Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal desenvolver uma rotina de procedimentos de coleta de dados espectrais utilizando um espectro radiômetro de campo portátil, μFTIR Model 102, desenvolvido pela empresa Design & Prototypes, o qual permite a aquisição de espectros infravermelhos de superfícies entre 2 e 14 μm. O equipamento foi utilizado para realizar leituras de radiância e calculo de emissividade, transmitância e refletância, utilizando uma amostra de quartzo, a qual apresenta uma curva de emissividade bem conhecida no infravermelho termal (região entre 8-14 μm). Foram realizadas leituras na amostra para diferentes condições de temperatura e umidade, tanto no campo como no laboratório com o fin de obter um completo protocolo para a calibração e coleta de dados. Embora o instrumento opere numa região mais ampla, este estudo apenas avalia os dados entre 7-14 μm onde a maioria dos instrumentos a bordo de plataformas aéreas e orbitais posiciona os detectores. / The main purpose of this research is to develop a routine procedure for data collection using a field spectral radiometer, μFTIR Model 102, developed by Design & Prototypes, which allows the acquisition of infrared spectra of surfaces between 2 and 14 μm. The instrument was used to perform lectures of radiances and calculation of emissivity, transmittance and reflectance, using a sample of quartz, which shows a very well-known curve of emissivity in the thermal infrared (region between 8-14 μm). Reading were taken in the sample for different conditions of temperature and humidity, both in the field and in the laboratory with the objective of get a complete protocol for calibration and data collection. Although the instrument operating in a wider region, this study evaluates the data between 7-14 μm where most of the instruments on board of airborne platforms and orbital detectors are positioned.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal desenvolver uma rotina de procedimentos de coleta de dados espectrais utilizando um espectro radiômetro de campo portátil, μFTIR Model 102, desenvolvido pela empresa Design & Prototypes, o qual permite a aquisição de espectros infravermelhos de superfícies entre 2 e 14 μm. O equipamento foi utilizado para realizar leituras de radiância e calculo de emissividade, transmitância e refletância, utilizando uma amostra de quartzo, a qual apresenta uma curva de emissividade bem conhecida no infravermelho termal (região entre 8-14 μm). Foram realizadas leituras na amostra para diferentes condições de temperatura e umidade, tanto no campo como no laboratório com o fin de obter um completo protocolo para a calibração e coleta de dados. Embora o instrumento opere numa região mais ampla, este estudo apenas avalia os dados entre 7-14 μm onde a maioria dos instrumentos a bordo de plataformas aéreas e orbitais posiciona os detectores. / The main purpose of this research is to develop a routine procedure for data collection using a field spectral radiometer, μFTIR Model 102, developed by Design & Prototypes, which allows the acquisition of infrared spectra of surfaces between 2 and 14 μm. The instrument was used to perform lectures of radiances and calculation of emissivity, transmittance and reflectance, using a sample of quartz, which shows a very well-known curve of emissivity in the thermal infrared (region between 8-14 μm). Reading were taken in the sample for different conditions of temperature and humidity, both in the field and in the laboratory with the objective of get a complete protocol for calibration and data collection. Although the instrument operating in a wider region, this study evaluates the data between 7-14 μm where most of the instruments on board of airborne platforms and orbital detectors are positioned.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmorerHernandez_Emanuel_M.pdf: 9074844 bytes, checksum: 181c64a39a24efc51dea2add5a69d676 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A pesquisa compreende estudos sobre a assinatura ultraespectral e multiespectral de fosfatos de origem ígnea e sedimentar contidos, respectivamente, nos depósitos de Catalão I (GO), Tapira (MG) e Rocinha-Lagamar (MG), centro-oeste do Brasil. Medidas de reflectância e emissividade (focadas na faixa de 8-12µm) foram analisadas em conjunto com dados de Difração de Raios X e Fluorescência de Raios X visando a determinação da mineralogia e quimismo das rochas envolvidas nas áreas de estudo. Os fosfatos ígneos de Catalão I e Tapira, inseridos na Província Ígnea do Alto Paranaíba, encontram-se hospedados em complexos carbonatíticos. Apresentam Elementos de Terras Raras em sua composição e feições de absorção intrínsecas em espectros de reflectância em torno de 0,75µm. A profundidade e forma das feições auxiliam na identificação e qualificação de monazita, fluoroapatita e cloroapatita como minerais de minério. Associações comuns nas zonas mineralizadas e que apresentam assinaturas espectrais características incluem fluoroapatite-ajoita-vermiculita; fluoroapatita-vermiculita-calcita e fluoroapatita-calcita-monazita. Teores anômalos de fosfato ocorrem na presença de vermiculita, flogopita, calcita, dolomita, caulinita e ajoita-corvusita, todos passíveis de identificação através de espectros de reflectância. Os fosfatos metassedimentares de Rocinha e Lagamar, inseridos na Faixa de Dobramentos Brasília, encontram-se hospedados em fosfoarenitos de origem controversa no Grupo Bambuí. Correspondem a fluorapatitas, onde o intemperismo, além de mudanças próprias da apatita durante o ciclo do P sedimentar, removeram seu conteúdo de ETR. As argilas presentes nesses depósitos podem ser utilizadas como indicadores indiretos da presença de teores anômalos de fosfatos. As assembléias minerais observadas incluem illita-fluoroapatita-quartzo; fluoroapatita-caulinita-quartzo; fluoroapatita-illita-muscovita. Clorita e calcita são minerais subordinados. As análises espectro-mineralógicas, difratométricas e geoquímicas de rochas desses depósitos permitiram a constituição de bibliotecas espectrais que foram utilizadas para subsidiar a classificação espectral de dados do sensor ASTER adquiridos sobre as áreas de estudo. As técnicas Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) e Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) foram testadas. No complexo de Catalão I foi possível separar, nas imagens, zonas ricas em monazita, vermiculita, foscorito magnetítico e solos isalteríticos com baixo teor de fosfatos. No complexo de Tapira e região de Araxá, foi possível distinguir ajoita-corvusita, isalteritos com fosfatos secundários, vermiculita e carbonatitos picríticos. Nas minas de Rocinha e Lagamar, foi possível discriminar as rochas encaixantes das rochas hospedeiras nas imagens em base a feições das argilas. Em Rocinha, fosfoarenitos apatiticos com ilita, fosfoarenitos calcareos con ilita e muscovita, arenitos calcáreos e solos transportados foram discriminados. Estes resultados reforçam a potencialidade de qualificar e quantificar fosfatos a partir de sensores hiperespectrais orbitais (Hyperion, HyMap) e aerotransportados (ProspecTIR) atualmente em operação e outros sensores próximos a serem colocados em funcionamento (EnMap, PRISMA, HISUI, HyspIRI), com desdobramentos importantes para programas de exploração mineral / Abstract: In order to aid phosphate exploration programs, this research defined the reflectance and emission spectroscopy of cretacic carbonatites related to igneous phosphates and neoproterozoic phosphoritic rocks from the Catalão I (GO), Tapira, Rocinha and Lagamar (MG) mine sites, Midwestern Brazil. The main goal of this study was to identify mineral and lithotype endmembers that can be tracked and detected through multispectral remote sensing using ASTER images. Reflectance, Diffuse reflectance and emission measurements were analyzed with X Ray Fluorescence and X Ray Diffraction data to diminish uncertainties and have a full knowledge of the chemistry and mineralogy of the studied locations. For the igneous carbonatitic phosphates of Catalão I and Tapira complexes, inserted in the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (PIAP) it was determined that the REEs inclusions present in phosphates can be detected through reflectance spectroscopy, leading to mineral species recognition by analyzing of the 0.75µm absorption feature. In this region of the spectra, in the context of carbonatitic intrusions and REEs concentration, monazite, fluorapatite and apatite-(Cl) can be distinguished with Hyperspectral reflectance spectrometers from raw samples. Main mineral assemblages were fluorapatite-ajoite-vermiculite; fluorapatite-vermiculite-calcite and fluorapatite-calcite-monazite. It was also possible to recognize vermiculite, phlogopite, calcite, dolomite, kaolinite and ajoite-corvusite as secondary absorption features related to high phosphatic concentration. For the metasedimentary phosphates of Rocinha and Lagamar that correspond to sedimentary apatites-(F), those REEs absorption features that discriminated igneous phosphates are not present, probably due to weathering of apatite and natural changes on the crystal structure that happen during the P cycle. However, for the Rocinha and Lagamar mine sites, it was observed that clays were secondary markers that indicated high or mild phosphate yield. Mineral assemblages observed for the sedimentary phosphates were illite-fluorapatite-quartz; fluorapatite-kaolinite-quartz; fluorapatite-illite-muscovite. Chlorite and calcite are secondary absorption features. With these results, spectral libraries were mounted and tested in ASTER images from the Catalão I and Tapira Carbonatitic Complexes and from the Rocinha and Lagamar mines. Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) were performed on the images, being able to distinguish pixels with high favourability of monazite, vermiculite, magnetitic phoscorite and isalteritic soils of poor phosphate content for Catalão I. Ajoite-Corvusite, Secondary phosphates, vermiculite and Picritic Carbonatite was discriminated for the Tapira and Araxá region, indicating previously unmapped occurrences. Using MTMF in the Tapira image, it was possible to refine the SAM results, allowing better accuracy with the same endmembers, giving low infeasibility results with high Matched Filtering results for 75% of the endmembers. In the Rocinha and Lagamar mines, it was able to discriminate wall rock from mine-objective rock using the Lagamar mine endmembers. The Rocinha mine endmembers were of adequate use for the Rocinha mine, but failed to distinguish mined rock from wall rock in the Lagamar mine, probably given their higher kaolinite content. These results encourage further exploration of the data with current (Hyperion, ProspecTIR, HyMap) and future (EnMap, PRISMA, HISUI, HyspIRI) hyperspectral data in order to fully quantify phosphate favourability in phosphate exploration programs / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Detailed introducition of non-contact temperature measurement and correct settings of the measurement device, which has great influence on correct temperature determination, is the aim of this diploma thesis. The experimental laboratory was established to verify dependencies by Compaq CM non-contact thermometer. Conclusions and recomendations are deduced from the measurement results and their analysis.

The aim of the thesis is to clarify the issue of non-contact surface temperature measurement with a focus on the thermal imaging cameras as a modern representative of pyrometers and thermovision technology used in the output control of power supply. To obtain the corresponding results of temperature control, it is necessary to know the exact values of emissivity of the measured materials. The experimental part of this thesis is focused on detection of emissivity of power supply parts.

No description available.

Spacecraft thermal control is entirely reliant upon radiative heat transfer for temperature regulation. Current methods are often static in nature and do not provide dynamic control of radiative heat transfer. As a result, modern spacecraft thermal control systems are typically 'cold-biased' with radiators that are larger than necessary for many operating conditions. Deploying a variable radiator as a thermal control technique in which the projected surface area can be adjusted to provide the appropriate heat loss for a given condition can reduce unnecessary heat rejection and reduce power requirements. However, the radiative behavior of the apparent surface representing the expanding/collapsing radiator changes in addition to the projected surface area size. This work experimentally quantifies the spectral, directional emissivity of an apparent surface comprised of a series of V-grooves (e.g. corrugated surface), as a function of angle and highlights its emission characteristics that trend toward black behavior. The experimental setup for quantifying this apparent radiative surface behavior is described and utilized to show the influence of surface geometry, direction and wavelength. The experimental design is validated and demonstrated using fully oxidized, nearly diffuse, copper, corrugated test samples. The results presented in this work demonstrate, for the corrugated oxidized copper surfaces tested, that (1) higher emissivity values correspond to higher wavelengths in the spectral range of 2.5 to 15.4 μm (2) apparent emissivity values increase with decreasing V-groove angle resulting in less spectral variation in emissivity and greater blackbody like behavior, (3) azimuth dependence can be relatively small despite the obvious pattern associated with a corrugated surface, (4) as the V-groove angle decreases, higher emissivity values are associated with θ→0° and ϕ→90°. Results provide a foundation for future radiator design, improved spacecraft thermal control methods, and improved emissivity testing methods for patterned or angular surfaces.

The goal is to perform heat measurements examine of selected roofing material samples. Those roofing materials are asphalt shingles, ceramics, and cedar. It’s important to understand the concept of heat transfer, which consists of conduction, convection, and radiation. Research work was reviewed on different infrared devices to see which one would be suitable for conducting my experiment. In this experiment, the main focus was on a specific property of radiation. That property is the emissivity, which is the amount of heat a material is able to radiate compared to a blackbody. An infrared measuring device, such as the infrared camera was used to determine the emissivity of each sample by using a measurement formula consisting of certain equations. These equations account for the emissivity, transmittance of heat through the atmosphere and temperatures of the samples, atmosphere and background. The experiment verifies how reasonable the data is compared to values in the emissivity table. A blackbody method such as electrical black tape was applied to help generate the correct data. With this data obtained, the emissivity was examined to understand what factors and parameters affect this property of the materials. This experiment was conducted using a suitable heat source to heat up the material samples to high temperature. The measurements were taken during the experiment and displayed by the IR camera. The IR images show the behavior of surface temperatures being distributed throughout the different materials. The main challenge was to determine the most accurate emissivity values for all material samples. The results obtained by the IR camera were displayed in figures and tables at different distances, which was between the heap lamp and materials. The materials exhibited different behaviors in temperature and emissivity at certain distances. The emissivity of each material varied with different temperatures. The results led to suggestions of certain materials that could be beneficial and disadvantageous in energy and cost savings during cold and hot seasons of the year. Also this led to some uncertainties in the data generated. Overall, this can support in exploring other ideas to increase energy and cost saving consistently during both season by using a material that can change its color and density based on a high or low temperature.

Afin de mieux estimer la survivabilité des débris spatiaux lorsqu’ils retombent sur Terre (masse finale et surface meurtrie), la base de données matériaux du code DEBRISK du CNES nécessite d’être alimentée en propriétés dans le domaine des hautes températures (oxydation et émissivité principalement). Ainsi, cette thèse a été réalisée au laboratoire PROMES-CNRS sur l’étude expérimentale de l’oxydation dans des conditions de rentrée atmosphérique (plasma d’air, haute température et basse pression) de quatre alliages métalliques les plus difficiles à détruire (Invar 36, TA6V, 316L et 304L). L’émissivité totale directionnelle a également été mesurée à haute température et l’émissivité totale hémisphérique a été calculée pour ces quatrematériaux, sur des surfaces non oxydées, sous vide secondaire, mais aussi, pré-oxydées sous plasma d’air et oxydées in situ sous air standard. Les résultats ont montré pour l’ensemble des matériaux, que l’oxydation à haute température sous environnement d’oxygène atomique, était peu significative vis-à-vis des faibles gains ou pertes de masse obtenus (dépendant de l’alliage) par rapport aux masses initiales. Par contre, l’oxydation crée une forte modification de la surface – composition et morphologie – ce qui entraine une importante augmentation d’un facteur 3 voire 4 (dépendant de l’alliage) de l’émissivité totale des matériaux oxydés par rapport à celle des échantillons vierges, cette augmentation pouvant fortement retarder le processus de fusion pendant une trajectoire et par conséquent le calcul de la masse finale et de la surface meurtrie. De plus, il a été observé que l’émissivité des oxydes formés sous plasma d’air était généralement 10% supérieure à celles des oxydes formés sous air standard, d’où l’intérêt de mesurer l’émissivité sur des surfaces préalablement oxydées sous plasma d’air, caractéristique des conditions de rentrée atmosphérique des débris spatiaux. Finalement, il apparait plus judicieux d’implémenter dans les codes de rentrée atmosphérique, l’influence de l’oxydation sous plasma d’air sur l’émissivité plutôt que les cinétiques d’oxydation obtenues. / To better assess the survivability of space debris when they fall at ground (final mass and casualty area), the DEBRISK tool from CNES needs to feed its material database with properties at high temperatures (oxidation and emissivity mainly). Thus, this thesis was conducted at the PROMES-CNRS laboratory on the experimental study of oxidation in atmospheric re-entry conditions (air plasma, high temperature and low pressure) for four metallic alloys which are the most difficult to destroy (Invar 36, TA6V, 316L and 304L).The total directional emissivity was measured at high temperature for all the materials and the totalhemispherical emissivity calculated, on non-oxidized samples, in high vacuum, but also, on pre-oxidized samples under air plasma and on in situ oxidized ones in standard air. The experimental results have shown for all the materials that the oxidation at high temperature under air plasma was not significant, due to the obtaining of small mass gains or losses (depending of the alloy) compared to the initial masses. However, oxidation creates a huge modification of the surface – composition and morphology – that leads to a significant increase of the total emissivity of oxidized materials compared to the one of virgin samples by a factor 3 or even 4 (depending on the alloy) that can strongly delay the melting process during a trajectory andconsequently the calculation of the final mass and the casualty area. Moreover, it was observed that the emissivity of oxides formed under air plasma was generally 10% higher than those formed in air standard, hence the interest to perform emissivity measurements on pre-oxidized samples under air plasma conditions, representative of the atmospheric re-entry conditions of space debris. Finally, it would be more judicious to implement in the atmospheric reentry tools, the influence of the oxidation under air plasma on the emissivity rather than the kinetics of oxidation obtained.

Hyperspectral images are made up of energy measurements at different wavelengths of light. The case is considered where these measurements are dependent on temperature, the self-emitted energy (emissivity), and reflected energy (downwelling radiance) from the surroundings. The process where the downwelling radiance is fixed and the temperature and emissivity are estimated is referred to as temperature/emissivity separation. Due to the way these terms mix, for a given set of measurements, there exist many pairs of temperatures and emissivities that satisfy the model. This creates ambiguity in the solution that must be resolved for the result to have any significance. A new model is developed which reduces this ambiguity. This model is used to form an objective function. The temperature and emissivity which maximize the value of the objective function are solved for given a set of measurements. As part of the solution, a new algorithm is developed which exploits the shape of the objective function to estimate the temperature and emissivity quickly and accurately. Extensive testing of this algorithm is performed to gain an understanding of its average speed and accuracy.