This diploma thesis deals with questions, to what degree Englis' theories influenced Czechoslovak economic policy. Describes his disputations with others notable economists. Moreover, it investigates influence of his decisions on Czechoslovak economy.

Orientador: Maria Viviane do Amaral Veras / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_PedroLazarodos_M.pdf: 3014987 bytes, checksum: e9719246ce0f27dcae43f7c0ca0d5dc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A presente dissertação de mestrado trata das representações acerca da língua inglesa feitas por jovens em situação de vulnerabilidade social participantes de um curso de inglês como língua estrangeira oferecido por uma ONG internacional na cidade de São Paulo. Para este estudo crítico, discorremos, primeiramente, a respeito dos programas de educação de ONGs para jovens carentes e como tais programas estão ligados à formação de mão-de-obra. Refletimos, então, sobre as identidades do jovem pós-moderno e como suas identidades lingüísticas são afetadas pela língua inglesa e pela globalização. Como base teórica, utilizamos a Análise de Discurso Crítica, como concebida por Fairclough (2001, 2003), e os Estudos Culturais, que nos guiaram na análise dos dados coletados através de um questionário de ingresso no curso, uma redação sobre o futuro do jovem, e um grupo focal com os jovens participantes do curso de inglês. Através da seleção e transcrição desses dados e sua posterior análise, que se focou nos Significados Acional, Representacional e Identificacional, concluímos que o discurso do inglês como língua essencial para o mercado de trabalho e como representante do neocolonialismo estadunidense é latente na fala dos jovens, que ora confirmam e sustentam esse caráter hegemônico da língua inglesa, e ora advogam uma valorização da língua e da cultural nacionais como uma forma de resistência / Abstract: This dissertation deals with representations of the English language made by at-risk young people who take part of a course of English as a foreign language offered by an international NGO in Sao Paulo. For this critical study, we firstly discuss about the educational programs of NGOs for disadvantaged youth and how these programs are linked to the training of skilled manpower. We then reflect about the identities of the post-modern youngsters and how their language identities are affected by the English language and globalization. As a theoretical basis, we use the Critical Discourse Analysis, as conceived by Fairclough (2001, 2003), and Cultural Studies, which led us to analyze the data collected through an entry questionnaire to the course, an essay on the future of the youngsters and a focus group with the young people who participate in the English classes. Through selection and transcription of data and its subsequent analysis, which focused on the Actional, Representational and Identificational Meaning, we conclude that the discourse of English as an essential language to the job market and as a representative of North American neocolonialism is latent in the discourse of the youngsters, who sometimes confirm and support this hegemonic character of the English language, and other times advocate an appreciation of language and national culture as a form of resistance / Mestrado / Lingua Estrangeira / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Orientador: Jose Carlos Paes de Almeida Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T11:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_RinaldoVitorda_D.pdf: 8923271 bytes, checksum: 1eaba8698919616f6101e316189dd151 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como finalidade discutir a introdução de uma língua estrangeira (LE) nas séries iniciais de uma rede municipal Verificamos que a introdução da LE ocorreu desconsiderando o histórico das línguas alóctones (italiano e alemão), na região e a falta de profissionais habilitados para o ensino de língua estrangeira para crianças (ELEC). O poder público local para tentar sanar este problema contratou instituto de idiomas para aprimorar a competência lingüística das professoras, embora sub-avaliando a necessidade de aprimoramento das demais competências necessárias para o ensino adequado de uma LE. Utilizei para este trabalho instrumentos de pesquisa qualitativa adequados a pesquisas cujas perguntas são como e por que. Assim, através de um estudo de caso, observei aulas em dois ambientes distintos em que as professoras-sujeito da pesquisa desempenhavam papéis diferentes. No instituto de idiomas que funcionou como centro de formação, as professoras atuavam como alunas. No outro ambiente, as escolas de séries iniciais do ensino fundamental de um município do Sudoeste do Paraná, as participantes da pesquisa lecionam inglês. A partir das informações advindas destes ambientes busquei analisar as semelhanças e diferenças de ambas enquanto professoras, e também possíveis causas dessas semelhanças ou diferenças. Percebeu-se que embora as professoras tenham tanto a formação acadêmica quanto competências distintas nas habilidades em LE lecionam de modo muito semelhante. Ambas demonstram implementar atividades pedagógicas baseadas em suas competências implícitas e crenças a respeito de língua e não das informações veiculadas nos cursos de Licenciatura que ambas freqüentaram, ainda que cursos distintos, Letras e Pedagogia. Além disso, percebeu-se por parte das participantes impermeabilidade à adoção de novas abordagens, pois embora freqüentem curso de idiomas direcionado para o aprimoramento da fluência, principalmente oral, não se valem deste curso como modelo para a realização de suas atividades docentes. / Abstract: This research intends to analyze the introduction of English as Foreign Language (EFL) on the elementary schools curriculum. In order to accomplish this intention it was necessary to mention briefly the presence of other languages introduced by descendents of Italians and Germans who settled the South of Brazil. The situation of bilingualism was ignored because Brazilian authorities have considered bilingualism a menace to the Union and development of the Nation. In believing so, the decision-makers introduced the EFL in the elementary school curriculum since English has been considered the international language (as if it was the only one) therefore the more useful and neutral. The research was interpretative (Erickson, 1982, 1986,1992) since we used qualitative data (classroom observation, interviews and field notes) to analyze the EFL classes to children. The City House, responsible for the management of the Elementary School System, has contracted an Institute of Language Teaching to design an in-service Teaching Training Course. Student-teachers have been attending this course for 3 years. However, it has not been successful since student teachers have not changed their approach to teach EFL. The analysis revealed that both teachers, Karina, (Letras graduated) and Ana (Education graduated) do not use different strategies to teach English. Both them use the grammar-translation approach, certainly in order to avoid mistakes, unknown words and mispronunciation, and the most important to save their face, (Goffmann).The data lead us to suggest the EFL maintenance in the Elementary School curriculum. EFL should be changed into English a Second Language (ESL) since Brazil is connected to the world market and Brazilian children have been continuously exposed to the English Language. Therefore the English language must be present in Brazilian classrooms as well. / Doutorado / Lingua Estrangeira / Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

There is the explenation of tax system in Czechoslovakia during 20's and 30's in 20th century. This study is focused on transformation and consolidation of tax law which are connected with Czechoslovak's establishemenent. There is the characteristics of each point of tax structure, codification and specific problems. The second part of study answers on the question: "Why so huge reform of direct taxes was done in the late of 20's? What was the reason and consequence?" There is some information about Karel Engliš -- Minister of Finance. The analytic part of this study includes national budget, revenues and statistics about tax burden and taxation. The aim of this study is comparision of tax structure before and after the tax reform in 1927. There was made some international statistics, too.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the accent realizations of the initial consonant in wh- words in Welsh English. The theoretical background of this study deals with the development of Welsh language and its interactions with the British standard variety. Together with the previously mentioned the phonological inventories of Welsh, RP, and Welsh English are described in the first part. We further analyzed the development of the <hw> element in the British Isles in general. The research part of this study is concerned with the analysis of the data from 20 speakers of Welsh English. Three speech styles were used for the final analysis: spontaneous speech (informal style), isolated words (formal style) and reading of Cinderella (formal style). Signal-to-noise ratio and voicing of the <hw> segments were measured in order to discover the occurrence and the nature of the <hw> element. The lowest levels of harmonicity were measured in segments that were obtained from the formal reading style. The highest levels were measures in the spontaneous speech tokens. Younger speakers showed higher levels of harmonicity than older speakers. The results of the male and the female participants were different in each type. In the spontaneous speech style the male speakers tended to have lower levels of...

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

This study has collected and analysed a database of place-names containing potential ethnonymic elements. Competing models of ethnicity are investigated and applied to names about which there is reasonable confidence. A number of motivations for employment of ethnonyms in place-names emerge. Ongoing interaction between ethnicities is marked by reference to domain or borderland, and occasional interaction by reference to resource or transit. More superficial interaction is expressed in names of commemorative, antiquarian or figurative motivation. The implications of the names for our understanding of the history of individual ethnicities are considered. Distribution of Walh-names has been extended north into Scotland; but reference may be to Romance-speaking feudal incomers, not the British. Briton-names are confirmed in Cumberland and are found on and beyond the fringes of the polity of Strathclyde. Dumbarton, however, is an antiquarian coining. Distribution of Cumbrian-names suggests that the south side of the Solway Firth was not securely under Cumbrian influence; but also that the ethnicity, expanding in the tenth century, was found from the Ayrshire coast to East Lothian, with the Saxon culture under pressure in the Southern Uplands. An ethnonym borrowed from British in the name Cumberland and the Lothian outlier of Cummercolstoun had either entered northern English dialect or was being employed by the Cumbrians themselves to coin these names in Old English. If the latter, such self-referential pronouncement in a language contact situation was from a position of status, in contrast to the ethnicism of the Gaels. Growing Gaelic self-awareness is manifested in early-modern domain demarcation and self-referential naming of routes across the cultural boundary. But by the nineteenth century cultural change came from within, with the impact felt most acutely in west-mainland and Hebridean Argyll, according to the toponymic evidence. Earlier interfaces between Gaelic and Scots are indicated on the east of the Firth of Clyde by the early fourteenth century, under the Sidlaws and in Buchan by the fifteenth, in Caithness and in Perthshire by the sixteenth. Earlier, Norse-speakers may have referred to Gaels in the hills of Kintyre. The border between Scotland and England was toponymically marked, but not until the modern era. In Carrick, Argyll and north and west of the Great Glen, Albanians were to be contrasted, not necessarily linguistically, from neighbouring Gaelic-speakers; Alba is probably to be equated with the ancient territory of Scotia. Early Scot-names, recorded from the twelfth century, similarly reflect expanding Scotian influence in Cumberland and Lothian. However, late instances refer to Gaelic-speakers. Most Eireannach-names refer to wedder goats rather than the ethnonym, but residual Gaelic-speakers in east Dumfriesshire are indicated by Erisch­-names at the end of the fifteenth century or later. Others west into Galloway suggest an earlier Irish immigration, probably as a consequence of normanisation and of engagement in Irish Sea politics. Other immigrants include French estate administrators, Flemish wool producers and English feudal subjects. The latter have long been discussed, but the relationship of the north-eastern Ingliston-names to mottes is rejected, and that of the south-western Ingleston-names is rather to former motte-hills with degraded fortifications. Most Dane-names are also antiquarian, attracted less by folk memory than by modern folklore. The Goill could also be summoned out of the past to explain defensive remains in particular. Antiquarianism in the eighteenth century onwards similarly ascribed many remains to the Picts and the Cruithnians, though in Shetland a long-standing supernatural association with the Picts may have been maintained. Ethnicities were invoked to personify past cultures, but ethnonyms also commemorate actual events, typified by Sasannach-names. These tend to recall dramatic, generally fatal, incidents, usually involving soldiers or sailors. Any figures of secular authority or hostile activity from outwith the community came to be considered Goill, but also agents of ecclesiastical authority or economic activity and passing travellers by land or sea. The label Goill, ostensibly providing 178 of the 652 probable ethnonymic database entries, is in most names no indication of ethnicity, culture or language. It had a medieval geographical reference, however, to Hebrideans, and did develop renewed, early-modern specificity in response to a vague concept of Scottish society outwith the Gaelic cultural domain. The study concludes by considering the forms of interaction between ethnicities and looking at the names as a set. It proposes classification of those recalled in the names as overlord, interloper or native.