Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Clinical Nursing, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in a print form.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Clinical Nursing, 2003. / "March 2003." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 340-350). Also available electronically.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1986. / "A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Landscape Architecture)."

This study examines female self-employment in British Columbia from 1901 to 1971. Entrepreneurial women comprised a small proportion of the total female labour force but they exhibited differences from the rest of the labour force that deserve attention. The study relies on the Census of Canada to gain perspective on trends in female self-employment over a broad time period; qualitative sources are also utilized, including Business and Professional Women’s Club records, to illustrate how individual businesswomen reflected patterns of age, marital status, and family observed at a broad level. The role of gender in women’s decisions to run their own enterprises and in their choice of enterprise is also explored. While the research focus is British Columbia, this study is comparative: self-employed women in the province are compared to their counterparts in the rest of Canada, but also to self-employed men, and to other working women, in both regions. Regionally, women in British Columbia had higher rates of self-employment than women in the rest of the country between 1901 and 1971. Self-employed women in both British Columbia and Canada were, like wage-earning women, limited to a narrow range of occupational types, but they were more likely to work in male-dominated occupations. Self employed women were also older and more likely to be married, widowed or divorced than wage-earning women; in these aspects, they resembled self-employed men. But there were gender differences: whether women worked in female or male-dominated enterprises, they stressed their femininity. The need to take care of their families, particularly if they had lost a spouse through death or desertion, provided additional rationale for women’s presence in the business world. Family, marital status, age, gender and region all played a role in women’s decisions to enter into self-employment between 1901 and 1971. / Graduate

No atual contexto de transformações - resultantes e/ou fortemente impactadas pela potencialidade das tecnologias de comunicação e informação (TCIs) - o trabalho se caracteriza menos como matéria concreta e mais como conhecimento, exigindo que as organizações, para atingir seus objetivos, empreendam altos esforços a fim de manter os empregados integrados em fluxos de comunicação e informações. Dentre outras coisas, isso tem exigido importantes investimentos em práticas mais interativas de comunicação com empregados e no desenvolvimento dos gestores de equipes. Nessa direção, o principal objetivo deste estudo é compreender as práticas de comunicação entre organização e empregados intermediadas pelos gestores e suas relações com a cultura organizacional. Para isso, além dos fundamentos do Interacionismo Simbólico, em particular as noções de interação (MEAD, 2008; BLUMER, 1980) e representação de papéis (GOFFMAN, 1996), articulamos base teórica multidisciplinar que permite refletirmos sobre as transformações do trabalho como atividade produtiva (CORTELLA, 2010; SENNET, 2006; MAXIMIANO, 2000; DE MASI, 1999; CORSANI, 2003; HARDT e NEGRI, 2005), passando pela noção de cultura (GEERTZ, 1989) e pelas relações de poder inerentes às interações. Também nos dedicamos à compreensão sobre comunicação organizacional (BALDISSERA, 2004; 2014b) e cultura organizacional (SCHEIN, 2009; FLEURY, 2013; BALDISSERA, 2014a), bem como à noção de liderança (BERGAMINI, 2009; FREITAS, 2010; COSTA, 2014). A pesquisa empírica compreendeu doze entrevistas com gestores de equipes que atuam em organizações reconhecidas no Rio Grande do Sul e os relatos foram interpretados com o emprego dos procedimentos de Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011). Evidenciamos que os gestores têm consciência de sua responsabilidade na comunicação entre organização e empregados, mas tendem a reduzi-la a processos de transmissão de informações em sentido descendente e, para isso, estão atentos às particularidades e subjetividades dos subordinados. Nesse sentido, desempenham os papéis de transmissores, persuasores, auscultadores, repressores, controladores e legitimadores, em processos comunicacionais que tendem a se caracterizar, fundamentalmente, como informativos, disciplinares e/ou opressivos. / In the current context of transformation - resulting and / or heavily impacted by the potential of information and communication technologies - the labor is characterized less as a practical matter and more like knowledge. This way of thinking about work suggests that organizations, to achieve their goals, undertake high efforts to keep employees in integrated communication and information flows. It has required major investments in more interactive communication practices with employees and development of management teams. In this direction, the main objective of the research is to understand the communication practices between organization and employees intermediated by managers and its relationship with organizational culture. Based in interdisciplinary theoretical framework, which considers the fundamentals of Symbolic Interaction, in particular the interaction notion (MEAD, 2008; BLUMER, 1980) and representative roles (GOFFMAN, 1996), we reflect on the change in work as productive activity (CORTELLA, 2010; SENNET, 2006; MAXIMIANO, 2000; DE MASI, 1999; CORSANI, 2003; HARDT and NEGRI, 2005), through the notion of culture (GEERTZ, 1989) and the power relations inherent in the interactions. We also based on the notion of organizational communication (BALDISSERA, 2004; 2014b), organizational culture (Schein,2009; Fleury, 2013; BALDISSERA, 2014th) and leadership (BERGAMINI, 2009; FREITAS, 2010; COSTA, 2014). The empirical research included twelve interviews with managers from recognized organizations in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil and the reports are interpreted with the use of content analysis (BARDIN, 2011). As a result, we observed that managers are aware of their responsibility in the communication between the organization and employees,but tend to reduce it to downward information transmission processes. Therefore, the managers pay attention on the particularities and subjectivities from the subordinates. Managers play the roles of transmitters, persuaders, headphones, suppressing, controlling and legitimizing in communication processes that tend to be characterized primarily as informative, disciplinary and / or oppressive.

The aim of the thesis was to describe and analyse the problem of "švarcsystém" from the legal and financial aspects. "Švarcsystém" is used by a lot of employers in the Czech Republic. The reason for making contracts based on Commercial Code is simple. According to the tax system and the system of health and social insurance it is more beneficial for an employer than making contracts based on Labour Code. In this thesis tax consequences are analysed. There is assessed type of solutions of the "švarcsystém".

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Business Administration (Entrepreneurship) in the Faculty of Business at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY / The South African government, to accelerate economic growth and development, has identified the Small Medium Micro Enterprises (SMME) sector, and female entrepreneurs, as vehicles capable of bringing about this change. Unfortunately, this growth has been stifled due to the high failure rate of entrepreneurial businesses in the SMME sector. A possible solution for female entrepreneurs is the introduction of start-up support services to empower them to be successful. Empowering entrepreneurs is the function of nurturing and supporting entrepreneurs by providing them with professional skills development and moral support, to impact positively on the business’s sustainability. There is a clear need to widen access to business start-up training and advice to encourage larger numbers of women to embrace self-employment. This implies offering a wide range of start-up support services which encourage women to go into business. Women enter business from a variety of backgrounds and with a wide range of experience. The provision of business start-up training and advice needs to accommodate these very different experiences. Women attending entrepreneurship programmes have often criticised these programmes as being male-orientated and prescriptive. Women are expected to conform to male models and standards of behaviour. While this study relates specifically to female entrepreneurs in the Western Cape, it is set in the context of female entrepreneurship in South Africa. The target population for the research was 150 female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in the Western Cape. The study is quantitative in nature, using the survey method for better understanding of the research problem. The study aimed to understand the needs of female entrepreneurs, and to underscore the significance of skills and knowledge transfer from the government to female entrepreneurs. The research explored the role of government in empowering female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in Western Cape, and identified support services that can be used to promote the growth and development of female entrepreneurs. Possible solutions to failure rates of female entrepreneurship are also addressed, with specific models for improved business support services for all female entrepreneurs in the Tourism industry in the Western Cape. This will help them to run sustainable businesses as well as provide more jobs. This research recommends that management capability and financial management acumen be regarded as key to success for funding by the entrepreneurs themselves, and the parties involved in supporting and promoting them.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration in Project Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. / Human capital is both a key driver of economic growth and a means to promote overall development. In order to enhance human capital in South Africa, tertiary institutions have seen a tremendous increase in students' enrolment over the past few decades. But, in spite of the need for skilled labour, tertiary education graduates are increasingly faced with unemployment, which poses a serious obstacle to the economic growth of the country. This study investigated the role of tertiary education in enhancing selfemployment among project management graduates. This study was descriptive in nature and intended to find answers to research questions, which comprised the extent to which tertiary education seeks to motivate students to self employment. In addition, the study sought to find challenges related to self-employment facing project management students after they have completed their studies, as well as reasons why some people choose self-employment over salaried employment. Data were collected with the use of a self-administered structured questionnaire. Collected data were analysed using of the statistical software for social science (IBM SPSS Statistics version 19) for descriptive statistics in the form of tables and charts. Furthermore, statistical tests, using chi-square values at the 0.05 level of significance, were performed to determine factors influencing individuals to choose a self-employment career. The study found that education may either enhance individual entrepreneurial ability, thereby increasing the likelihood of choosing self-employment or increase opportunities for paid employment, both of which reduce unemployment. In addition, tertiary education provides human capital that enables graduates to achieve increased level of productivity, which leads to earning more income than lower educated people in both paid employment and self-employment career. Unfortunately, graduates face financial related challenges, which constrain them from undertaking self-employment endeavours. The results of this study suggest that graduate unemployment can only be eliminated if students are provided with the right skills and knowledge to match the requirement of the employment market. Furthermore, the study suggests that graduates should be assisted financially at the initial stage of their self-employment activities.

No atual contexto de transformações - resultantes e/ou fortemente impactadas pela potencialidade das tecnologias de comunicação e informação (TCIs) - o trabalho se caracteriza menos como matéria concreta e mais como conhecimento, exigindo que as organizações, para atingir seus objetivos, empreendam altos esforços a fim de manter os empregados integrados em fluxos de comunicação e informações. Dentre outras coisas, isso tem exigido importantes investimentos em práticas mais interativas de comunicação com empregados e no desenvolvimento dos gestores de equipes. Nessa direção, o principal objetivo deste estudo é compreender as práticas de comunicação entre organização e empregados intermediadas pelos gestores e suas relações com a cultura organizacional. Para isso, além dos fundamentos do Interacionismo Simbólico, em particular as noções de interação (MEAD, 2008; BLUMER, 1980) e representação de papéis (GOFFMAN, 1996), articulamos base teórica multidisciplinar que permite refletirmos sobre as transformações do trabalho como atividade produtiva (CORTELLA, 2010; SENNET, 2006; MAXIMIANO, 2000; DE MASI, 1999; CORSANI, 2003; HARDT e NEGRI, 2005), passando pela noção de cultura (GEERTZ, 1989) e pelas relações de poder inerentes às interações. Também nos dedicamos à compreensão sobre comunicação organizacional (BALDISSERA, 2004; 2014b) e cultura organizacional (SCHEIN, 2009; FLEURY, 2013; BALDISSERA, 2014a), bem como à noção de liderança (BERGAMINI, 2009; FREITAS, 2010; COSTA, 2014). A pesquisa empírica compreendeu doze entrevistas com gestores de equipes que atuam em organizações reconhecidas no Rio Grande do Sul e os relatos foram interpretados com o emprego dos procedimentos de Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011). Evidenciamos que os gestores têm consciência de sua responsabilidade na comunicação entre organização e empregados, mas tendem a reduzi-la a processos de transmissão de informações em sentido descendente e, para isso, estão atentos às particularidades e subjetividades dos subordinados. Nesse sentido, desempenham os papéis de transmissores, persuasores, auscultadores, repressores, controladores e legitimadores, em processos comunicacionais que tendem a se caracterizar, fundamentalmente, como informativos, disciplinares e/ou opressivos. / In the current context of transformation - resulting and / or heavily impacted by the potential of information and communication technologies - the labor is characterized less as a practical matter and more like knowledge. This way of thinking about work suggests that organizations, to achieve their goals, undertake high efforts to keep employees in integrated communication and information flows. It has required major investments in more interactive communication practices with employees and development of management teams. In this direction, the main objective of the research is to understand the communication practices between organization and employees intermediated by managers and its relationship with organizational culture. Based in interdisciplinary theoretical framework, which considers the fundamentals of Symbolic Interaction, in particular the interaction notion (MEAD, 2008; BLUMER, 1980) and representative roles (GOFFMAN, 1996), we reflect on the change in work as productive activity (CORTELLA, 2010; SENNET, 2006; MAXIMIANO, 2000; DE MASI, 1999; CORSANI, 2003; HARDT and NEGRI, 2005), through the notion of culture (GEERTZ, 1989) and the power relations inherent in the interactions. We also based on the notion of organizational communication (BALDISSERA, 2004; 2014b), organizational culture (Schein,2009; Fleury, 2013; BALDISSERA, 2014th) and leadership (BERGAMINI, 2009; FREITAS, 2010; COSTA, 2014). The empirical research included twelve interviews with managers from recognized organizations in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil and the reports are interpreted with the use of content analysis (BARDIN, 2011). As a result, we observed that managers are aware of their responsibility in the communication between the organization and employees,but tend to reduce it to downward information transmission processes. Therefore, the managers pay attention on the particularities and subjectivities from the subordinates. Managers play the roles of transmitters, persuaders, headphones, suppressing, controlling and legitimizing in communication processes that tend to be characterized primarily as informative, disciplinary and / or oppressive.

No atual contexto de transformações - resultantes e/ou fortemente impactadas pela potencialidade das tecnologias de comunicação e informação (TCIs) - o trabalho se caracteriza menos como matéria concreta e mais como conhecimento, exigindo que as organizações, para atingir seus objetivos, empreendam altos esforços a fim de manter os empregados integrados em fluxos de comunicação e informações. Dentre outras coisas, isso tem exigido importantes investimentos em práticas mais interativas de comunicação com empregados e no desenvolvimento dos gestores de equipes. Nessa direção, o principal objetivo deste estudo é compreender as práticas de comunicação entre organização e empregados intermediadas pelos gestores e suas relações com a cultura organizacional. Para isso, além dos fundamentos do Interacionismo Simbólico, em particular as noções de interação (MEAD, 2008; BLUMER, 1980) e representação de papéis (GOFFMAN, 1996), articulamos base teórica multidisciplinar que permite refletirmos sobre as transformações do trabalho como atividade produtiva (CORTELLA, 2010; SENNET, 2006; MAXIMIANO, 2000; DE MASI, 1999; CORSANI, 2003; HARDT e NEGRI, 2005), passando pela noção de cultura (GEERTZ, 1989) e pelas relações de poder inerentes às interações. Também nos dedicamos à compreensão sobre comunicação organizacional (BALDISSERA, 2004; 2014b) e cultura organizacional (SCHEIN, 2009; FLEURY, 2013; BALDISSERA, 2014a), bem como à noção de liderança (BERGAMINI, 2009; FREITAS, 2010; COSTA, 2014). A pesquisa empírica compreendeu doze entrevistas com gestores de equipes que atuam em organizações reconhecidas no Rio Grande do Sul e os relatos foram interpretados com o emprego dos procedimentos de Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011). Evidenciamos que os gestores têm consciência de sua responsabilidade na comunicação entre organização e empregados, mas tendem a reduzi-la a processos de transmissão de informações em sentido descendente e, para isso, estão atentos às particularidades e subjetividades dos subordinados. Nesse sentido, desempenham os papéis de transmissores, persuasores, auscultadores, repressores, controladores e legitimadores, em processos comunicacionais que tendem a se caracterizar, fundamentalmente, como informativos, disciplinares e/ou opressivos. / In the current context of transformation - resulting and / or heavily impacted by the potential of information and communication technologies - the labor is characterized less as a practical matter and more like knowledge. This way of thinking about work suggests that organizations, to achieve their goals, undertake high efforts to keep employees in integrated communication and information flows. It has required major investments in more interactive communication practices with employees and development of management teams. In this direction, the main objective of the research is to understand the communication practices between organization and employees intermediated by managers and its relationship with organizational culture. Based in interdisciplinary theoretical framework, which considers the fundamentals of Symbolic Interaction, in particular the interaction notion (MEAD, 2008; BLUMER, 1980) and representative roles (GOFFMAN, 1996), we reflect on the change in work as productive activity (CORTELLA, 2010; SENNET, 2006; MAXIMIANO, 2000; DE MASI, 1999; CORSANI, 2003; HARDT and NEGRI, 2005), through the notion of culture (GEERTZ, 1989) and the power relations inherent in the interactions. We also based on the notion of organizational communication (BALDISSERA, 2004; 2014b), organizational culture (Schein,2009; Fleury, 2013; BALDISSERA, 2014th) and leadership (BERGAMINI, 2009; FREITAS, 2010; COSTA, 2014). The empirical research included twelve interviews with managers from recognized organizations in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil and the reports are interpreted with the use of content analysis (BARDIN, 2011). As a result, we observed that managers are aware of their responsibility in the communication between the organization and employees,but tend to reduce it to downward information transmission processes. Therefore, the managers pay attention on the particularities and subjectivities from the subordinates. Managers play the roles of transmitters, persuaders, headphones, suppressing, controlling and legitimizing in communication processes that tend to be characterized primarily as informative, disciplinary and / or oppressive.