Orientador: Paulo de Barros Correia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:23:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Porto_NataliaAddas_M.pdf: 3278634 bytes, checksum: 844ae878f54ff582bbd8d0261e413863 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A humanidade tem selecionado seus sistemas energéticos incorporando, além dos parâmetros de disponibilidade técnica e viabilidade econômica, os impactos ambientais causados por eles. O mercado de créditos de carbono surge neste contexto ao estabelecer mecanismos de mercado para que partes envolvidas na contribuição de redução/remoção de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto, cumpram o acordo quantificado, ao mesmo tempo em que surgem também novas oportunidades para investimentos nos países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Assim, saber como funciona esse mercado é um fator crucial para o aproveitamento das conveniências criadas pelo Protocolo de Quioto. Destarte, considerando as dificuldades para precificação de contratos de créditos carbono no mercado brasileiro, principalmente por ser um mercado muito recente, e ainda com o objetivo de originar maiores investimentos em sistemas energéticos através de energia renovável, a dissertação oferece uma contribuição situada nos seguintes focos: análise de contratos de Reduções Certificadas de Emissões (RCEs) e seleção de projetos do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). Precificação, portanto, compreende determinar medidas de benefício e risco unitário ¿/tCO2e), uma vez que as decisões de contratação são instruídas pelo preço da RCE negociado. O modelo de latisse binomial é a principal ferramenta de precificação empregada neste trabalho, usada para calcular o valor médio esperado da RCE para realização de contratos a termo e de opções. Por sua vez, melhores condições para o comércio das RCEs é obtida por uma abordagem da teoria do portfólio proposta por Markowitz, através de projetos MDL relacionados à produção de eletricidade a partir de fontes renováveis de energia no Brasil, onde a energia oferecida por tais fontes são caracterizadas, sobretudo, pela sazonalidade / Abstract: Humanity has selected energy systems by incorporating, beyond the technical and economic feasibility parameters, also the environmental impacts caused by them. The carbon credit market has appears in this context and brings alternative solutions for countries in Annex I to fulfill their emissions targets under Kyoto Protocol and also help developing countries in constructing or maintaining a clean energy mix. Knowing how this market works is crucial to incorporate all the conveniences brought by Kyoto Protocol. Pricing carbon credit market includes determining benefit and risk measures (¿/tCO2e), since the hiring decisions are instructed by the price of CERs traded. The binomial lattice model is the main tool used in this dissertation for pricing, which allow us to calculate the expected value of CERs for realization of forward and options contracts. Given that renewable energy sources are mainly characterized by seasonality, some sources can hedge others. In this sense, better conditions on trading CERs can be achieved through a portfolio theory approach proposed by Markowitz. Considering the difficulties for pricing carbon credits contracts on the Brazilian market, especially because of its recent characteristic, and with the aim of generating greater investments in the energy systems by using renewable energy sources, the present dissertation offers a contribution on: contract analysis applied to Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) and also on selecting projects from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). / Mestrado / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T01:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiozo_Carla_M.pdf: 11074971 bytes, checksum: 02c6575fdc28a40f6b4cabc39efa3f11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Com o objetivo de sinalizar a necessidade de uma gestão estruturada dos programas de eficiência energética e sugerir a utilização de métodos de gerenciamento de projetos para assegurar que a economia de energia ensejada realmente seja alcançada e a um custo viável, esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o Projeto Comunidade Eficiente VI realizado pela LIGHT S.A. no período de 2009 a 2011 em comunidades de baixo poder aquisitivo do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Utilizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva para (i) apresentar os principais instrumentos regulatórios aplicados pelo Governo Federal para delinear os programas de eficiência energética e (ii) elencar práticas de gerenciamento de projetos e uma pesquisa aplicada para analisar, num caráter ex-post facto, os processos utilizados para a realização do referido projeto. Após a análise dos dados, identificou-se oportunidades de melhorias e pontos de controle para aumentar o sucesso de entrega do serviço ou equipamento na primeira tentativa, cumprir os prazos estabelecidos no cronograma, melhorar a comunicação com os parceiros envolvidos e com os clientes, assegurar a destinação correta de geladeiras e lâmpadas recolhidas, entre outros. Diante desses resultados, com a finalidade de auxiliar no acompanhamento de projetos de eficiência energética indica-se nove indicadores e para facilitar a interpretação de um conjunto destes indicadores apresenta-se um modelo de cockpit básico / Abstract: In order to reinforce the need for a structured management of energy efficiency programs and to suggest the use of project management methods to ensure that the planned energy savings can be achieved at a viable cost. The objective of this essay was to study the Efficient Community Project VI carried out by LIGHT S/A during the period of 2009-2011 in low-income communities in the Rio de Janeiro. A descriptive research was used to (i) present the main regulatory instruments applied by the Federal Government to outline the energy efficiency programs and (ii) categorize the project management methods and applied research to analyze, in an ex-post facto character, the processes employed for the fulfillment of the referred project. After analyzing the results, several improvement opportunities and control points were identified to (a) increase the success of delivery of service or equipment on the first attempt; (b) meet the deadlines set out in schedule; (c) improve communication with partners and customers; (d) ensure the correct disposal of refrigerators and light bulbs collected, among others. Based on these results, nine indicators were identified in order to assist in the monitoring of energy efficiency projects. A basic model cockpit is presented to facilitate the interpretation of a set of these indicators / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Ph.D. (Energy Studies) / The underlying assumption of this thesis is that information is critical for effective energy policy support. The objectives set and attained for this study were to: • assess existing solutions to the problem of supplying energy information; • consider developments in integrated conceptual solutions to the problems; • identify and analyse data structures for providing a single integrated information system as a solution; • evaluate and identify local energy and economic data sources for input to the proposed system; • provide a framework for information outputs in such an integrated system; and • make recommendations on the practical implementation of the conceptual . solution. The concepts underlying the basic assumption, and other parameters were clarified in Chapter 1. In particular, the link between policy formulation, modeling, and data collection, management and dissemination was shown. A study and assessment of existing energy information systems was then carried out. This investigated national systems in South Africa and other countries, and the systems of three international organisations. The structure and management of these energy information systems was assessed, as was the degree to which each provided the necessary support for policy formulation. Legislation was, where applicable, also considered. It was determined from this study and assessment that there were no integrated information systems to provide adequate information for energy policy makers through a single access point. An integrated single access point system was postulated at the conceptual level in Chapter 3. The major contribution to this conceptualisation is the concept of a single standardised referential data set A single referential data set can be used to classify all data at every level of the proposed integrated national energy information system. This integrated approach supports policy formulation and allows for the most efficient use of national resources in maintaining information. The proposed system was considered as a data flow model, to provide an overview of the collection, processing and dissemination of data. Next, a system model was developed. This divided the system into two broad divisions: the central control functions, including the referential data set; and the data modules, which provide the structure for capturing and maintaining the collected data. The final stage in this chapter . was the development of a data model which shows the relationships between the elements of the system model, particularly the relationship between the referential data set and all other data. In Chapter 4, this data model was developed further to identify entity sets and their content descriptions. It indicates in tabular format the structure of the different system components, and then shows diagrammatically the high level linkages between these components; This analysis of the proposed system is the precursor to work by systems analysts who are responsible for the final design specifications for system software. In Chapter 5 the objective was to determine sources of data for input to the national system. The South African energy economy was briefly studied and assessed for both supply and demand side information. Finally in Chapter 6, a set of output templates was developed. Once fully implemented, these will provide system users with all the necessary information to support policy formulation. Desired outputs from a system must be known before the system is designed, and are therefor included.

The thesis deals with the issue of energy security in the European Union, and the role played by Azerbaijan in the provision of the EU's energy independence and long-term stability. The author investigates the current issues of the European Union's energy policy, and the main threats impairing the EU's energy independence. Countries of the Caspian Basin, and particularly Azerbaijan, are investigated as the main alternative suppliers of energy resources for the European Union to increase its energy security. The author justifies and forecasts the future development of the EU-Azerbaijani relations in the energy sector taking into account the current policies implemented by the European Union in the field of energy security.

In the UK, the debate surrounding energy production lies at the forefront of the political agenda, with growing emphasis on achieving an increasingly sustainable energy mix into the future. The nuclear option is especially debatable - issues such as waste management and decommissioning receive much attention. In addition, the many stakeholders interested in nuclear power display very divergent views on its sustainability. Since the turn of the century, nuclear power has received much attention globally, with many nations’ governments taking consideration of the potential benefits of new nuclear adoption. Conversely, the Fukushima nuclear disaster has led to new nuclear resistance in other nations, such as Germany, where plans have been made to stop nuclear power generation completely. This research aims to help inform the debate on nuclear power and the future UK electricity mix. A multi-criteria decision support framework (developed by the SPRIng Project) has been used for these purposes, taking into account technical, economic, environmental and social criteria.The methodology used in this work has involved: stakeholder consultation; use of future electricity scenarios; sustainability assessment of current and future electricity options (Pressurised Water Reactor, European Pressurised Reactor, European Fast Rector, coal, gas, solar and wind power, and coal carbon capture and storage [CCS] power); assessment of future electricity scenarios based on both sustainability impacts and stakeholder (expert and public) preferences for the sustainability indicators and electricity technologies. The sustainability assessment of future nuclear power options and coal CCS power have been carried out here for the first time in a UK-specific context.Based on the public and expert opinions on the importance of different sustainability indicators, results of the scenario analysis suggest that the scenario with a high penetration of low-carbon technologies (nuclear [60%] and offshore wind power [40%]) is the most sustainable. For the sample considered in this study, this finding is not sensitive to different stakeholder and public opinions on the importance of the sustainability indicators. However, when the stakeholder preferences for individual technologies are considered, scenarios with high penetration of renewables (26-40% solar and 20-48% wind) become the preferred options. This is due to the favourable stakeholder opinion on solar and wind power. In that case, the scenario with high penetration of nuclear is never the preferred option due to the low to moderate stakeholder preference for nuclear power.Therefore, the results from this research suggest that the ‘sustainability’ of different electricity options and scenarios is highly dependent on stakeholder preferences and priorities. Thus, for successful future deployment of these options and implementation of energy policy measures, transparency of information on the impacts of electricity options is key in ensuring that stakeholder opinions are founded in the actual rather than the perceived impacts of these options.

Although renewable energy technology has received much attention over recent years the depletion of known fossil fuel reserves and the volatility of international fuel prices require that society looks beyond the current coal-dominated electricity generation methods. Investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency is important to reduce the negative economic, social and environmental impacts of energy production and consumption in South Africa. Currently, renewable energy contributes relatively little to primary energy and even less to the consumption of commercial energy. The challenge of transforming entire economies is enormous, especially if a country is as fossil-fuel-based and emission-intensive as South Africa. However, as it is already facing climate change impacts in an increasingly carbon constrained world; South Africa must drastically reduce its greenhouse gas emission intensity soon. The South African electricity sector is a vital part of the economy and at the same time contributes most to the emission problem. Transforming this sector is therefore urgently needed. First steps have been taken to enhance energy efficiency and promote renewable energy, but they have failed to have any large-scale effects. The two major barriers to investments in renewable energy technologies are based in the South African energy innovation system and its inherent power structures and in the economics of renewable energy technologies. Subsequently the private sector will have to play a significant role in closing the human resources gap by providing funds and expertise. Furthermore, the creation of employment opportunities and actively promoting structural change in the economy are seen, especially in industrialized countries, as goals that support the promotion of renewable energy. Moreover, with more support and assistance from the government and partnership with the private sector will be of immense help to achieve renewable energy goals.

No description available.

The worldwide growing consumption of energy forces us to think about how to avoid a possible energetic crisis and its economic and social impacts. One way to avoid the threat is a higher use of energy from renewable resources along with rational consumption of energy. The goal of my diploma work is to evaluate whether the State should support the development in technologies gaining energy from renewable resources and also to evaluate the efficiency of public funds (financial resources) invested in this way. In the first part of my diploma work, I will focus on individual renewable resources in general, clarify their advantages, disadvantages and compare the use of renewable resources in the Czech Republic with the States of the European Union. I will also introduce the legislative structure, out of which the state support of renewable resources results and following on, will make an analysis of the efficiency of this support. The main contribution of my diploma work is the evaluation of State support to the renewable resources of energy.

Present energy situation of the European Union is becoming to be more problematic. At the time when worldwide reserves of primary energy sources -- oil and natural gas -- continue to decrease, most of the EU member states are getting dependent on the imports of energy from foreign sources. One of the main impulses to discussion about new Energy policy of the EU in terms of security of energy supplies was a natural gas crisis between Russia and the Ukraine from January 2009. Russia represents one of the main energy partner of the EU -- it imports majority of oil and natural gas to the european countries. However, energy dependency rate of some of the central and eastern european states on imports of energy sources from Russia arouses concerns. The solution for the European Union proposes diversification of the suppliers aimed to increase energy independence on Russia. Also alternative energy sources or rebirth of nuclear energy can lead to the one-way dependence of the EU on imports of fossil fuels from Russia.

The work is written and solved in the context of ongoing crisis in Ukraine, which is a major transit country for Russian gas and oil to the EU. The subject of this diploma thesis is to analyze three possible scenarios of EU energy policy in the field of oil and gas with respect to the situation in Ukraine. The aim of this work is to answer the question what direction should the energy policy of EU have in case of oil and gas and to what extent it is influenced by the Ukrainian crisis, based on an analysis of the facts and the current energy situation of the EU. The work is divided into two parts, where the first is characterization of the major players -- the European Union, Russia and Ukraine. In the second part, three possible scenarios for the EU energy policy are analyzed. The proposed possible solutions for energy situation based on the analysis of the facts assessed in the thesis, is the change of the EU attitude towards the shale and unconventional petroleum and natural gas.