Background: Modern culture has stereotyped the divine female body as one that is continually getting leaner, with the internalization of the “thin” ideal possibly resulting in body dissatisfaction, disturbances in body image and exploitation of extreme weight control measures. These shoddy eating behaviours/attitudes may involve body mass and figure anxiety, sub-optimal nutrition or insufficient energy intake (possibly even a combination of both) and use of pathogenic weight control measures (PWCM). Furthermore, low energy availability can be a consequence of disordered eating (DE) behaviour, but can also inadvertently emerge in the absence of clinical eating disorders, DE behaviours and/or restricted dietary intake. Various researchers have concluded that dancers are overly-concerned about dieting and their body mass, and tend to be discontented with their bodies. Every organ system in the body may potentially be negatively affected as a result of the ensuing undernourishment and/or weight loss related to poor nutritional behaviour. The aim of the study was to investigate the DE behaviour, PWCM use, body image and energy status of a group of University female dancers Methods: Fifty two volunteer (18-30 years) dancers (n=26) matched by controls (n=26) of the same race, and comparable age and body mass index were recruited. DE behaviour was assessed with the Eating disorder inventory-3 (EDI3), Cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) subscale of the Three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) and EDI3 referral form (EDI3-RF) behavioural questions. Body image was assessed using the Body Silhouette Assessment Scale. Energy status was assessed using a 5-day weighed food record to measure energy intake and Actiheart® monitor to measure energy expenditure. Results: Dancers presented with significantly higher EDI3-Drive for thinness, EDI3-Body dissatisfaction and TFEQ-CDR raw subscale scores when compared to controls. Furthermore, the majority of dancers scored above the designated cut-off scores for the EDI3-Drive for thinness (46.2%), EDI3-Body dissatisfaction (61.5%), EDI-Bulimia (53.9%) and TFEQ-CDR (52.0%) subscales. Bingeing was the most common PWCM used by both dancers and controls (19.2% vs. 23.1%), followed by weight loss ≥ 9kg within the preceding 6 months (11.5% vs. 15.4%). Vomiting (7.7%), laxatives (11.5%) and excessive exercise (19.2%) for weight loss were used only by the dancers. Current body weight was significantly different to desired body weight for the dancers only (p=0.0004). The discrepancy between current and ideal body image, also termed Feel Minus Ideal Discrepancy (FID), was significantly different between dancers and controls, and indicated that controls were content with their body silhouette while dancers were inclined to want to lose weight. A negative energy balance was found in 80.8% of both dancers and controls. The energy availability of 48.0% of dancers and 52.0% of controls was between 30 and 45 kcal/kg fat-free mass/day. A total of 65.4% of dancers and 38.5% of controls reported to be currently trying to lose weight. Conclusion: Irrespective of the limitations of this study, noteworthy observations were made pertaining to the DE behaviour, body image, and energy status of a group of South African student women dancers. This group of South African university women dancers were vulnerable to DE behaviour, had a propensity to be greatly displeased with their body image, and possessed a low energy status possibly because they were trying to lose weight. / Thesis (MSc (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Background: Modern culture has stereotyped the divine female body as one that is continually getting leaner, with the internalization of the “thin” ideal possibly resulting in body dissatisfaction, disturbances in body image and exploitation of extreme weight control measures. These shoddy eating behaviours/attitudes may involve body mass and figure anxiety, sub-optimal nutrition or insufficient energy intake (possibly even a combination of both) and use of pathogenic weight control measures (PWCM). Furthermore, low energy availability can be a consequence of disordered eating (DE) behaviour, but can also inadvertently emerge in the absence of clinical eating disorders, DE behaviours and/or restricted dietary intake. Various researchers have concluded that dancers are overly-concerned about dieting and their body mass, and tend to be discontented with their bodies. Every organ system in the body may potentially be negatively affected as a result of the ensuing undernourishment and/or weight loss related to poor nutritional behaviour. The aim of the study was to investigate the DE behaviour, PWCM use, body image and energy status of a group of University female dancers Methods: Fifty two volunteer (18-30 years) dancers (n=26) matched by controls (n=26) of the same race, and comparable age and body mass index were recruited. DE behaviour was assessed with the Eating disorder inventory-3 (EDI3), Cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) subscale of the Three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) and EDI3 referral form (EDI3-RF) behavioural questions. Body image was assessed using the Body Silhouette Assessment Scale. Energy status was assessed using a 5-day weighed food record to measure energy intake and Actiheart® monitor to measure energy expenditure. Results: Dancers presented with significantly higher EDI3-Drive for thinness, EDI3-Body dissatisfaction and TFEQ-CDR raw subscale scores when compared to controls. Furthermore, the majority of dancers scored above the designated cut-off scores for the EDI3-Drive for thinness (46.2%), EDI3-Body dissatisfaction (61.5%), EDI-Bulimia (53.9%) and TFEQ-CDR (52.0%) subscales. Bingeing was the most common PWCM used by both dancers and controls (19.2% vs. 23.1%), followed by weight loss ≥ 9kg within the preceding 6 months (11.5% vs. 15.4%). Vomiting (7.7%), laxatives (11.5%) and excessive exercise (19.2%) for weight loss were used only by the dancers. Current body weight was significantly different to desired body weight for the dancers only (p=0.0004). The discrepancy between current and ideal body image, also termed Feel Minus Ideal Discrepancy (FID), was significantly different between dancers and controls, and indicated that controls were content with their body silhouette while dancers were inclined to want to lose weight. A negative energy balance was found in 80.8% of both dancers and controls. The energy availability of 48.0% of dancers and 52.0% of controls was between 30 and 45 kcal/kg fat-free mass/day. A total of 65.4% of dancers and 38.5% of controls reported to be currently trying to lose weight. Conclusion: Irrespective of the limitations of this study, noteworthy observations were made pertaining to the DE behaviour, body image, and energy status of a group of South African student women dancers. This group of South African university women dancers were vulnerable to DE behaviour, had a propensity to be greatly displeased with their body image, and possessed a low energy status possibly because they were trying to lose weight. / Thesis (MSc (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-26T13:08:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataNL_TESE.pdf: 1163350 bytes, checksum: cbb1817238ded8692a9d1189dc288403 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-17T22:38:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataNL_TESE.pdf: 1163350 bytes, checksum: cbb1817238ded8692a9d1189dc288403 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-17T22:38:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataNL_TESE.pdf: 1163350 bytes, checksum: cbb1817238ded8692a9d1189dc288403 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T22:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataNL_TESE.pdf: 1163350 bytes, checksum: cbb1817238ded8692a9d1189dc288403 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The nutritional potential of seaweed as a food supplement for domestic animals has already been the subject of several researches over time, however, the characterization of macroalgae found in the Brazilian coast and its potential as part of the ruminant diet still has much to be explored. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of inclusion of the Gracilaria birdiae seaweed on the lactating goats diet, on the variables food intake, milk production and composition, ingestive behavior, serum parameters and physiological variables in semiarid equatorial environment. Eight Saanen goats (47.1 ± 5.8 kg body wheitgh) were distributed in two Latin squares (4 x 4). Four inclusion levels (0, 4, 8 and 12%) of Macroalga Gracilaria birdiae were tested on the natural matter of the concentrate. Dry matter intake of hay and concentrate were not influenced by gracilaria levels in the diet (P>0.05). Ethereal extract consumption had a linear effect, with a reduction in intake as a function of the addition of GB in the diet (P<0.05). The mineral matter intake increased linearly as a function of GB levels in the diet (P<0.05). Ingestive behavior, milk production and composition, and energetic and protein status of goats were not influenced by the addition of macroalgae in the diet (P>0.05). Respiratory frequency, rectal temperature and surface temperature had a significant effect due to the inclusion of macroalgae (P<0.05), suggesting that macroalgae Gracilaria birdiae can attenuate the effects of the high radiation rates faced by dairy goats in the environment equatorial. Gracilaria birdiae can be used as a component of the lactating Sannen goat diet without detriment to the consumption, milk production and energy and protein status of the animals, and also contributes to soften the deleterious effects of heat stress when the ambient temperature rises / O potencial nutricional de macroalgas como suplemento alimentar para animais domésticos já tem sido alvo de diversas pesquisas ao longo do tempo, no entanto, a caracterização das macroalgas encontradas no litoral brasileiro e seu potencial como parte da dieta de ruminantes ainda tem muito a ser explorado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de níveis de inclusão da macroalga Gracilaria birdiae na dieta de cabras em lactação, sobre as variáveis ingestão voluntária de alimentos, produção e composição do leite, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros séricos e variáveis fisiológicas em ambiente equatorial semiárido. Oito cabras da raça Saanen (47,1 ± 5,8 kg de peso vivo) foram distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4. Foram testados quatro níveis de inclusão (0; 4; 8 e 12%) de Macroalga Gracilaria birdiae na materia natural do concentrado. O consumo de matéria seca do feno e concentrado não foram influenciados pelos níveis de gracilaria na dieta (P>0,05). O consumo de extrato etéreo apresentou efeito linear, com redução na ingestão em função da adição de GB na dieta (P<0,05). Já o consumo de matéria mineral aumentou linearmente em função dos níveis de GB na dieta (P<0,05). O comportamento ingestivo, a produção e composição do leite e o status energético e proteico das cabras não foram influenciados pela adição de macroalga na dieta (P>0,05). A frequencia respiratória, a temperatura retal e a temperatura de superfície apresentaram efeito significativo em função da inclusão de macroalga (P<0,05), sugerindo que macroalga Gracilaria birdiae, pode amenizar os efeitos dos altos índices de radiação enfrentados por cabras leiteiras em ambiente equatorial. A Gracilaria birdiae pode ser usada como componente da dieta de cabras Sannen em lactação sem prejuízos ao consumo, produção de leite e status energético e protéico dos animais e ainda contribui para amenizar os efeitos deletérios do estresse por calor quando a temperatura ambiental eleva / 2017-07-26