The incidence of paediatric coeliac disease (CD) is rising globally. It is uncertain whether this is attributed to improved case ascertainment or signifies a true rise in numbers. Geographical variation in incidence has also been reported in some European countries, although it is not known whether regional differences present in Scotland. Furthermore, data on the management of children diagnosed with CD in Scotland is lacking. The cornerstone of CD treatment is a strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Adherence may reduce risk of future complications including osteoporosis, malignancy and fertility difficulties. Nonetheless, the GFD is known to be particularly challenging during adolescence and may be nutritionally inadequate. Limited adolescent research addresses factors associated with adherence to the GFD, the diet’s nutritional quality or effect on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Retrospective longitudinal and prospective regional trends in age-sex standardised incidence of childhood CD (≤16 years) in Scotland were determined. Data on case presentation, reasons for diagnosis and the management of newly diagnosed children were collected. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to identify adherence to the GFD in Scottish adolescents with CD (11-18 years) using a short validated questionnaire. A further questionnaire was developed to identify factors associated with adherence to the GFD. Teenagers’ energy and nutrient intakes were compared to Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) and a healthy, age-matched control group. Generic and disease-specific HRQoL indices were compared between adherent teenagers, non-adherent teenagers and age-matched controls. The incidence of paediatric CD in Scotland between 01.09.09 and 31.08.10 was 10.0/100,000/yr. Incidence in the East was 16.3, West 8.1 and North 7.7. More than twice the incidence of cases were diagnosed due to active screening in the East (4.6) compared to the West (2.0) and North (1.3), as was the incidence of classical cases. Significantly more CD diagnostic antibody tests were performed per head of population in the East compared to the West (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.57-1.73) and North (OR 1.81 95% CI 1.70-1.92). The incidence of childhood CD rose from 1.8 (95% CI 1.1-2.7) to 11.7 (95% CI 9.8-13.9) per 100,000 from 1990-1994 to 2005-2009, respectively (p<0.0001). The incidence of non-classical and actively screened cases increased 1467% (p<0.05) and 1100% (p<0.001) from 1990-1999 to 2000-2009, respectively. A significant rise in the incidence of Oslo classical cases from 1.51 (95% CI 0.91-2.38) in 1990-1994 to 5.22 (95% CI 3.98-6.75) in 2005-2009 (p<0.01) remained. A number of differences in the dietetic management of newly diagnosed children were observed between a regional (multidisciplinary team) and a district general (dietetic-led) clinic. Differences in the management of dietary concerns as well as the type of education and resources provided were reported. Sixteen participants were categorised as non-adherent to the GFD in the adolescent study (41%; 0/7 boys, 16/32 girls). Male gender, being a member of a CD support group, ability to follow a GFD on holiday, when traveling and at social and special events were associated with better adherence to the GFD (p<0.05). Never checking food labels was associated with poorer adherence. Compared to controls, boys and girls with CD had higher median energy intakes (p<0.05). Mean percentage energy intake from protein, saturated fat and non-milk extrinsic sugar was significantly higher in the CD group compared to controls and DRVs (p<0.05). Ten (34%) girls with CD II had estimated iron intakes below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI). This was not significantly different compared to NDNS data (44% <LRNI) (p>0.05). Adherent adolescents had significantly better generic HRQoL scores for the domains ‘physical health’ and ‘self perception’ compared to non-adherent teenagers and controls (p<0.05). Evidence of more actively screened cases and more antibody tests performed in the East suggests the higher incidence observed may be due to a lower threshold to test. An environmental influence cannot be dismissed since more classic cases were also captured. The incidence of pediatric CD increased 6.4-fold over the 20 years studied. This rise is significant for classic CD, indicating a true rise in incidence. Further research is needed to highlight the role of exogenous factors in CD development and whether differences in management affect disease outcomes. A number of factors appear to be associated with adherence to the GFD in Scottish adolescents and dietary intakes were of concern regarding the distribution from different macronutrients. The results imply that HRQoL should be monitored alongside adherence in this population. Further studies are required to identify independent predictors of adherence, the nutritional status of teenagers following a GFD and to ascertain whether poor HRQoL is a cause or effect of non-adherence.

This thesis is an exploratory study into the decision-making process of Latin American migrants in the United Kingdom identifying common trends in the factors that drive the formation of migrant enclave economies, including the decisions to migrate, start a business and strategies to resource it from within the network. For the past fifteen years Latin American migration to the UK has steadily grown in numbers and unlike their predecessors who came to the UK as political refugees, these individuals are mostly economic migrants attracted by the low levels of unemployment and earnings which they can remit to their families in their countries of origin. This community like many other new migrant groups in the UK remains largely under-researched and ‘invisible’ therefore vulnerable to exclusion, discrimination and exploitation. Using a qualitative methodological approach including 20 in-depth interviews and 113 completed surveys, this research found evidence in the Latin American migrants of a process of arrival and settlement in which there is a dependency on informal networks through migration, business formation, and access to economic and financial resources. The research found that Latin American migrants followed a ‘herding’ attitude in terms of their dependency on the networks for information, resources and decision-making in general. This reduced the risks involved in migration and the difficulties finding sources of income. Outside of the network’s span of control Latin American migrants were found to have perceptions of discrimination given the economic opportunities available to them mostly in low-wage, manual service jobs. Their common assumption is that this is due to local indifference towards their overseas references and accreditations, their limited English skills or heavily accented pronunciation, or in a few cases prejudices towards foreigners. While the network played a central role in providing information and resources for the decisions, the herding effect caused by perceptions of barriers to opportunities both at their home country and destination were found to be the key driver for migrating, starting a business, and finding the necessary resources. The findings of this research are limited by the ‘invisibility’ of the Latin American community in the UK: the representativeness of the sample is unknown given there are no records or data on the overall number of Latin American merchants in the UK. Also, since the migration and legal status of these individuals and their ventures is also unknown, it is difficult to validate the information provided by the subjects interviewed and surveyed. The key conclusion for policy makers from these limited findings is that immigration into the UK from Latin America appears to be a process driven by group decisions and shaped by the information and resources of transnational informal networks. To influence it, they must first engage the community in the UK and manage the expectations of potential migrants by taking a more active role in the transfer of information through informal networks.

Este seminario tiene por objetivo caracterizar las principales etapas del proceso emprendedor chileno durante los noventa. Mediante el uso de técnicas estadísticas y econométricas, se analizan los factores que influyen sobre el éxito de las empresas, divididos de acuerdo a la fuente de donde proceden en: características iniciales de la empresa, características iniciales del medio ambiente competitivo y rasgos del emprendedor. Para observar lo anterior, se ha definido éxito como un indicador del rendimiento de las empresas encuestadas en relación a las restantes empresas del sector productivo al que pertenece cada una de ellas. Posteriormente, se analizan los factores relevantes para cada uno de los escenarios, que dan como resultado que son las características de los individuos fundadores las que explican significativamente el éxito de las empresas.

<p> Nationally, about 50% of all business startups in the U.S. vanish by their fifth year (Fisher, Maritz, &amp; Lobo, 2014). In a recent survey, the U.S. Census Bureau (2015) has identified 5.4 million small businesses in operation today, with about 67% of them having fewer than 20 employees. This majority of all small businesses are known as micro-business enterprises (MBE) and are run by micro-business owners (MBO). </p><p> In this qualitative phenomenological study, decision-making processes through the principles of causation and effectuation were explored on MBOs whose MBE has fewer than 15 employees. There is a gap identifying challenges MBO&rsquo;s experience between the phase where the MBE transitions out of the startup phase and moves into the growth phase&mdash;a point in the business cycle known as the inflection point (Dimovski, Penger, Peterlin, &amp; Uhan, 2013). The findings in the study supported the problem statement in that MBO behavioral characteristics are the primary drivers that can impact the operating of a successful or unsuccessful business. </p><p> Authors who have studied decision-making processes at the point of inflection have indicated that most research has been conducted through quantitative methods (Chandler, DeTienne, McKelvie, &amp; Mumford, 2011; Perry, Chandler, &amp; Markova, 2012). As the study on the decision-making principles of causation and effectuation matures, Perry, Chandler, and Markova (2012) suggested new qualitative research be conducted to explore various aspects of psychological capital as MBOs hire, train, and manage employees.</p><p>

No description available.

“Intrapreneurship is not a choice, it is the only survival attitude” (Pinchot, 2000, p.75). In 1985 Pinchot coined the term ‘intrapreneurship’, short for intra-corporate entrepreneurship, which describes the practice of entrepreneurship within organisations. Intrapreneurship is increasingly becoming a term used in the business world to describe organisations that are willing to pursue opportunities, initiate actions, and emphasise new, innovative products or services. Due to the dynamic nature of modern organisations, it is imperative that organisations and their managers remain receptive to new ideas, approaches and attitudes. It is therefore the belief that rapid and cost-effective innovation is the primary source of lasting competitive advantage in the twenty-first century, leaving organisations no alternative but to become intrapreneurial or cease to exist. This thesis focuses on this need and examines ways in which intrapreneurship can be measured in organisations in order to provide a benchmark for further organisational development. A questionnaire (known as the Intrapreneurial Intensity Index) was designed and distributed to a sample of 500 employees working in large South African organisations, which classified themselves as ‘forward-thinking’ and aimed for an intrapreneurial ‘type of thinking’. The results obtained from these questionnaires underwent item analysis, after which the questionnaire was redesigned in an electronic format. A pilot case study was then conducted in order to test the reliability of the instrument. Finally the questionnaire was redistributed to a sample of six organisations that are viewed as being ‘intrapreneurial’ and two that are regarded as being ‘non-intrapreneurial’. The data from this sample was used to test the validity of the Intrapreneurial Intensity Index and to demonstrate its application. This study resulted in an instrument that can be used to ascertain the intensity of intrapreneurship present in a large organisation. Specifically, this instrument can provide an overall view of the organisation’s intrapreneurial ability, as well as identify the specific areas in the organisation that require change or modification in order to become more intrapreneurial. This instrument provides a valuable means of identifying areas in need of organisational change, by determining an organisation’s intrapreneurial properties in the organisation’s core areas.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T13:03:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-01T14:36:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-01T14:36:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:37:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to analyze the Social Entrepreneurship in the Rural Context in organizations in the countryside of Paraíba. To achieve this goal, the following specific objectives were established: i) characterize social entrepreneurship in the rural context; Ii) identify determining factors in the configuration of social entrepreneurship in the rural context; Iii) identify links between social entrepreneurship and the traits of solidarity entrepreneurship in the rural context; and iv) delimit the elements that characterize the solidarity entrepreneurship in the rural context. Therefore, a review of literature on a critical analysis of economic entrepreneurship was carried out, the question of citizenship in a historical-conceptual perspective, the Social Entrepreneurship (ES) as concept and unfolding, as well as from bibliometric studies, the possible links between the ES and citizenship, and, finally, solidarity entrepreneurship and possible articulations with the ES, since its peculiar aspects are closer to the empirical context studied. The analysis process was guided by the interpretative paradigm and adopted a qualitative approach, since the discussion of the theme was constructed from the analysis of narratives from presidents and participants of organizations originated or belonged to the rural context. The emerged categories, classified in this work as tension mediators, complemented the analysis of social entrepreneurship in the investigated environment in some aspects: the role of the association leader, the community space, the family succession and the role of public agents. The main contributions of this study were: a) the elaboration of a continuum of social entrepreneurship, which presents in an integrated way several unfoldings of the phenomenon and situates one that was evidenced from the empirical studies developed; b) the identification that Solidarity-based Entrepreneurship in the Rural context (ESR) is a phenomenon that dialogues with other variations of the central phenomenon studied, so that we can understand it as a combination of perspectives on the theme, adding as factors of distinction the influence of the stress mediators that play a major role in the (non) development of ESR; c) the elaboration of a framework of reference for a better understanding of the studied phenomenon, which presents the links of the phenomenon itself with elements of other perspectives of social entrepreneurship. The theoretical novelty is also realized in the way the phenomenon is presented, which was not seen in the specific literature related to the subject. So this research offers a contribution that can lead to the development of new reference structures. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o Empreendedorismo Social no Contexto Rural em organizações do interior da Paraíba. Para alcançar este propósito, foram estabelecidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: i) caracterizar o empreendedorismo social no contexto rural; ii) identificar fatores determinantes na configuração do empreendedorismo social no contexto rural; iii) identificar vínculos entre o empreendedorismo social e os traços do empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural; e iv) delimitar os elementos que caracterizam o empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura acerca de uma análise crítica do empreendedorismo econômico; da questão da cidadania em uma perspectiva histórico-conceitual; do empreendedorismo social (ES) enquanto conceito e suas manifestações, bem como a partir de estudos bibliométricos; de possíveis vínculos do ES com a cidadania; e, por fim, do empreendedorismo solidário e possíveis articulações com o ES, visto que seus aspectos peculiares estão mais próximos do contexto empírico estudado. O processo de análise orientou-se pelo paradigma interpretativo e adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, uma vez que a discussão da temática foi construída a partir da análise de narrativas realizadas com presidentes e participantes de organizações oriundas ou pertencentes ao contexto rural. Emergiram categorias que complementam a análise do empreendedorismo social no meio investigado, classificadas neste trabalho como mediadores de tensão: o papel do líder da associação, o espaço comunitário, a sucessão familiar e o papel dos agentes públicos. As principais contribuições deste estudo foram: a) a elaboração de um continuum do empreendedorismo social, o qual apresenta de forma integrada diversos representações do fenômeno e situa aquele que foi evidenciado a partir dos estudos empíricos desenvolvidos; b) a constatação de que o empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural (ESR) é um fenômeno que dialoga com outras variações do fenômeno central estudado, de forma que podemos entendê-lo como uma combinação de perspectivas a respeito do tema, acrescentando como fatores de distinção teórica a influência dos mediadores de tensão que exercem papel de grande relevância para o (não) desenvolvimento do ESR; c) a elaboração de uma estrutura de referência para melhor compreensão do fenômeno estudado, o qual apresenta os vínculos do fenômeno com elementos de outras perspectivas de empreendedorismo social. Percebe-se o ineditismo teórico também na forma como o fenômeno é apresentado, a qual não foi vislumbrada na literatura sobre o tema, contribuição que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de novas estruturas de referência.

Thesis (MTech Busines Administration)--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2003 / Research has shown that in first world countries, governments that have supported their SMMEs and entrepreneurs have grown and the economies have prospered. The contrary applies in countries that have imposed barriers and restrictions on the development of the SMMEs and entrepreneurs. There is a growing recognition of the importance of fostering SMMEs and entrepreneurial growth in South Africa. The small business sector has been identified as a very important sector and the government of the Western Cape has launched various strategies to improve the plight of the entrepreneur. This paper presents the results of a survey aimed at The target audience consisted of SMMEs within the technical maintenance, chemical cleaners and specialised lubricant products suppliers to the petro-chemical, marine, industrial and power-generating industry in the Western Cape area. The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis. The acquisition of finances at the available financial institutions and the governmental ventures is a difficult and daunting task. The lack of management skills in small ventures is one of the key factors why these ventures fail, as well as the difficulty the businessperson has to contend with when it comes to handling of red tape with the starting up of the venture. These problems were seen to be the main contributing factors to failure of the SMMEs within the Westem Cape. Most of the sampled population supported the postulations that financial acquisition and management skills are barriers to entrepreneurship. The only factor that is contrary to the perception is the subject on red tape which was recommended for further study.

D.Phil. / The importance of entrepreneurship in economic development is hardly disputed since entrepreneurs launch successful businesses, which create employment, expand markets, and increase production and services, which can revitalize social and productive networks to bring vigour into communities (Luiz, 2007). Recently, empirical studies were conducted that provided evidence that supports the common understanding that Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) leads to superior Firm Performance (FP) (Covin & Zahra, 1995). EO as a topic in the entrepreneurship literature is much debated and deliberated. A plea has been made to explore the antecedents External Environment (EE), Internal Organisation (IO), firm demographics, and founder/owner/manager biographical data of EO. The key focus of this study is to provide research evidence for the predictive model EO - FP and the relationship(s) of the antecedent’s: Owner/Manager Biographics, Firm Demographics, EE, and IO factors might have with a firm’s EO – FP.

<p> This quantitative research study was developed in response to challenges small-business owners face with high stress, corporate devastation, and burnout. The research examines burnout and self-care practices among small-business owners to foster psychological well-being. Many studies exist on professional burnout; however, to date, the researcher has not been able to uncover published research related to small business owners&rsquo; exhaustion and burn out. Theories in academic literature on self-care, managing transitions, and psychological well-being can be applied to small-business owners experiencing burnout, while leading through corporate life cycles. </p><p> This research study utilizes a quantitative, correlational, design approach to examine the levels of burnout in the domains of exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy. Purposive sampling was used for small-business owner selection. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS-4^th Edition) was conducted to assess burnout and demographic data was collected from 66 participants. Pearson Correlations determined the relationship between levels of burnout among small-business owners and whether relationships exist between the burnout domains and participant&rsquo;s demographic characteristics. </p><p> Results from this study indicated two significant findings. Correlations indicated higher levels of exhaustion for small-business owners who were younger. Secondly, correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between respondent&rsquo;s length of time in business and their level of exhaustion. The results of this research study may provide direction to where further research may be needed. Recommendations include the development of long-term workable stratagem for small-business owners to manage corporate life cycles, and enhance professional performance. Findings from this quantitative research can be used to enhance the quality of life, and improve corporate success of small-business owners, in the United States.</p><p>