从面孔表情中感知情绪受到情绪背景的调节。用来指代各种情绪状态的情绪词汇或许是一类情绪知觉的背景。本研究采用改进后的启动范式系统探索了情绪词汇的情景效应的自动化程度和时间进程。实验1 发现情绪词汇和情绪面孔之间的情绪一致性可以调节实验参与者性别判断任务的成绩。实验2 和实验3 采用任务指导语操纵了对于情绪词汇的加工 水平。情绪词汇的情景效应仅在实验参与者主动记忆情绪词汇时被发现（实验2），而在实验参与者仅仅记忆词汇颜色时没有被发现（实验3）。采用更为简单的朝向判断任务，实验4 发现该情景效应仅仅表现在高兴面孔中。该情景效应同样受到情绪词汇加工水平的调节。对于高兴面孔的的情景效应仅仅在实验参与者主动记忆情绪词汇的条件下被发现（实验5 和实验7）。在实验参与者记忆词汇颜色时未被发现（实验6 和实验8）。实验9 采用脑电方法探索了面孔性别判断任务中情绪词汇的情景效应的时间进程。相比一致条件，N170的平均波幅在不一致条件下有更高的波幅。总之，（1）情绪词汇和情绪面孔的整合受到面孔加工任务和情绪词汇加工水平的调节；（2）情绪词汇和情绪面孔的整合或许发生在面孔加工的知觉阶段。 / Emotion perception offacial expressions is modulated by affective contexts. Emotion words, that are used to refer to discrete emotion categories, might also serve as a kind of context of emotion perception. The current study systematically explored the degree of automaticity and time course of context effect of emotion words with a modified priming paradigm. Experiment 1 demonstrated that emotion congruency between emotion words and emotional faces could modulate participants' task performance on gender judgment task, which did not require an explicit emotion judgment. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, the processing level of emotion words was manipulated by task instruction on emotion words. The context effect of emotion words was only found when participants deliberately memorized an emotion word (Experiment 2). This effect disappeared when participants memorized the color of emotion word (Experiment 3). With a more simple orientation judgment task, Experiment 4 demonstrated a congruency effect for appy faces only. Processing level of emotion words also modulated this effect. Reliable congruency effect for happy faces was only found when word identities were explicitly processed (Experiment 5 and 7) but not in a superficial word color task (Experiment 6 and 8). Experiment 9 explored the time course of context effect of emotion words on face gender judgment with EEG recording. The mean amplitude of N170 was enhanced in incongruent condition compared with congruent condition. In summary, (1) the integration of emotion words and emotional faces was modulated by task demands on faces and processing level of emotion words; (2) the integration of emotion words and emotional faces might happen at the perceptual stage of face processing. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yang, Lizhuang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-116). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / Chapter ABSTRACT IN CHINESE --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Emotional Face Processing --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- General Models of Face Processing --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Emotion Perception of Facial Expressions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Emotional Faces in Contexts --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Time Course of Context Effect --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Automaticity of Context Effect --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Emotion Words as Context --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Emotion Words --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Emotion Words and Emotion Perception --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Current Study --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Aim and Motivation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- General Methodology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Overview of Experiments --- p.15 / Chapter 2. --- THE EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS ON GENDER JUDGMENT --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Experiment 1 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Method --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Results --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experiment 2 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Method --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Results --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Experiment 3 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Method --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Results --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- General Discussion --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Summary of Main Findings --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Perceptual Locus of Context Effect --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Task Demand on Context --- p.39 / Chapter 3. --- THE EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS ON ORIENTATION JUDGEMENT --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experiment 4 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Method --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- ExperimentS --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Method --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Results --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experiment 6 --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Method --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Results --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4 --- Experiment 7 --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Method --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5 --- Experiment 8 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Method --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Results --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Discussion --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6 --- General Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Results Summary --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Context Effect and Task Demand on Face --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Context Effect and Task Demand on Context --- p.76 / Chapter 4. --- CONTEXT EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS: AN ERP STUDy --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiment 9 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Method --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Results --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3 --- General Discussion --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Results Summary --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Locus of Context Effect of Emotion Words --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Influence of Language on Perception --- p.87 / Chapter 5. --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview of Results --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Modified Priming Paradigm --- p.92 / Chapter 5.3 --- Automaticity of Context Effect of Emotion Words --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Locus of Context Effect of Emotion WordsError! Bookmark not defined. / Chapter 5.5 --- Limitations and Future Directions --- p.96 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.100 / APPENDIX / Chapter A. --- Face Stimuli Source --- p.101 / Chapter B. --- Emotion Categorization of Faces --- p.102 / Chapter C. --- Happy Face Advantage in Orientation Experiment --- p.l03 / Chapter D. --- Summary of Measures of Pl and N170 in Face Task --- p.106 / BIBLIOGRAPHy --- p.108

Following the loss of a loved one, grief is a near-universal experience. While most grieving individuals are able to cope effectively and return to baseline functioning over time, some develop persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD). This dissertation aims to elucidate the ways in which cognitive and emotional processing go awry in the context of PCBD. More specifically, it examines the relationship between the types of language that bereaved individuals use and their trajectories of adjustment in the first year following a loss. In particular, this dissertation examines context sensitivity in word use. Context sensitivity describes the degree to which an individual is attuned to the particular demands of a given task or situation. In the present study, linguistic context-sensitivity was measured by analyzing the use of words pertaining to certain categories within specific contexts (e.g., participants were asked to discuss a recent positive event, and the use of positive emotion words within their responses was analyzed). Results indicated that, among those individuals who display high levels of grief immediately following the loss of their spouse, the use of context-sensitive language predicted a favorable course of adjustment in the first year of bereavement with low levels of grief at one- year post-loss. Conversely, the use of context insensitive language predicted high levels of grief at one-year post-loss. These findings indicate that context sensitivity may instrumental in the development of PCBD and, as such, may help predict an individual’s course of adjustment immediately following a significant loss. A better understanding of these early signs of PCBD may greatly assist in the timely detection of the disorder so that intervention may be most effective. Furthermore, this field of inquiry also has the potential to deeply inform treatment modalities designed to help individuals cope in the wake of bereavement.

Recent work has suggested that emotion regulation of inner emotional experience requires fewer cognitive resources for older adults than for young adults (Scheibe&Blanchard-Fields, 2009). The present study investigated whether cognitive costs are reduced for various types of emotion regulation strategies or only for certain types. The suppression of emotional expression, for example, is a particularly costly strategy for young adults, but little information exists regarding its cognitive costs for older adults. Furthermore, suppression of emotional expression is not a strategy that older adults are likely to use or that they become more effective at using. By contrast, the regulation of inner emotional experience has been shown to be more effective in older adults and presents less of a cognitive cost. The present study examined the cognitive costs of regulation of inner emotional experience (to conceptually replicate previous findings) and the cognitive costs of suppression of the outer expression of emotion. The results suggest that regulating and suppressing emotions do not require the same degree of resources for older and young adults. Whereas older adults may require more resources to suppress expression of emotions than to regulate emotions, young adults appear to require more resources to regulate emotions than to suppress the expression of emotions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2003. / Advisor: Dr. John Patrick Kline, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, School of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 6, 2003). Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (MPsy(Specialisation))--University of South Australia, 2002.

Thesis (MPsy(Specialisation))--University of South Australia, 2002.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Notre Dame, 2008. / Thesis directed by Scott Maxwell for the Department of Psychology. "October 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-101).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1998. / Title from document title page. "December 13, 1998." Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 78 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62).

Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113).