The commercial production of broiler chickens emits low amounts of nitrous oxide and methane, however, the production of CO2 and NH3 is considerable. Several countries have sought to investigate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) in the production of broiler chickens since the information available in the literature is variable and uncertain. This is due to the diversity and particular conditions of the facilities, as well as the innumerable differences in the production system and the complex interactions observed in animal waste. Currently, gaseous pollutant measurements are costly techniques and difficult to put into practice in a large number of operations. The impacts of agriculture on global warming must be measured to allow Brazil to meet the commitments signed in COP-21 and to manage its production more precisely. In order to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to know the emission factors for the diverse production systems in the country. In view of this complexity, this research sought to apply a simplified sampling and emission determination technique that present low cost, simplicity, and robustness. The methodology uses the principle of concentration relations as a reference and determination of the concentration of gases was performed by INNOVA 1412. Weekly monitoring of concentrations of NH3, CO2, CH4, and N2O was conducted, considering the typical management of reused litter. The air quality was evaluated for the concentrations of NH3 and CO2, as recommended by international institutions. In addition, the thermal comfort of broiler house, considering the enthalpy index proposed in the literature and zootechnical performance, were measured. In order to identify the variables that best describe the emission flux of NH3 and CO2, mixed linear models with up to six variables were tested. N, C, and P balances were conducted for each production cycle in order to account for the inputs and outputs of the elements, as well as to verify the accuracy of the methodologies used. The main input of N, C, and P in the system was from reused litter, followed by the feed. The emissions allowed for the calculation of annual losses of 16 ± 4; 61 ± 16, and 168 ± 43 g of N2O, CH4, and NH3 bird-place-1 yr-1, respectively. Considering that this research presents an applicable and innovative methodology to determine GHG flows in broiler house for the country, the data will be useful for the Brazilian annual production of GHG emissions from poultry. The results are also useful to encourage new research that promotes knowledge of GHG emissions and alternatives to decrease emissions for meat production in Brazil. / A produção comercial de frangos de corte emite baixas quantidades de óxido nitroso e metano, no entanto, a produção de dióxido de carbono e amônia é considerável. Vários países têm buscado investigar as emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e amônia (NH3) na produção de frangos de corte já que as informações disponíveis na literatura são variáveis e incertas devido à diversidade das instalações, bem como das inúmeras diferenças no sistema de criação e das complexas interações observadas nos dejetos dos animais. Atualmente, a determinação das emissões gasosas exigem técnicas com custo elevado e difíceis de colocar em prática em um número elevado de instalações. Além disso, os impactos dos sistemas produtivos sobre o aquecimento climático devem ser medidos para permitir que o Brasil atenda os compromissos firmados na COP-21 e execute seu inventário de maneira mais precisa. A fim de obter resultados confiáveis é necessário conhecer os fatores de emissão na diversidade de sistemas de produção existentes no país. Diante dessa complexidade, nesta pesquisa buscou-se aplicar uma técnica simplificada de amostragem e determinação das emissões que apresenta baixo custo, simplicidade e robustez. A metodologia utiliza como referência, o princípio das relações de concentração e a concentração dos gases, que nesse casso foi determinada pelo INNOVA 1412. Buscou-se monitorar semanalmente as concentrações de NH3, CO2, CH4 e N2O considerando o manejo de reutilização da cama de frango. A qualidade do ar foi avaliada, considerando as concentrações de NH3 e CO2 recomendadas por instituições internacionais, assim como o conforto térmico dos aviários considerando os índices de entalpia propostos na literatura e o desempenho zootécnico. Determinou-se os fatores de emissão. E para identificar as variáveis que melhor descrevem o fluxo de emissão de NH3 e CO2, foram testados modelos lineares mistos com até seis variáveis. Balanços de N, C P foram conduzidos para cada ciclo de produção com a finalidade de contabilizar as entradas e saídas dos elementos e verificar a precisão das metodologias utilizadas. A principal entrada de N e C no sistema foi pela reutilização da cama, seguida pela ração. As emissões permitiram calcular perdas anuais de 16 ± 4; 61 ± 16; e 168 ± 43 g de N2O, CH4 e NH3 ave-alojada-1 ano-1, respectivamente. Considerando que esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia aplicável e de baixo custo para determinar as emissões de GEE em aviários de frangos de corte no Brasil, os resultados são úteis para incentivar novas pesquisas que possam avançar no conhecimento das emissões e possíveis técnicas de mitigação de GEE na produção de frangos de corte no Brasil.

In the past, transportation related economic analysis has considered agency related costs only. However, transportation managers are moving towards more holistic economic analysis including road user and environmental costs and benefits. In particular, transportation air pollution is causing increasing harm to health and the environment. Transport managers are now considering related emissions in transport economical analyses, and have established strategies to help meet Kyoto Protocol targets, which specified a fifteen percent reduction in Canada's emissions related to 1990 levels within 2008-2012.<p>The objectives of this research are to model heavy vehicle emissions using a emissions computer model which is able to assess various transport applications, and help improve holistic economic transport modeling. Two case studies were evaluated with the model developed.<p>Firstly, the environmental benefits of deploying weigh-in-motion systems at weigh stations to pre-sort heavy vehicles and reduce delays were assessed. The second case study evaluates alternative truck sizes and road upgrades within short heavy oilfield haul in Western Canada. <p>The model developed herein employed a deterministic framework from a sensitivity analysis across independent variables, which identified the most sensitive variables to primary field state conditions. The variables found to be significant included idling time for the weigh-in-motion case study, road stiffness and road grades for the short heavy haul oilfield case study.<p>According to this research, employing WIM at weigh stations would reduce annual Canadian transportation CO₂ emissions by nearly 228 kilo tonnes, or 1.04 percent of the Canadian Kyoto Protocol targets. Regarding direct fuel savings, WIM would save from 90 to 190 million litres of fuel annually, or between $59 and $190 million of direct operating costs.<p>Regarding the short heavy oil haul case study, increasing allowable heavy vehicle sizes while upgrading roads could decrease the annual emissions, the fuel consumption, and their associated costs by an average of 68 percent. Therefore, this could reduce each rural Saskatchewan municipality's annual CO₂ emissions from 13 to 26.7-kilo tonnes, which translates to 0.06 and 0.12 percent of the Canadian Kyoto Protocol targets or between $544,000 and $ 1.1 million annually. <p>Based on these results, the model demonstrates its functionality, and was successfully applied to two typical transportation field state applications. The model generated emissions savings results that appear to be realistic, in terms of potential Kyoto targets, as well as users cost reductions and fuel savings.

In the past, transportation related economic analysis has considered agency related costs only. However, transportation managers are moving towards more holistic economic analysis including road user and environmental costs and benefits. In particular, transportation air pollution is causing increasing harm to health and the environment. Transport managers are now considering related emissions in transport economical analyses, and have established strategies to help meet Kyoto Protocol targets, which specified a fifteen percent reduction in Canada's emissions related to 1990 levels within 2008-2012.<p>The objectives of this research are to model heavy vehicle emissions using a emissions computer model which is able to assess various transport applications, and help improve holistic economic transport modeling. Two case studies were evaluated with the model developed.<p>Firstly, the environmental benefits of deploying weigh-in-motion systems at weigh stations to pre-sort heavy vehicles and reduce delays were assessed. The second case study evaluates alternative truck sizes and road upgrades within short heavy oilfield haul in Western Canada. <p>The model developed herein employed a deterministic framework from a sensitivity analysis across independent variables, which identified the most sensitive variables to primary field state conditions. The variables found to be significant included idling time for the weigh-in-motion case study, road stiffness and road grades for the short heavy haul oilfield case study.<p>According to this research, employing WIM at weigh stations would reduce annual Canadian transportation CO₂ emissions by nearly 228 kilo tonnes, or 1.04 percent of the Canadian Kyoto Protocol targets. Regarding direct fuel savings, WIM would save from 90 to 190 million litres of fuel annually, or between $59 and $190 million of direct operating costs.<p>Regarding the short heavy oil haul case study, increasing allowable heavy vehicle sizes while upgrading roads could decrease the annual emissions, the fuel consumption, and their associated costs by an average of 68 percent. Therefore, this could reduce each rural Saskatchewan municipality's annual CO₂ emissions from 13 to 26.7-kilo tonnes, which translates to 0.06 and 0.12 percent of the Canadian Kyoto Protocol targets or between $544,000 and $ 1.1 million annually. <p>Based on these results, the model demonstrates its functionality, and was successfully applied to two typical transportation field state applications. The model generated emissions savings results that appear to be realistic, in terms of potential Kyoto targets, as well as users cost reductions and fuel savings.

The commercial production of broiler chickens emits low amounts of nitrous oxide and methane, however, the production of CO2 and NH3 is considerable. Several countries have sought to investigate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) in the production of broiler chickens since the information available in the literature is variable and uncertain. This is due to the diversity and particular conditions of the facilities, as well as the innumerable differences in the production system and the complex interactions observed in animal waste. Currently, gaseous pollutant measurements are costly techniques and difficult to put into practice in a large number of operations. The impacts of agriculture on global warming must be measured to allow Brazil to meet the commitments signed in COP-21 and to manage its production more precisely. In order to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to know the emission factors for the diverse production systems in the country. In view of this complexity, this research sought to apply a simplified sampling and emission determination technique that present low cost, simplicity, and robustness. The methodology uses the principle of concentration relations as a reference and determination of the concentration of gases was performed by INNOVA 1412. Weekly monitoring of concentrations of NH3, CO2, CH4, and N2O was conducted, considering the typical management of reused litter. The air quality was evaluated for the concentrations of NH3 and CO2, as recommended by international institutions. In addition, the thermal comfort of broiler house, considering the enthalpy index proposed in the literature and zootechnical performance, were measured. In order to identify the variables that best describe the emission flux of NH3 and CO2, mixed linear models with up to six variables were tested. N, C, and P balances were conducted for each production cycle in order to account for the inputs and outputs of the elements, as well as to verify the accuracy of the methodologies used. The main input of N, C, and P in the system was from reused litter, followed by the feed. The emissions allowed for the calculation of annual losses of 16 ± 4; 61 ± 16, and 168 ± 43 g of N2O, CH4, and NH3 bird-place-1 yr-1, respectively. Considering that this research presents an applicable and innovative methodology to determine GHG flows in broiler house for the country, the data will be useful for the Brazilian annual production of GHG emissions from poultry. The results are also useful to encourage new research that promotes knowledge of GHG emissions and alternatives to decrease emissions for meat production in Brazil. / A produção comercial de frangos de corte emite baixas quantidades de óxido nitroso e metano, no entanto, a produção de dióxido de carbono e amônia é considerável. Vários países têm buscado investigar as emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e amônia (NH3) na produção de frangos de corte já que as informações disponíveis na literatura são variáveis e incertas devido à diversidade das instalações, bem como das inúmeras diferenças no sistema de criação e das complexas interações observadas nos dejetos dos animais. Atualmente, a determinação das emissões gasosas exigem técnicas com custo elevado e difíceis de colocar em prática em um número elevado de instalações. Além disso, os impactos dos sistemas produtivos sobre o aquecimento climático devem ser medidos para permitir que o Brasil atenda os compromissos firmados na COP-21 e execute seu inventário de maneira mais precisa. A fim de obter resultados confiáveis é necessário conhecer os fatores de emissão na diversidade de sistemas de produção existentes no país. Diante dessa complexidade, nesta pesquisa buscou-se aplicar uma técnica simplificada de amostragem e determinação das emissões que apresenta baixo custo, simplicidade e robustez. A metodologia utiliza como referência, o princípio das relações de concentração e a concentração dos gases, que nesse casso foi determinada pelo INNOVA 1412. Buscou-se monitorar semanalmente as concentrações de NH3, CO2, CH4 e N2O considerando o manejo de reutilização da cama de frango. A qualidade do ar foi avaliada, considerando as concentrações de NH3 e CO2 recomendadas por instituições internacionais, assim como o conforto térmico dos aviários considerando os índices de entalpia propostos na literatura e o desempenho zootécnico. Determinou-se os fatores de emissão. E para identificar as variáveis que melhor descrevem o fluxo de emissão de NH3 e CO2, foram testados modelos lineares mistos com até seis variáveis. Balanços de N, C P foram conduzidos para cada ciclo de produção com a finalidade de contabilizar as entradas e saídas dos elementos e verificar a precisão das metodologias utilizadas. A principal entrada de N e C no sistema foi pela reutilização da cama, seguida pela ração. As emissões permitiram calcular perdas anuais de 16 ± 4; 61 ± 16; e 168 ± 43 g de N2O, CH4 e NH3 ave-alojada-1 ano-1, respectivamente. Considerando que esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia aplicável e de baixo custo para determinar as emissões de GEE em aviários de frangos de corte no Brasil, os resultados são úteis para incentivar novas pesquisas que possam avançar no conhecimento das emissões e possíveis técnicas de mitigação de GEE na produção de frangos de corte no Brasil.