The building sector is one of the sectors that consume the most energy in Sweden. In order to deal with this problem Swedish government aims to reduce the energy consumption in the building sector 50% by 2050. Another ambitious goal set by the Swedish government is zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. Most of the buildings in Sweden were built during 1950-1990 before the first energy regulations were voted in Europe. A high percentage of these buildings date to 1950 and the majority of them are multi family buildings. Apartments built during this period are now requiring major renovation and retrofitting measures in order to comply with the energy and indoor environment regulations. Despite the urgent need for retrofitting expressed above, the retrofitting ratio in Sweden was 0.88% in 2013, so the number of buildings that haven’t gone through any energy retrofitting is still high making it clear that the biggest opportunity for energy savings lies within the existing building stock and that the retrofitting ratio has to enhance in order to achieve the governments energy and emission goals for 2050. In this study a new patented innovative energy retrofitting method is studied within IDAICE simulation program in order to find the heat load and the energy savings after applying this method. The simulated building is a three story multi family building with building characteristics from 1950 and the simulation takes place in two different climate zones (Stockholm and Umeå). Three different insulation thicknesses were tested creating three different variant cases in order to investigate the difference in energy savings an increase of the insulation thickness will bring. This retrofitting method except installation of extra facade insulation includes roof insulation, replacement of the air handling unit with heat recovery ventilation whose pipe system runs through the insulation behind the radiators of each zone and replacement of the old windows with triple glazed low U-value windows. The results show a high reduction in heat supplied after the retrofit, 66.4% room unit heat reduction in Stockholm and 59.6% in Umeå and even higher energy reduction 68.3% in Stockholm and 68.9% in Umeå. The CO2 emission reduction was 58.4% in Stockholm and 60.9% in Umeå. The difference in room unit heat, energy consumption and CO2 emissions among the Variant cases varies between 1-2%. The explanation for such a small difference lies in the fact that the only difference among these cases is the insulation thickness of the facade. The thermal comfort was also investigated and has shown an increase in hours of dissatisfaction after the retrofitting and as the insulation increased due to overheating. However it must be stated here that the reason behind the increase in dissatisfaction is that no window shading or window opening schedules were taken into account in the simulation maximizing the solar heat gains of the building. The study concludes that the studied retrofitting method is very efficient and the studied building achieves higher energy reduction than the goal that the Swedish government has set for 2050. The results of this study bring this retrofitting method ahead of the 2050 energy reduction goals set by the Swedish government with significant reductions in CO2 emissions and heat load.

Sammanfattning 2017 års medelpris för el hamnade på cirka 30 öre per kWh. Det är åtta procent högre än för 2016 och hela 32 procent högre än 2015, då elpriset var väldigt lågt. 2017 års elpris är det högsta sedan 2013. Fortsättningsvis spår Bixia låga elpriser de kommande åren vilket beror på utbyggnaden av förnybar energi och att kärnkraftverket Olkilouto 3 i Finland tas i drift. Bixia räknar med att den nordiska elmarknaden kommer att ha en förstärkt energibalans fram till 2019. Efter år 2019 kommer energibalansen att försvagas, beroende på stängningen av Ringhals 1 och 2 och ökad export av el ut från Norden, säger Martina Rosenberg på Bixia. En försvagad energibalans innebär en högre prisnivå. Projektet syftar till att kartlägga omfattningen av energiförluster, i ett privat hushåll, till följd av transmission och därefter göra en bedömning om energibesparingsåtgärder, i form av tilläggsisolering och fönsterbyte, skulle vara en ekonomisk lönsam investering. Genom minskad energianvändning ger dessa investeringar ett positivt tillskott i energibalansen och kan även bidra till en bättre inomhusmiljö.   Projektet följer en metod där kvalitativa experiment har utförts genom mätningar på klimatskärmen. Denna mätning har gjorts med hjälp av en termografikamera där bilder har detekterat otätheter i klimatskärmen, så kallade köldbryggor. Energiförluster, till följd av transmission, har sedan beräknats med handberäkningsmetoder och utförts för en rad olika storheter, exempelvis värmeledningsmotstånd och värmegenomgångskoefficienter. Utöver detta har den specifika klimatskärmen delats upp i flera sektioner respektive skikt för att strukturerade beräkningar skulle kunna utföras enligt den beräkningsgång detta projekt efterföljt.   Undersökningen visar att åtgärderna bidrar till omkring 4 gånger mindre energiförluster gällande energifönster och 2 gånger mindre för väggen jämfört med värdena före åtgärder. Återbetalningstiden är dock betydligt längre för energifönstren då detta är en betydligt mer kostsam investering. För PVC-fönster landar återbetalningstiden på ca 27 år och för aluminiumbeklädda träfönster är återbetalningstiden i detta fall över 40 år mot ca 20 år för tilläggsisoleringen. / Abstract The 2017 average electricity price ended at around 30 Swedish “öre” per kWh. It is eight percent higher than in 2016 and 32 percent higher than in 2015, when the price for the electricity was much lower. The 2017 electricity price is the highest since 2013. Continuingly, Bixia's low electricity prices predict the next few years, which is due to the expansion of renewable energy and that the Olkilouto 3 nuclear power plant are put into use in Finland.   Bixia expects the Nordic electricity market to have a strengthened energy balance until 2019. After 2019, energy balance will weaken due to the closure of Ringhals 1 and 2 and increased exports of electricity from the Nordic countries, says Martina Rosenberg from Bixia. A weakened energy balance means a higher price level.   The project intention is to mapping the extent of energy losses, in a private household, due to transmission and subsequently assessing energy saving measures, in the form of additional insulation and exchange of windows, would be a profitable investment. Through reduced energy consumption, these investments provide a positive boost to the energy balance and can also contribute to a better indoor environment.   The project follows a method where qualitative experiments have been carried out through measurements on the climate screen. This measurement has been done by using a thermographic camera where images have detected thermal unevennesses in the climate screen that is called cold bridges. Energy losses due to transmission have then been calculated by hand calculation methods and performed for a variety of quantities, such as heat conductivity resistors and thermal coefficients. In addition, the specific climate screen has been divided into several sections and layers, so that structured calculations could be performed according to the calculation process followed by this project.   The survey shows that the measures contribute to is about 4 times less energy losses on energy windows and 2 times less for the wall than the pre-measure values. However, the repayment time is significantly longer for the energy windows, as this is a significantly more costly investment. For PVC windows, the repayment period is approximately 27 years. For aluminum clad wood windows, the repayment period in this case is over 40 years to about 20 years for the additional insulation.

Linnéuniversitetet Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar Utbildningsprogram:                                                                          Drift- och underhållsteknik Arbetets omfattning:                                                                         Självständigt arbete om 15 HP Titel:                                                                     Kostnadsbesparing med avseende på energieffektiviserande åtgärder med avgränsning till fönsterbyte och tilläggsisolering. Författare:                                                                                             Fredrik Svensson och Johan Bengtsson Handledare:                                                                                          Henrik Wärnberg   Sammanfattning 2017 års medelpris för el hamnade på cirka 30 öre per kWh. Det är åtta procent högre än för 2016 och hela 32 procent högre än 2015, då elpriset var väldigt lågt. 2017 års elpris är det högsta sedan 2013. Fortsättningsvis spår Bixia låga elpriser de kommande åren vilket beror på utbyggnaden av förnybar energi och att kärnkraftverket Olkilouto 3 i Finland tas i drift. Bixia räknar med att den nordiska elmarknaden kommer att ha en förstärkt energibalans fram till 2019. Efter år 2019 kommer energibalansen att försvagas, beroende på stängningen av Ringhals 1 och 2 och ökad export av el ut från Norden, säger Martina Rosenberg på Bixia. En försvagad energibalans innebär en högre prisnivå. Projektet syftar till att kartlägga omfattningen av energiförluster, i ett privat hushåll, till följd av transmission och därefter göra en bedömning om energibesparingsåtgärder, i form av tilläggsisolering och fönsterbyte, skulle vara en ekonomisk lönsam investering. Genom minskad energianvändning ger dessa investeringar ett positivt tillskott i energibalansen och kan även bidra till en bättre inomhusmiljö.   Projektet följer en metod där kvalitativa experiment har utförts genom mätningar på klimatskärmen. Denna mätning har gjorts med hjälp av en termografikamera där bilder har detekterat otätheter i klimatskärmen, så kallade köldbryggor. Energiförluster, till följd av transmission, har sedan beräknats med handberäkningsmetoder och utförts för en rad olika storheter, exempelvis värmeledningsmotstånd och värmegenomgångskoefficienter. Utöver detta har den specifika klimatskärmen delats upp i flera sektioner respektive skikt för att strukturerade beräkningar skulle kunna utföras enligt den beräkningsgång detta projekt efterföljt.   Undersökningen visar att åtgärderna bidrar till omkring 4 gånger mindre energiförluster gällande energifönster och 2 gånger mindre för väggen jämfört med värdena före åtgärder. Återbetalningstiden är dock betydligt längre för energifönstren då detta är en betydligt mer kostsam investering. För PVC-fönster landar återbetalningstiden på ca 27 år och för aluminiumbeklädda träfönster är återbetalningstiden i detta fall över 40 år mot ca 20 år för tilläggsisoleringen. / Linnaeus University Kalmar Maritime AcademyEducation programs:                                          Operation and MaintenanceScope of work:                                                    Independent work of 15 HPTitle:                                                                          Cost savings with regard to energy efficiency                                          measures with delimitation of window change and additional insulationAuthor:                                                                Fredrik Svensson and Johan Bengtsson Supervisor:                                                          Henrik Wärnberg Abstract The 2017 average electricity price ended at around 30 Swedish “öre” per kWh. It is eight percent higher than in 2016 and 32 percent higher than in 2015, when the price for the electricity was much lower. The 2017 electricity price is the highest since 2013. Continuingly, Bixia's low electricity prices predict the next few years, which is due to the expansion of renewable energy and that the Olkilouto 3 nuclear power plant are put into use in Finland.   Bixia expects the Nordic electricity market to have a strengthened energy balance until 2019. After 2019, energy balance will weaken due to the closure of Ringhals 1 and 2 and increased exports of electricity from the Nordic countries, says Martina Rosenberg from Bixia. A weakened energy balance means a higher price level.   The project intention is to mapping the extent of energy losses, in a private household, due to transmission and subsequently assessing energy saving measures, in the form of additional insulation and exchange of windows, would be a profitable investment. Through reduced energy consumption, these investments provide a positive boost to the energy balance and can also contribute to a better indoor environment.   The project follows a method where qualitative experiments have been carried out through measurements on the climate screen. This measurement has been done by using a thermographic camera where images have detected thermal unevennesses in the climate screen that is called cold bridges. Energy losses due to transmission have then been calculated by hand calculation methods and performed for a variety of quantities, such as heat conductivity resistors and thermal coefficients. In addition, the specific climate screen has been divided into several sections and layers, so that structured calculations could be performed according to the calculation process followed by this project.   The survey shows that the measures contribute to is about 4 times less energy losses on energy windows and 2 times less for the wall than the pre-measure values. However, the repayment time is significantly longer for the energy windows, as this is a significantly more costly investment. For PVC windows, the repayment period is approximately 27 years. For aluminum clad wood windows, the repayment period in this case is over 40 years to about 20 years for the additional insulation.

Sweden has ca. 2 million single family houses (SFH) housing 52% of the population and representing 44.6% of the overall heated floor area. SFHs account for 39.5% of the total heating demand in Sweden. Energy consumption in older SFHs is much higher than in new ones. SFHs built in the 1960s consume ca. 170% of the annual heating energy demand of SFH built in the 2010s. This study aims to explore the energy savings potential in existing SFHs built between 1960 and 1975 in Sweden through refurbishment of elements of the building envelope and analyze their energy and costefficiency of these measures. Furthermore, it aims to study the effects of variations in climate in Sweden on the energy and cost efficiency of these measures. A hypothetical un-refurbished SFH was modeled and defined using energy simulation tool IDA-ICE based on statistical data and relevant literature reviews. Variations in climate between regions of Sweden were analyzed and 4 suitable locations were suggested to place the hypothetical model in. Suitable building envelope refurbishmentmeasures were selected for the elements of the building envelope. These measures were (a) adding extra insulation to the outer side of external wall (b) replacing and insulating the slab on ground (c) insulating the cold attic on top the existing horizontal slab, and (d) replacing the exiting external doors and windows. Suggested U-values for renovated SFHs from Boverket were used as a goal for the suggested refurbishment measures to reach. Energy performance simulations were performed to estimate savings potential in energy used for heating purposes for the un-refurbished building and each of the suggested measures. Life cycle cost (LCC) study using UPV* method was performed over a lifespan of 30 years. The results of the energy performance simulation showed energy savings potential in all the suggested measures, ranging from ca. 6% to ca. 20% with the measure of replacing the external doors and windows had the most savings potential. The study highlighted rate of improvement in U-values, surface area within which heat losses are occurring, status of thermal bridges, and differences in temperature between air and soil as factors effecting the energy savings potential. The results showed no significant effects of changing locations on the savings potential. LCC analysis showed that the measure of adding extra insulation in the cold attic is the most cost-efficient. It also showed that higher heating demands in colder climate led to more significant role for the energy savings potential in determining the cost efficiency, while the initial costs played a bigger role in warmer climate. The study also showed that choosing materials and products with longer lifespan in addition to having a good energy savings potential may lead to a change in results on the cost-efficiency analysis. The study concludes with highlighting the energy savings potential in building envelope refurbishment and the importance of including both and energy and cost efficiency perspectives when choosing refurbishment measures for existing SFH.