<p>In today’s industrial world, there are high demands on the environmental aspects.</p><p>Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB (SIT AB) is a company that is keen about the environment, and therefore spends a lot of effort in developing combustion processes in order to reduce NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions on their engine products. They are also researching in optional fuels, which are more environment-friendly.</p><p>In order to provide lower emissions the SIT designed a water rig to study the flow dynamics in a DLE (Dry Low Emission) burner.</p><p>An analyze program (GUI horizontal) was developed with new functions and the existing functions were improved. The program’s function was to evaluate different experimental tests of the flow dynamics in the 3rd generation DLE burners, of the SGT-800 gas turbine engine.</p><p>The aim was to ensure repeatability to enhance reliability, of the experimental test results for further comparison, for upcoming projects concerning future DLE burners.</p><p>When repeatability was achieved, implementations of different geometrical modifications were performed in the 3rd generation DLE burner.</p><p>The reason of the geometrical alterations was to look over if better fuel air mixture could be obtained and accordingly (thus) to reduce hotspots in the burner and in that case reduce NOx emissions.</p>

In today’s industrial world, there are high demands on the environmental aspects. Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB (SIT AB) is a company that is keen about the environment, and therefore spends a lot of effort in developing combustion processes in order to reduce NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions on their engine products. They are also researching in optional fuels, which are more environment-friendly. In order to provide lower emissions the SIT designed a water rig to study the flow dynamics in a DLE (Dry Low Emission) burner. An analyze program (GUI horizontal) was developed with new functions and the existing functions were improved. The program’s function was to evaluate different experimental tests of the flow dynamics in the 3rd generation DLE burners, of the SGT-800 gas turbine engine. The aim was to ensure repeatability to enhance reliability, of the experimental test results for further comparison, for upcoming projects concerning future DLE burners. When repeatability was achieved, implementations of different geometrical modifications were performed in the 3rd generation DLE burner. The reason of the geometrical alterations was to look over if better fuel air mixture could be obtained and accordingly (thus) to reduce hotspots in the burner and in that case reduce NOx emissions.

Student Number : 0306319G - MSc Research Report - School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies - Faculty of Science / Combustion of fuel wood, charcoal and non-woody biofuels is a daily practice for about half of the world’s population. Combustion of biofuel is a major source of trace gases, with domestic biomass burning contributing about 17% carbon dioxide (CO2), 13% carbon monoxide (CO) and 6% nitrous oxide (N2O) to the global budget. In Africa, where there is a growing population, domestic biofuel emissions are a particularly important source of trace gases. The most important source of biomass fuels in Africa is wood fuel (wood and charcoal), crop residues and animal dung. In this project, the amount of domestic biofuel used in rural households across southern Africa was measured daily over a nine month period. This data was used to estimate the trace gas production from domestic fires throughout Southern Africa. Results indicate that RSA contributed the most trace gases to the regional budget (9.12 Tg C yr-1 of CO2, 0.89 Tg C yr-1 of CO, 10.77 Gg N yr-1 of NO and 30.25 Gg C yr-1 of CH4) and Botswana the least (0.25 Tg yr-1 of CO2, 0.02 Tg yr-1 of CO, 0.29 Gg yr-1 of NO and 0.83 Gg yr-1 of CH4). Fuel wood is the dominant fuel type used in all southern African countries, whereas charcoal was used in RSA, Mozambique and Zambia and maize residues in Malawi only. CO2 was the gas emitted in the largest quantities, with fuel wood and charcoal in RSA contributing the most (8.71 Tg yr-1 and 0.41 Tg yr-1 respectively), while CO2 from maize residue was highest in Malawi (0.82 Tg yr-1). More trace gases were emitted in the dry season than wet season particularly in Malawi and Mozambique. For the entire region the annual CO2, CO, NO and CH4 emissions produced 23.0 Tg C, 2.2 Tg C, 29.4 Gg N and 81.4 Gg C, respectively.

Student Number : 9506932W - MSc research report - School of Mechanical Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / In this research project, the performance and emissions of a conventional compression ignition engine fuelled on ethanol as main fuel and dimethyl ether as ignition promoter were investigated. Tests were first conducted on diesel fuel, then on ethanol fuel with dimethyl ether and compared. All tests for both fuelling techniques were conducted at the same engine speed and injector pressure. However, engine settings with specific reference to injection timing and injector pressure were optimised to suit diesel fuel, and were left unaltered when the engine was fuelled on ethanol and dimethyl ether. The injector nozzle configuration used for diesel fuel was a standard three-hole type nozzle, whereas for ethanol fuel with dimethyl ether a standard three-hole nozzle as well as a four-hole type nozzle was used. Also investigated was the effect a catalytic converter would have on exhaust emissions, from both fuelling techniques. The performance results of ethanol/dimethyl ether fuel compared favourably to that of diesel fuel. The brake power attained for both fuelling techniques was approximately the same, however the only penalty incurred to this desired result was the simultaneous increase in the brake specific fuel consumption of ethanol/dimethyl ether fuel. The fuel conversion efficiency of ethanol/dimethyl ether fuel was also found to be lower than that of diesel fuel, this largely attributed to the difference in energy release patterns between the two fuels. The emissions results obtained showed that ethanol/dimethyl ether fuel burns cleaner, mainly due to its chemical structure containing oxygen molecules. The NOx, THC, CO and CO2 emissions, produced before the catalytic converter, of ethanol/dimethyl ether fuel were lower than those of diesel fuel. The catalytic converter further produced lower emissions, with the four-hole type nozzle producing the most desired results. In terms of catalytic converter efficiency, THC and CO emissions were more readily removed compared to NOx. In addition, virtually no smoke emissions were detected for ethanol/dimethyl ether fuel combustion.

Topic of this thesis is comparsion of emission concetration of solid pollutants in intensive poultry farming with different technologies. Measurement was done in cage system and two alternative poultry housing systems in company International poultry testing based in Ústrašice. For measurement of dust particles was used measurement device DUSTTRAK II 8530, own measurement has been done continuously for 24 hours with record every 3s. Dustiness was tracked in size fraction PM10. This dust particles can negatively influence health of employees and reared poultry. By measuring and following evaluation was found, that lowest value of dust particles was achieved in cage housing system. Considering health protection of employees and requirements for poultry wellfare is necessary keep dustiness of stable enviroment on lowest level.

Soil tillage is one of the most important agrotechnological processes having huge influence on the sowing, germination, growing, yield and quality of cultivated plants. At the same time soil tillage is one of the most expensive and energy consuming agrotechnological processes of plant cultivation. The conventional tillage technologies using mouldboard and intensive cultivation machinery have both a positive impact on the preparation of the seedbed for plants and a negative impact as they are rather detrimental to the environment, soil, its properties, biodiversity, pollution of water bodies, etc. During the conventional soil tillage the crop residues of the last yield are incorporated into the deeper layers of the soil and the soil surface is not covered. Such soils are much susceptible to the environmental forces and are easier disturbed by wind and water erosion. Every year around 6 mio ha of fertile soil areas are lost due to inappropriate agricultural activities and changing environmental conditions. Another very important factor is that deep ploughing is an unproductive soil tillage method pertaining to huge time and energy consumption. At the same time multiplex driving of heavy weight agricultural machinery over the soil results in negative influence on its peoperties as well as consuming of huge amounts of diesel fuel results in high pollution of the environment with the greenhouse gas. Therefore, in order to reduce the negative influence of agricultural activities... [to full text] / Žemės dirbimas yra vienas svarbiausių agrotechnologinių procesų, turinčių labai didelę įtaką kultūrinių augalų sėjai, sudygimui, augimui, derliui ir jo kokybei. Tuo pačiu žemės dirbimas yra ir vienas iš brangiausių ir energijai imliausių kultūrinių augalų auginimo agrotechnologinių procesų. Įprastinio žemės dirbimo technologijos, kuriose naudojamos verstuvinės ir intensyviai dirvą purenantys žemės dirbimo agregatai, greta teigiamo poveikio augalų sėklų guoliavietės paruošimui, yra pakankamai žalingos aplinkai, dirvai, jos savybėms, biologinei įvairovei, vandens telkinių taršai ir t.t. Įprastinio žemės dirbimo metu augalinės praėjusio derliaus liekanos yra įterpiamos į gilesnius dirvos sluoksnius ir dirvos paviršius lieka neuždengtas. Tokios dirvos yra žymiai jautresnės aplinkos veiksniams ir lengviau pažeidžiamos vėjo ir vandens erozijos. Kiekvienais metais, pasaulyje, dėl netinkamos žemės ūkio veiklos ir kintančių aplinkos sąlygų prarandama apie 6 mln. ha derlingų dirvos plotų. Kitas labai svarbus aspektas yra tas, kad žemės dirbimas gilaus arimo plūgais yra mažai našus, daug darbo laiko ir energijos sąnaudų reikalaujantis žemės dirbimas. Tuo pačiu daugkartinis didelės masės žemės ūkio agregatų važinėjimas po dirvą ne tik daro neigiamą įtaką jos savybėms, bet ir, sudeginant didelius kiekius dyzelinių degalų, stipriai teršia aplinką šiltnamio efektą sukeliančiomis dujomis. Todėl pastaruoju metu, siekiant mažinti žemės ūkio veiklos daroma neigiamą įtaką dirvos degradacijai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]