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La thermographie infrarouge constitue un outil de diagnostic très utile dans le domaine du bâtiment et du génie civil. Cependant un diagnostic quantitatif reste difficile, et l'émissivité des surfaces étudiées joue un rôle important. Le présent travail est une étude sur la mesure d'émissivité pour le diagnostic quantitatif des structures par thermographie. Un des enjeux est de compléter une base de données d'émissivité pour des matériaux du bâtiment et du génie civil ; pour cela il a été nécessaire de développer des appareils de mesure portables. Deux appareils ont été développés au CERTES, utilisant des méthodes indirectes. Ces méthodes consistent à mesurer la réflexion d'un flux infrarouge modulé et nécessite une référence de réflectance connue. Le premier appareil module le flux par modulation lente de température (mesure en 16mn) ; il est adapté aux surfaces diffusantes et hétérogènes comme les bétons bitumineux et les matériaux de construction du bâtiment. L'autre appareil utilise un système d'écran permettant une modulation plus rapide (mesure en quelques secondes). Il est plus polyvalent. Il est aussi plus facilement transportable et permet également d'obtenir une évaluation du caractère plus ou moins spéculaire de la surface. Ces deux appareils couvrent au choix une bande spectrale large (1 à 40µm) pour évaluer les propriétés radiatives des surfaces et une bande étroite (8 à 14µm) adaptée à la sensibilité des caméras infrarouges. Une étude comparative sur les mesures d'émissivité a été entreprise avec le LNE (Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais). Les échantillons utilisés pour cette étude comparative ont permis de tester les différents dispositifs pour des matériaux ayant des propriétés radiatives très variées. Des mesures ont été effectuées au laboratoire et sur site sur une large gamme de matériaux usuels du bâtiment et du génie civil / Thermography is a very useful diagnosis tool in buildings and civil engineering structures. However quantitative diagnosis remains difficult, and having accurate values of surface emissivity is an important factor. The present work is a study about emissivity measurement for quantitative diagnosis with thermography. We needed accurate measurement of the emissivity of a number of civil engineering materials, in order to create a database. Thus, it was necessary to develop new portable measurement devices. Two devices using an indirect measurement method were developed at CERTES laboratory. The method uses the measurement of the reflectivity from a modulated IR source and requires calibration with a highly reflective surface. The first device uses a low-frequency, thermal modulation well-adapted to laboratory measurements, whereas the second one is a portable system using a mechanical modulation at a faster frequency, more appropriate to outdoor measurements. Both devices allow measurements in the broad (1—50µm) and narrow (8—14µm) bands. Experiments were performed on a large number of materials commonly used in buildings and civil engineering structures. The final objective of this work is to build a database of emissivity for these materials. A comparison of laboratory and on-site measurements of emissivity values obtained in both spectral bands is presented along with an estimation and an analysis of measurement uncertainties. A comparative study with measurement obtained at LNE (Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais, French laboratory of metrology) was performed, using a range of materials with widely different radiative properties. An analysis of discrepancies and their possible causes is presented

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A major problem associated with any power generation process in which coal is burned is the formation of ash and slag from the inorganic constituents of the coal. Ash deposition on heat transfer surfaces in coal-fired reactors is unavoidable and can have a significant effect on the performance and maintenance of boilers and gasifiers. A greater understanding of the thermal properties of coal ash deposits is important in reducing their negative impact. This work presents the development of an experimental method for making in situ measurements of the spectral emittance of coal ash deposits. It also provides measured emittances for two coals under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The experimental procedure consisted of burning coal in a down-fired entrained-flow reactor and collecting ash deposits on a circular probe under controlled conditions. Spectra collected from a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer were combined with an instrument response function to measure the spectral emissive power from the surface of the ash deposit. The spectral emissive power was used to infer the deposit surface temperature. These two measurements were used to calculate the spectral emittance of the deposit. This experimental method was validated by measuring the known temperature and spectral emittance of a blackbody radiator. The experimental method was used to find the spectral emittance of bituminous and subbituminous coals under both oxidizing and reducing conditions. The bituminous coal analyzed was Illinois #6 coal from the Crown III mine and the subbituminous coal analyzed was Wyoming coal from the Corederro mine. The spectral emittance of the subbituminous coal was lower than that of the bituminous coal under both oxidizing and reducing conditions. The emittances of both coals under reducing conditions were greater than those found under oxidizing conditions. A total band emittance was defined and calculated for each coal. The total band emittance as well as theoretical upper and lower total emittance limits were calculated as functions of temperature. There was little temperature dependence in the total emittance estimates.

In this thesis, land surface emissivity variations are examined with respect to the land surface type, wavelength, and time (season and month) for the seven selected regions in Turkey using MODIS emissivity database and precipitation amount. Investigating land surface emissivity variations are important in many applications and it is known that studies about these variations are done for many regions except Turkey. This study is prior knowledge for Turkey to be used in infrared (IR) background models, surface radiation budget calculations, and land cover type classifications specific for Turkey. The results indicate that precipitation has a great influence on monthly/seasonal emissivity values depending on the land cover type and causes spectral emissivity variations. As a result, we determined appropriate IR wavelengths for the investigation of the seasonal emissivity variations and seasonal factors causing emissivity variations according to the land cover types.

Measurements of neutron emission from a fusion plasma can provide a wealth of information on the underlying temporal, spatial and energy distributions of reacting ions and how they are affected by a wide range of magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) instabilities. This thesis focuses on the interpretation of the experimental measurements recorded by neutron flux monitors with and without spectroscopic capabilities installed on the Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST). In particular, the temporally and spatially resolved measurements of the neutron rate measured by the neutron camera, which also possesses spectroscopic capabilities, are combined with the temporally resolved measurements of the total neutron rate provided by the absolutely calibrated fission chamber in order to study the properties of the fast ion distributions in different plasma scenarios. The first part of the thesis describes in detail the two forward modelling methods, which employ the set of interconnected codes developed to interpret experimental observations such as neutron count rate profiles and recoil proton pulse height spectra provided by the neutron camera. In the second part of the thesis the developed methods are applied to model the neutron camera observations performed in a variety of plasma scenarios. The first method, which involves only TRANSP/NUBEAM and LINE2 codes, was used to validate the neutron count rate profiles measured by the neutron camera in three different plasma scenarios covering the wide range of total neutron rate typically observed on MAST. In addition, the first framework was applied to model the changes in the total and local neutron rates caused by fishbone instability as well as to estimate the Hydrogen and Deuterium ion ratio. The second modelling method, which involves TRANSP/NUBEAM, LINE2, DRESS and NRESP, was used to validate the measured recoil proton pulse height spectra in a MHD-quiescent plasma scenario.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The ability to accurately measure the temperature of different materials has always been a challenge for the Instrumentation Engineer. The use the classic contact type temperature detector such as thermocouples or RTD’s (Resistance Temperature Detectors) has not always shown to be the best approach to obtain the expected measurement. When not used carefully in closed environments, thermocouples and RTD’s could report the environmental temperature rather than the temperature from the product under examination. They are also temperature limited and when needed for applications above those limits, very expensive and low reliable materials are necessary to do the job. The use of non-contact thermometers has become the preferred choice for such applications. They have also come as a solution for the difficulties involved in the temperature measurements of moving targets. The industry has used portable and spot type infrared thermometers for some time, but the demand for better and more precise measurements has brought an incredible number of new products to the market. By means of advanced electronics and new software developments these products are used to cope with the difficulties of acquiring challenging measurements. Some of the same demands have made necessary the use of non-contact temperature measurement devices on aircraft instrumentation applications. The use of these capabilities has allowed the data acquisition community to get valuable data that was very difficult if not impossible to obtain before. In spite of all these facts, this promising emerging technology demands very careful attention before it is put to good use. The many products and solutions available do not accurately address every problem and the selection of the wrong technology for a specific task can prove to be fatal. The use of non-contact temperature devices is not an easy “off the shelf” pick but rather an option that demands knowledge of the infrared measurement theory as well as a complete understanding of the material under observation. The intention of this paper is to provide a practical understanding on the non-contact temperature measurement methods to the Aircraft Instrumentation Engineer who has not benefited from the use of this exiting technology.

Emissivity is an important parameter in calculating radiative cooling of a surface. In experiments at the NASA Ames hypervelocity ballistic range, one of the main errors indicated in temperature measurements is the uncertainty of emissivity for the materials under investigation. This thesis offers a method for measuring emissivity of materials at elevated temperatures at the University of Kentucky. A test specimen which consists of different sample materials under investigation and a blackbody cavity was heated in a furnace to an isothermal condition at known temperature. The emitted thermal radiation was measured and the comparison of sample and blackbody radiation yielded the desired emissivity. In addition to the furnace measurements, separate experiments were conducted in ambient air to determine how much irradiation is reflected back to the samples from the radiation shield used in the furnace to block undesired ambient radiation. Here, the sample heating was accomplished by applying a direct current across the samples. ANSYS simulations were performed to assist the design and analysis. Experiments were conducted in ambient air and a vacuum environment to verify these simulations.

This university Bachelor's Thesis was performed to explore the influence of surface roughness on the thermography measurement. Thermography is a non-destructive testing method which can be used to detect cracks. However, it is hard to define how the surface roughness influences the emissivity and the result of a thermography measurement, as well as how the angle of the excitation source influences the result. Therefore, this work aims to define how the heating angle and surface roughness influence the thermography measurement, define the relationship between surface roughness and emissivity for the same crack, and define the influence of the angles which composed of the heating source, the direction of crack and the direction of surface roughness on thermography measurement. In this report, the theories of radiation and Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were explained, clearly. Also, two kinds of experiments were set up. One is focus on how the heating angle influence the thermography measurement, the other is focus on how the angle of the heating source, in relation to the crack direction and the direction of surface roughness, influence the SNR value. The conclusions of these experiments are that the heating of a crack increases as the angle decreases (from wide side to narrow side) and the angle ofincreases (from horizontal to vertical). Moreover, the SNR value decreases as the surface roughness increases. For the same surface roughness, the SNR value increases with increased crack angle (0°, 45° or 90°) and with decreased sample position angle (horizontal, 45°or vertical). What is more, the higher surface roughness, the larger the influence of the crack angle and the sample position angle. Finally, when the surface is polish, the crack angle and the sample position angle does not have any influence.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal desenvolver uma rotina de procedimentos de coleta de dados espectrais utilizando um espectro radiômetro de campo portátil, μFTIR Model 102, desenvolvido pela empresa Design & Prototypes, o qual permite a aquisição de espectros infravermelhos de superfícies entre 2 e 14 μm. O equipamento foi utilizado para realizar leituras de radiância e calculo de emissividade, transmitância e refletância, utilizando uma amostra de quartzo, a qual apresenta uma curva de emissividade bem conhecida no infravermelho termal (região entre 8-14 μm). Foram realizadas leituras na amostra para diferentes condições de temperatura e umidade, tanto no campo como no laboratório com o fin de obter um completo protocolo para a calibração e coleta de dados. Embora o instrumento opere numa região mais ampla, este estudo apenas avalia os dados entre 7-14 μm onde a maioria dos instrumentos a bordo de plataformas aéreas e orbitais posiciona os detectores. / The main purpose of this research is to develop a routine procedure for data collection using a field spectral radiometer, μFTIR Model 102, developed by Design & Prototypes, which allows the acquisition of infrared spectra of surfaces between 2 and 14 μm. The instrument was used to perform lectures of radiances and calculation of emissivity, transmittance and reflectance, using a sample of quartz, which shows a very well-known curve of emissivity in the thermal infrared (region between 8-14 μm). Reading were taken in the sample for different conditions of temperature and humidity, both in the field and in the laboratory with the objective of get a complete protocol for calibration and data collection. Although the instrument operating in a wider region, this study evaluates the data between 7-14 μm where most of the instruments on board of airborne platforms and orbital detectors are positioned.