2P2O7, CaKP3O9, Ca10K(PO4)7 and CaKPO4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The phases CaK2P2O7 and CaKPO4 were together with Ca3(PO4)2, KPO3 and K4P2O7, investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis to elucidate phase modifications and transitions temperatures. Gibbs standard energy of formation was determined for Ca(PO3)2, Ca2P2O7, Ca3(PO4)2, Ca10K(PO4)7, CaK2P2O7, CaKPO4 and CaK4(PO4)2 by solid state emf measurements with yttria stabilised zirconia as solid electrolyte and Ni/Ni3P as auxiliary solid couple. Both the structural and thermodynamical data were subsequently utilised in analysis of a combustion experiment of cereal grains. The data were also used to both identify and quantify the phases formed in biomass combustion residues.
3

Quantitative equilibrium calculations on systems with relevance to copper smelting and converting

Björkman, Bo January 1984 (has links)
The present thesis gives a summary of results obtained through theoretical and experimental studies of systems with relevance to copper smelting and converting. Many chemical elements are involved in the copper production pro­cesses and a detailed experimental study would be very time- consuming and expensive. A complicating fact is also the corrosivity of the liquid phases towards container material. A powerful alternative is equilibrium calculations, in which models for the liquid phases as well as reliable basic thermodynamic data are needed. In the present thesis, a generalized structure based model for liquid silicates was developed and used in assessments of the sys­tems PbO-SiO2, Fe-O-SiO2, CuO0.5-SÌO2 and Cu-Fe-O-SiO2. In the model, the non-ideal silicate melt is treated as an ideal solu­tion but containing a few complexes. The PbO-Si02 melt could be described by introducing the complexes Pb3Si207, Pb4Si4010 and Pb13Si12O37 in addition to the components PbO and Pb2Si04. The species considered in the Fe-O-SiO2 melt were FeO, FeO1.5, Fe2Si04, Fe3Si207, Fe3Si6O15 and in the CUO0.5-SiO2 melt CuO0.5 ana CU4SiO4. Trie calculated phase diagrams, the activities of me­tal oxides and the oxygen partial pressures were all in good agreement with the published data. Two of the papers in this thesis concern the determination of Gibbs free energies for Cu2S(s,l) and Ca2Fe2O5(s) through emf measurements utilizing a solid electrolyte. Activities and termi­nal solubilities in the solid solution [Fet,Ca]0 were also deter­mined. The results obtained from the quantitative equilibrium calcula­tions for conventional copper smelting and converting were used to outline the overall reactions taking place and the outcome of changes in process parameters. Comparison with observed values, however, showed that the copper and magnetite contents in slag were calculated too low. These discrepancies could be completely explained by using a non-equilibrium approach in which the con­verter was assumed to consist of several segments with concentra­tion gradients between the segments. / digitalisering@umu.se

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