The thesis is about energy dependency of the European Union. Aim of the work is to analyze the situation of the energy relations of European Union and regions, which are the main energy suppliers from the trade policy point of view. Thesis is aimed at characterizing trade instruments used in trade with natural resources. EU - North Africa relations are studied in more detailed way as a concrete example of energy relations.

The European Union is becoming increasingly dependent on energy imports. Especially oil and natural gas imports are rising as their production in Europe declines. The most important energy partner of the EU is Russia, which delivers the biggest volumes of oil and natural gas to european countries. The highest rate of energy dependency on Russia can be observed in eastern and central Europe, where diverzification of energy supplies is one of key issues. It is necessary to reduce the energy dependency on russian gas, but at the same time, it is important to build a stable partnership with Russia, which is striving to become a leader at the global energy market, where demand for fossil fuels is rapidly rising. Apart from searching alternative suppliers to russian natural gas in order to achieve higher energy independence, an important role could play alternative energy sources, energy savings or rebirth of nuclear energy.

The invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022 has greatly impacted the political environment, especially, around energy and gas imports from Russia. As a country previously highly dependent on Russian gas and the Nord Stream 2 project underway, Germany’s position is particularly interesting. While there is literature on the topic, it lacks the utilization of discourse analysis. To identify discursive changes in the use of language in the German government, official government speeches or statements from the early 2000s and after the Ukraine crisis in 2014 are being analysed. The happenings of 2014 are considered to be the first significant event in the energy relation between Germany and Russia. Both stylistic devices and narratives are being considered in the analysis. The findings show a lack of application of stylistic devices throughout the selected material, wherefore no discursive differentiation can be found. However, general narrative changes can be identified throughout the material and defined time periods, starting with optimism towards economic cooperation with Russia. After the Ukraine crisis, the narrative shifted to a more apprehensive one, while still advocating for the energy imports from Russia. With Russia no longer being a reliable supplier from 2022 on, the narrative finally shifts to negative. In the later material concrete approaches to diversification are also discussed contributing to a narrative that moves away from Russia as a single energy source.

Depleting fossil fuel reserves in EU and energy consumption growth lead to the fact that the European Union is becoming increasingly dependent on energy imports. The most important energy partner of the EU is Russia which delivers the biggest volumes of oil and natural gas to european countries. High rate of energy dependency on Russia is - especially in the context of gas crisis - perceived as a threat to EU energy security and it is necessary to deal with it immediately. The aims of the European Union policy on energy are to achieve higher territorial diversification of fossil fuel suppliers and transit countries and diversification of the EU energy mix, to promote renewable forms of energy and to establish common energy market to ensure solidarity among EU member states. European Union also should learn how to act as "one actor" and "one voice" on energy relations with Russia because that could help to ensure better negotiation position and to become a sovereign partner in mutual energy relations with Russia.

This master's thesis aims to assess energy dependency on primary energy sources of the three main economic actors in the contemporary world scene that includes the European Union, the United States and China. Energy geopolitics gets a new face nowadays, turns upside down and the centers of world economy must face all these changes. Disparity in availability of energy sources and consumption, new drilling and manufacturing technologies, methods of extractions, new players and adopted energy policies as well as limited domestic supplies have a significant impact on the structure of the energy mix and energy (un)self-sufficiency. In the first part, the author deals with engineering and deployment of observed energy sources as well as the definition of energy dependency respectively energy security. In the next chapters, the author focuses especially on three economic centers while analyzing the nature, characteristics and trend of their production and consumption of energy as well as energy raw materials flow to these countries respectively to integrations. At the end, the author obtains by these analyses an image of energy dependency or vulnerability of these economies.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze and determine the actual flow of oil and natural gas in Europe, from the results to draw conslusions of the weight of the EU's dependence on Russian energy supplies and subsequently to determine the possibilities and prospects for further security flows of oil and natural gas to the EU. Oil and natural gas are the basic strategic raw materials of world economics, including economics of European countries. Most of the European countries does not have adequate supplies of energy raw materials. In particular, EU countries are therefore dependent on external supplies of oil and natural gas. The first chapter of the thesis is focused on oil and natural gas as major raw materials for the current energy situation in Europe. I defined the terms "oil" and "natural gas" and I analyzed the significant deposits of these materials and described their current production and consumption in Europe. In the second chapter I focused on the current flows of oil and natural gas in Europe, particularly on the European network of pipelines. On the baisis of these two chapters I specified the weight of the EU's dependence on energy supplies from Russia and identified the main problems of these supplies. In the third chapter of the thesis I dealt with the security flow of oil and natural gas to the EU and its perspectives and I gave the EU energy policy. I have analyzed selected documents of European energy policy, the EU's energy mix and I identified possible ways to reduce the EU's energy dependency. I included diversification of supply routes and the diversification of EU energy mix among these options. In conclusion, I summarized the current European energy situation, assessed European energy policy and outlined its future development.

The economic level of the individual states, the community and the global economy depends on reliable activity and the results of individual economic sectors and subsectors, including all participants in this process. From the entire spectrum of economic sectors the energy sector has been selected as the most important and critical infrastructure in the Czech Republic, the EU, and in the world. The selected energy sector subdivides into other subsectors: electricity, natural gas and oil. The work deals with the analysis of the above mentioned sectors, their fundamentals, stocks, consumption, equipment, resources, entities, price developments and potential risks. The aim of the work is to analyse the state of the energy resources in the Czech Republic, the EU, and in the world, including current and potential threats, to which the key infrastructures have to face.