Detta examensarbete har utförts i samarbete med Sweco Systems i Umeå. Uppdraget var att ge en insikt i vad den nya lagen om energikartläggningar innebär för företag. För att förtydliga vad en energikartläggning är har en fallstudie utförts i form av en energikartläggning på Öppen gemenskaps verksamhetslokaler i Umeå.Studien kring hur stora företag tänker kring den nya lagen om energikartläggningar har varit utformad med telefonintervjuer av 11 stycken företag. Företagen har både fått omfattande och korta frågor som har sammanställts och resulterat i diagram och förklarande text. Det har visat sig att företagen är positiva till den nya lagen men att de flesta sedan innan redan arbetar med energieffektivisering. 80 % av de företag som sedan tidigare hade en uttalad strategi för energieffektivisering upplevde att energieffektiviseringsarbetet var högt prioriterat. Inget av de företagen som sa att de hade en energieffektiviseringsstrategi upplevde att den var lågt prioriterad. En majoritet upplevde att de fått tillräcklig information om vad lagen innebär för dem och ungefär 75 % av de tillfrågade företagen trodde att de skulle ha nytta av att göra en kartläggning. 73 % av de intervjuade företagen trodde att den nya lagen kommer minska energianvändningen i Sverige.För att visa mer konkret på vad lagen om energikartläggningar handlar om har en case-study utförts i form en energikartläggning. Denna kartläggning utfördes på en fastighet i centrala Umeå och mynnade ut i diagram över energiflöden och några åtgärdsförslag som fastighetsägarna kan följa för att minska sin energianvändning. Energikartläggningen omfattade tre byggnader som såg olika ut och där det bedrevs olika verksamheter. Energibalansberäkningar utfördes både separat för byggnaderna och för hela fastigheten ihopslaget. För alla byggnader tillsammans visade det sig att transmissionsförlusterna överlägset stod för den största energianvändningen, sedan stod förlusterna för ventilation, el som inte tillgodoser byggnaderna med värme, ofrivillig ventilation och tappvarmvatten. Den tillförda energin kom från fjärrvärme, el och personvärme. / This study has been developed in cooperation with Sweco Systems in Umeå. The aim of the assignment was to give insight into the new law of energy audit, and its consequences for big companies. To clarify what an energy audit is, a case study in the shape of an energy audit has been performed at the facilities of Öppen Gemenskaps in Umeå. A number of 11 big companies were interviewed to evaluate their thoughts and reactions about the new law of energy audit. The companies answered both comprehensive and concise questions, the answers of which have been processed into charts and explanatory writing.It has been made evident that companies are positive towards the new law, and that most companies are in fact already working with energy efficiency. Out of the companies that since earlier has had a clear strategy for energy efficiency, a total of 80% felt that the work around energy efficiency has a high priority. None felt that it has low priority. A majority experienced that they were sufficiently informed of what the law will entail, and approximately 75% of the interviewed companies believed that they would benefit from making an energy audit. Out of the interviewed companies, 73% believed that the new law will lower energy usage in Sweden.The energy audit comprised three different looking buildings, which accommodate different kinds of businesses. Energy flows was calculated, both separately for each building and for the entire property. In the calculations for the entire property, it was evident that the transmission losses stands for a majority of the energy usage. Then came the ventilation, non-heating electricity, accidental ventilation and hot tap water. The added energy comes from district heating, electricity and human heat.

Increased energy consumption in the world has created an increased supply of various fuels, especially fossil fuels. The Swedish government has set up various energy targets for 2020. To reach these goals it’s important to increase the energy efficiency in local buildings such as schools. This work illustrates the breakdown between energy supply and energy losses over the school. It also shows various suggestions to reduce the energy usage. The results shows that energy losses from transmission is definitely the greatest. Significant savings can be made by replacing windows, add insulation and install motion sensor lightning. If the proposed savings would be made, the energy consumption of the school could decrease by approximately 165MWh/year. This represent an annual saving of about 123600 SEK. / Ökad energianvändning i världen har skapat en ökad tillförsel från olika bränslen, speciellt fossila bränslen. Sveriges regering har satt upp energimål till år 2020. För att klara dessa mål är det viktigt att energieffektivisera lokalbyggnader exempelvis skolor. Fridhemsskolan är en grundskola belägen i centrala Gävle. Skolan omfattar fyra byggnader och den totala arean är 2828m2. Fridhemsskolan består av 13 ventilationsaggregat och värms med fjärrvärme från Gävle Energi. Fridhemsskolan förvaltas och ägs av Gavlefastigheter. Detta arbete åskådliggör hur fördelningen ser ut mellan Fridhemsskolans energitillskott och energiförluster samt visar på olika åtgärdsförslag för att minska energianvändningen. Resultatet visar att förluster från transmission är absolut störst. Betydande besparingar kan göras genom att byta fönster, tilläggsisolera och installera närvarostyrd belysning. Genomförs de föreslagna besparingsåtgärderna kan Fridhemsskolans energianvändning minska med cirka 165MWh/år, detta motsvarar cirka 123600 kr.

Abstract This thesis project features an energy survey at Vallbacksskolan, a multipurpose educational facility comprised of two joint buildings located in the city of Gävle, in eastern Sweden. This kind of research has gained remarkable interest during the last decade given the continuously increasing energy prices and the global need of turning to a more sustainable energy model. The study at Vallbacksskolan was particularly interesting given the existing prompt refurbishment plans for the building, from which a more efficient construction that is more respectful towards the environment is to be obtained. The first part of the research has focused on portraying the actual state of thermal energy at the facilities by establishing an energy balance and quantifying the different input and output flows via various calculation methods inside the energy transmission area of knowledge. Such study has shown that energy purchased from the local district heating grid, of around 1085 MWh/year, represents around 50% of the total input to Vallbacksskolan, while free heating sources like solar radiation through the windows and internal generation mechanisms are responsible for the remaining half. Regarding the outputs, transmission losses have resulted to be the highest contributors with 1323 MWh per year that represent 63% of the total. Amongst such losses, walls have been spotted to have the highest outward flow with annually 555 MWh; however, windows have been concluded to be the weakest link given their highest heat flow density of more than 0,31 MWh/m2, so it has been stated that they should be one of the pivotal points of any future refurbishment. As far as the remaining output mechanisms are concerned, mechanical ventilation has resulted to contribute with more than 600 MWh for 29% of the total losses, while natural ventilation and hot tap water sum up for the remaining 8%. The second part of the thesis work has dealt with providing different ways of improving system efficiency at Vallbacksskolan, along with a feasibility and economic effect analysis for each of them. It has been concluded that the most effective measure decreasing indoor temperature settings in order to reduce transmission and ventilation heat losses, which would save the building an estimate annual 96 MWh and 75.000 SEK at no significant investment. The installation of additional glazing in the windows has been considered as the second best option, saving nearly 75 MWh every year with an economic positive effect of more than 4000 SEK/year, given the required investment. The design of a solar collector system for covering hot tap water needs has been given third degree priority, helping prevent the expense of more than 3.500 SEK every year. Finally, a full window renewal has also been proposed but it has turned out to be unprofitable, mainly due to the fact of dealing with a protected heritage building that must preserve its original aspect; the previously mentioned additional glazing has proved to be the right choice for this kind of constructions. If all the affordable efficiency measures were to be implemented, over 200 MWh would be saved every year at Vallbacksskolan, resulting in a reduction of the annual energy expense of over 80.000 SEK. However, it has been stated that further technical analysis is recommended before any final decisions are made in this matter given the approximate nature of the study.

Nowadays, energy is becoming more and more important. With the development of society, the demand of energy is also increasing correspondingly. There is 22% of the total energy which is used in building part. A more effective and sustainable energy system becomes necessary due to increasing energy prices and demand. The aim of this thesis is to make an energy survey of this building, evaluating different sources of energy supply and losses in this building. By evaluating, a better thermal comfort is expectedly achieved when having examinations, and a possible saving method is also expected in order to reduce the cost of this system.  In this project, the building is located in University of Gävle which is surveyed. It has 2 floors. The first floor is underground as a basement. An examination room is included in the second floor. There are a space heating system and heating recovery system ventilation in this examination building. At first step of analysis, the data of construction, ventilation, district heating and hot tap water were arranged by Mr. Magnus. Secondly, an energy balance had been done, and it helped to make energy input and output more clearly. In energy supply part, the solar radiation is 22.4MWh, the internal heat from people is 1.95MWh, the internal heat from equipment is 5.63MWh and district heating is 184MWh. In energy losses part, the transmission loss is 165MWh, the mechanical ventilation loss is 38.3MWh, the infiltration loss is 8.38MWh and the hot tap water is 2.09MWh. Thirdly, results of calculations were analyzed. At last, the optimization methods were given to save energy. The optimization methods were changing type of windows and improving indoor temperature which influenced the transmission loss part. Another method was reducing operating time of the ventilation system. Through these optimizing methods, the total energy use is reduced from 214MWh to 179MWh, and district heating is reduced from 184MWh to 149MWh. District heating of this building is supplied by Gävle Energi company, which is able to save 20% cost by these optimizing methods. According to the investment analysis, 19thousand SEK energy is saved per annum.

This project consists on the Energy audit carried out on a residential building in Skutskär, property of the company Älvkarlebyhus, which is placed in the Älvkarleby municipality, belonging to Uppsala County in Sweden. The aim of the Energy audit is to obtain how much Energy is used, when is it used and how is it used. As well as the costs of the Energy use. The aim of the Energy audit also consists in reduces the Energy use applying efficiency measures. The audit carried out consist on identifying the heat losses and heat gains of the building, thus establishing an Energy balance that will reflect the Energy state of the building and finally propose some efficiency measures that could be applied. With this purpose, a strong method was developed in order to obtain as accurate results as possible. This method studies separately each component of the balance in order to get a better approach. The idea when working and present the results is to manage all the information in an easy way and present it in an easily understandable way for everyone, thus was used a spreadsheet. The expected results have been achieved; the difference between the heat losses and gains is of 0 MWh, which represents the balance 0 and all the values obtained are according to the experience values, which achieve the expected results. The total heat gain of the balance accounts for 1575,23 MWh. It is compounded by the District heating consumption which accounts 742,22 MWh that represents the 47 % of the heat gain and by the free heating which accounts for 832,79 MWh that represents the 53 %. The free heating is compounded by solar radiation which accounts for 643,36 MWh representing 41 % and for Internal heating which accounts for 189,43 MWh that represents 12 %. The total heat loss of the balance accounts for 1575,23 MWh. It is compounded by transmission losses which accounts for 875,46 MWh that represents 56 %, mechanical ventilation which accounts for 369,89 MWh that represents the 23 %, natural ventilation which account for 182,88 MWh that represents 12 % and hot tap water which account for 147 and represents 9 %. The efficiency measures will improve the Energy use in the buildings; especially in the cases were the Energy usage is too high, as in the case of transmission losses. Thus, the efficiency measures will be proposed mainly to alleviate the high values but also to improve other inefficient uses of the Energy. There are some efficiency measures proposed for every component of the balance and there is also some recommendation for the company in order to implement the most attractive ones, taking into account its profitability. These measures are only proposed and not studied deeply because of the main limitation of this thesis. Therefore, it is recommended to continue the study in order to examine and analyse deeply each measure, according to the energetic survey already done.

<p>Building energy consumption has presented itself as one of the biggest proportion inenergy industries. Focus could really be placed on this field with a view to conservingenergy. One popular way to achieve ideal energy identification is to conduct an energyaudit. An energy audit is of interest in pinpointing energy losses. For small households,it could be a way of reducing energy spending, while for large companies it could beone crucial way to decrease energy expenditure and improve efficiency in operation.The Brynässkolan has been in use for many years and performing the audit is anattempt to increase its energy efficiency and ultimately cut down cost. Byinvestigating the school building’s climate envelope and lighting and measuringventilation unit we gained knowledge about its energy losses. We came up with someenergy-saving plans, among which some are inapplicable, the others are feasible.Finally some constructive suggestions are presented to the school administration.</p>

The goal to satisfy the energy demand, global warming and other environmental effects has prompted the urgency to shift energy generation systems to more affordable and sustainable methods, with the goal of phasing out the traditional-conventional systems to environmental friendly and sustainable generation systems. This campaign also calls for a more energy conscious society aware of its energy demand and promoting energy efficiency so as to minimize the demand through reduced wastages. For the later to be achieved energy systems should be understood in organization and this involves performing energy audits. This paper discusses the energy audit of Nchanga mine, Nchanga mine is located in Chingola town in the Copperbelt province of Zambia, and has operations involving underground mining, copper leaching, open pit mining and concentrate extraction. The Objective of the study was to perform a preliminary Audit; to understand the energy scenario and identify areas were savings could be realized. The problem however was that constraints on time could not allow a detailed analysis hence the scope was strictly on a preliminary audit study with minimal details on economics of measures and no analysis of investment cost. The method used for this analysis was the top down approach and the processes were divided into support and production processes to establish the energy balance. Nchanga mine has an annual energy use of about 656 GWh with an average maximum demand of about 88.6 MW. The total cost was about US. $ 34 million with maximum demand (MD) covering about $ 22 million and the rest was energy costs. This was obtained from analysis of energy bills from April 2011 to March 2012. The energy measures analyzed were according to the cost; cost influenced and non-cost influenced. The non-cost influenced measures gave a saving potential of about 15.6 MW ($ 3.9 million) on MD and 46 GWh ($ 818,800) on energy, giving a total electricity cost saving of about $ 4.7 million. The cost influenced measures gave a saving potential of about 12.7 MW ($ 3.1 million) on MD and 12 GWh ($ 213,600) on energy, giving a total electricity cost saving of about $ 3.4 million. These measures have a potential to reduce the overall MD by 28 MW (32% reduction), realizing an annual saving of about $ 7 million, and the overall energy use by about 58 GWh (8.8% reduction), which is an annual saving of about $ 1 million. This gives the total saving on the electricity bill of about $ 8 million that is about 24% reduction on the electricity bill with regards to last year’s expenditure.

Building energy consumption has presented itself as one of the biggest proportion inenergy industries. Focus could really be placed on this field with a view to conservingenergy. One popular way to achieve ideal energy identification is to conduct an energyaudit. An energy audit is of interest in pinpointing energy losses. For small households,it could be a way of reducing energy spending, while for large companies it could beone crucial way to decrease energy expenditure and improve efficiency in operation.The Brynässkolan has been in use for many years and performing the audit is anattempt to increase its energy efficiency and ultimately cut down cost. Byinvestigating the school building’s climate envelope and lighting and measuringventilation unit we gained knowledge about its energy losses. We came up with someenergy-saving plans, among which some are inapplicable, the others are feasible.Finally some constructive suggestions are presented to the school administration.

Students of Ludvigsbergsskolan have complained that it was cold in classrooms during winters, but actually the energy consumption (electricity and district heating) of the school has been already very high. So energy audit is required and aim of this project is to find out how to improve the indoor climate of Ludvigsbergsskolan(http://www.skola.gavle.se/ludvigsberg/) which is located in Valbo, a city on the Sweden east coast and at the same time. Achieving this goal is not by increasing district heating demand but by some energy audit methods. Front part of the building has 2 floors, and the left part has one floor. The whole building is composed by classrooms, offices, gymnasium and dining-room. First, data related to energy is collected, such as installed power of facility, power utilization factor and the running hours of these facilities. Then, calculation can be taken to decide if the building is working properly and healthy. At last, present and discuss the situation, suggestions to improve energy condition are offered. Total demand of District Heating in year 2006 is 1088 MWh, and electricity is 304 MWh. Problems for this school need to solve is too cold in winter and to hot in summer. In this article some suggestions are made to save the energy consumption and work out the indoor climate problems. After all processes is done and evaluated 10 MWh electricity and more than 300 MWh district heating could be saved.

Typical energy audits are sufficiently expensive and time-consuming that many owners and managers of buildings are not willing to invest the time and money required for a full audit. This dissertation provides a methodology to identify buildings with large potential energy savings using limited information, specifically, utility bills, total area and weather data. The methodology is developed based on the hypothesis: if a commercial building is properly designed, constructed, operated, and maintained, the measured energy consumption should approximately match the simulated value for a typical building of the same size with the most efficient HVAC system; otherwise, there may be potential for energy savings. There are four steps in the methodology: 1) testing to determine whether the utility bills include both weather-dependent and weatherindependent loads; 2) separating weather-dependent and weather-independent loads when both are present in the same data; 3) determining the main type of HVAC system; 4) estimating potential energy savings and recommending an energy audit if appropriate. The Flatness Index is selected to test whether the utility bills include both weatherdependent and weather-independent loads. An approach to separate the utility bills based on thermal balance is developed to separate utility bills into weather-dependent and weather-independent loads for facilities in hot and humid climates. The average relative error in estimated cooling consumption is only 1.1% for 40 buildings in Texas, whereas it is -54.8% using the traditional 3P method. An application of fuzzy logic is used to identify the main type of HVAC system in buildings from their 12-month weatherdependent energy consumption. When 40 buildings were tested, 18 systems were identified correctly, seven were incorrect and the HVAC system type cannot be identified in 15 cases. The estimated potential savings by the screening methodology in eight large commercial buildings were compared with audit estimated savings for the same buildings. The audit estimated savings are between 25% - 150% of the potential energy savings estimated by the screening procedure in seven cases. The other two cases are less accurate, indicating that further refinement of the method would be valuable. The data required are easily obtained; the procedure can be carried out automatically, so no experience is required. If the actual type of HVAC system, measured weather-dependent, and weather-independent energy consumption are known, the methodology should work better.