Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 95 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-95).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 2007. / Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed July 18, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-29).

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-95).

The purpose of this thesis is to examine and evaluate the present common law relating to trade unions in New Zealand. It is proposed that this examination and evaluation should not be limited to the “black-letter” law, but should take place in the wider social context of how trade union affairs, and industrial relations, are in fact conducted in this country. Where the common law is weighed in this balance and found wanting, it is intended that the possibility of statutory reform be considered.

Pollution from vessels cannot be controlled effectively without the involvement of flag States. They have the primary responsibility for ensuring that the vessels which fly their flags comply with all applicable international rules and standards relating to vessel source pollution. Compliance with such rules and standards involves additional operating costs for ship-owners. Thus, in the highly competitive international maritime transport industry, there are many incentives for flag States not to prejudice their pursuit of comparative advantage by ensuring that their flag vessels comply with the applicable rules and standards. Enforcing their flag vessels to comply is not a rational choice. Accordingly, flag States must be given reasons to ensure that their flag vessels do comply with pollution control rules and standards if the problem of vessel source pollution is to be resolved. Neither of the two international Conventions which regulate the control of vessel source pollution, namely MARPOL and UNCLOS III, gives flag States reasons to ensure the compliant operation of their flag vessels. For that reason, neither Convention can claim to be an effective means for controlling pollution from vessels. There is, however, emerging evidence of flag State commitment to the control of vessel source pollution in response to the application of regional Port State Control measures. From the perspective of flag States, one aspect of the application of the concept of Port State Control is of concern - that is the legal basis of the control measures which are being taken against their flag vessels for violations of MARPOL's rules and standards.

<p> The Nigerian government has emplaced counterterrorism policy measures to combat Boko Haram terrorism since the group became violent in 2010. However, there is a gap in the understanding of how these policies were developed and implemented. Such knowledge may offer suggestions as to how these policies can be improved. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore and describe the development and implementation of counterterrorism policy towards Boko Haram in Nigeria during 2009&ndash;2015. Scott&rsquo;s institutional theory and Baumgartner&rsquo;s punctuated equilibrium theory constituted the study&rsquo;s theoretical foundation. Interview data were collected from individuals selected using a purposive and criterion sampling strategy who played prominent roles in the development and implementation of the policy as well as those who were its beneficiaries. Data were analyzed using content analysis and coding. Key findings from this study provide an understanding of how the policy was developed and how it is being implemented and might be improved. Recommendations include the development of a holistic strategy involving both soft and hard approaches. Collaboration between stakeholders in the security sector and key community leaders in northeast Nigeria is crucial to active counterterrorism effort. The insights from the study on Nigeria&rsquo;s past counterterrorism policy development and implementation may assist policy makers in making improvements in their mechanisms and strategies for actively fighting Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria. Policy makers in other African countries may also find the outcomes of this study useful as they provide a potential blueprint for counterterrorism policy development and implementation.</p><p>

The purpose of the research was to explore the theoretical models which social workers applied to the understanding of adolescents coming before the juvenile court for troublesome behaviour; and to ascertain whether different models were applied to the behaviour or family situation of black and white adolescents. The study examined the use of models derived from psychology and sociology, and considered the influence of moral values and cultural stereotypes, both within the previous research tradition in this subject, and as possible underpinning to the social workers' use of theory. A sample was drawn of 93 adolescents committed to care in London under Section 1(2)(c-f) or 7(7) of the 1969 Children and Young Persons Act. Data was taken from social work reports on the children's behaviour and family background. Analysis focussed in detail on those adolescents who had been committed to care within 18 months of referral to the social services department, and from this group a sample of 22 matched pairs of black and white children (44 children) was selected for detailed content analysis of the social workers' reports to the court. The research attempted to develop grounded theory to aid the sociological understanding of the substantive problem, and refine the understanding of three relevant sociological models: the marginal position of black social work clients in a white-dominated professional culture; the stigmatisation of social work clients, especially those from ethnic minorities; and the use of social work as a means of social control. Results suggest that social workers' use of theory is more complex than previously thought, with differential strategic use of psychology and sociology in open court and confidential file reports, and when dealing with particularly sensitive subjects such as race. Social workers developed a form of composite theorising which blended sociology and psychology in a coherent whole to meet the complexity of an observed situation. This reflects the impossibility of seeking a whole explanation within any single, pre-paradigmatic discipline. Doubts were also cast on the usefulness of sociological models of marginality, which could not be demonstrated by systematic analysis, as distinct from the use of selective examples. The use of stigmatising mechanisms could be demonstrated. The issue of social control emerged as a multi-faceted negotiating process rather than as a direct two-way struggle between the powerful and the powerless.

Recently, Christopher Heath Wellman has proposed an innovative argument that appears to resolve, at least with respect to immigration, the tension between democratic autonomy (i.e. a people's right to self-determination) and human rights (i.e. respect for individual freedom and universal equality). Wellman argues, from a traditionally liberal point of view, that a legitimate state (i.e. a state that respects human rights) is entitled to self-determination and that part of the definition of being self-determined is having the presumptive right to unilaterally control immigration. In other words, Wellman claims that a state's unilateral right to control immigration can be made compatible with liberal commitments to individual freedom and universal equality. I aim to raise a novel objection against Wellman's argument, which I hope will also challenge philosophers to think differently about the immigration issue as a whole. My position is that even if Wellman's conclusion is correct, that a state's right to self-determination can be made compatible with human rights, the presumptive right that this generates for a legitimate state to unilaterally control immigration is, at best, limited only to admission and exclusion policies (i.e. to questions about who can be let in and who can be kept out). Wellman's conclusion, however, does not hold for strategies of immigration enforcement and expulsion (i.e. to the questions about how these policies may be enforced or what sort of deportation procedures a state is justified in using). And, in fact, I argue that under Wellman's account, a legitimate state would be restricted in deploying certain strategies of immigration enforcement and expulsion. My conclusion is that with respect to immigration enforcement and expulsion strategies, the presumptive right is on the side of the immigrant and not the state. This means that if a legitimate state wishes to control immigration, it is the state who holds the burden of proof to show that not only its immigration policies but also its enforcement and expulsion strategies do not violate prior commitments to individual liberty and universal equality. This, I contend, provides a moral and political baseline justification for immigrant rights, which I refer to as a minimalist defense of immigrant rights.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2015-02-24T19:43:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Felipe Maya Lirio.pdf: 693849 bytes, checksum: 1d045322c3399cc2264c508c2b286f80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-02-26T18:30:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Felipe Maya Lirio.pdf: 693849 bytes, checksum: 1d045322c3399cc2264c508c2b286f80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-26T18:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Felipe Maya Lirio.pdf: 693849 bytes, checksum: 1d045322c3399cc2264c508c2b286f80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência da presença dos acordos de acionistas na qualidade das informações contábeis divulgadas pelas empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, do ano de 2001 a 2011. Para inferir a respeito da qualidade das informações contábeis foram utilizadas as métricas de informatividade e value relevance. Foram analisados em separado: os acordos de comando (utilizados para garantir o controle) dos acordos de defesa (utilizados para garantir o acesso a determinados direitos através do alcance de um percentual mínimo de capital votante). A amostra teve como critério de corte o mínimo de 0,001 de liquidez na BM&FBOVESPA. Foi utilizada regressão linear múltipla com dados em painel desequilibrado, tendo como variáveis de controle: concentração de votos, tamanho, endividamento, market-to-book e perdas. Com base nos efeitos cumprimento e monitoramento, com a utilização da metodologia proposta, o trabalho aponta que empresas com qualquer um dos tipos de acordo entre acionistas possuem maior qualidade das informações contábeis divulgadas. / The goal of the thesis is to assess the influence of shareholders’ agreement in the quality of bookkeeping information released by the companies listed on BM&FBOVESPA, from 2001 to 2011. In order to infer about the quality of the bookkeeping information, informativeness metrics and value relevance were used. The command agreement (used to guarantee the control) of the defense agreements (used to guarantee the access to certain rights by reaching a minimal percentage of voting capital). The sample had as cutting criterion the minimum of 0.001 liquidity in BM&FBOVESPA. The multiple linear regression with unbalanced panel data was used, having as control variables: concentration of votes, size, debt incurring, market-to-book and losses. Based on achievement and monitoring effects, using the methodology proposed, the study shows that companies with any kind of agreements among shareholders have more quality of the released bookkeeping profits.

<p> Prejudice is a pervasive concept that has been used at different times to hold those who are different from us at bay. In American culture, it has been revisited time after time as each new wave of immigrants arrives on American soil. For the African-American however, it has been a concept and social construct that continues to plague the culture and community. The goal and purpose of this study was to investigate the assumed biases observed by African-American officers when they encounter African-American civilians. While this phenomenon may impact both female and male officers from all racial backgrounds, for the purpose of this research the focus was on the impact it has on African-American male officers. This study aspired to explore the psychological, and sociological theories that influence the behaviors of these officers during these encounters. The research question examined whether, African-American officers demonstrate a racial bias, when policing their own culture? The study asked if exposure to media priming, acceptance of stereotypes, and a desire to assimilate into a predominantly Caucasian agency results in intra-racial prejudice and discrimination on behalf of the African-American officers. Through a qualitative approach known as the Enhanced Critical Incident Technique, this research investigated how African-American officers&rsquo; perceived their experience of policing the African-American community. It also examined their experience of having served within a police force that is predominantly Caucasians. A snowball technique was employed to obtain a subject pool of twelve retired African-American officers from across the country. Interviews were conducted, transcribed, coded, and categorized to develop themes that captured similarities in the thought process of these retired officers. It was posited that exposure to media stereotypes of African-Americans and their community and a desire to assimilate to the department would result in aggression towards African-American civilians. Findings of the study revealed these seven themes: Media, &ldquo;The Blue Wall&rdquo;, &ldquo;We All Bleed Blue&rdquo;, Comfort with a Caucasian Partner and Loyalty, Black Lives Matter, Mistreatment of African-Americans, and Strained Relations in the Community. What emerged from these themes was the acknowledgement that these are influencing factors in the everyday life of the African-American officer. Participants also reported observing the phenomenon of intra-racial prejudice within the law enforcement. Lastly findings of this study suggest the need for further in-depth research. </p><p>