published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

O presente trabalho é resultado de estudos e considerações sobre a inserção de requisitos ambientais na metodologia de projeto em design, investigando quais as contribuições da ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) como método de incorporação desses requisitos, uma vez que permite quantificar o desempenho ambiental dos diferentes produtos e processos, colaborando para a tomada de decisões na prática de projeto. Primeiramente, são selecionadas algumas propostas metodológicas de autores do design, verificando quais podem ser adaptadas ou atualizadas de acordo com critérios ambientais referentes ao ciclo de vida do objeto. Em seguida, apresenta-se a ACV e a sua relação com o campo em questão, finalizando com o estudo de caso do ciclo de vida da lata de alumínio para a indústria de bebidas brasileira, e com a avaliação dos seus impactos ao meio ambiente. O resultado discute as possíveis aplicações de aspectos ambientais presentes na ACV para representar requisitos do ciclo de vida do produto na metodologia de projeto em design, discutindo a sua representatividade como referência para abordagens que priorizam a área do design e da sustentabilidade, bem como a problemática efetiva da não consideração da ACV neste contexto. / This dissertation is a result of studies and considerations on the inclusion of environmental requirements in the project methodology of design, investigating which are the contributions of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) instrument as a method for inclusion of those requirements, since it allows quantifying the environmental performance of different products and process, collaborating for decision-making in the project practice. At first, some methodological proposals are selected from the authors of the design, verifying which of them may be adapted or updated in accordance with environmental criteria related to the life cycle of the object. Thereafter, LCA and its relationship with the concerned field are presented, ending with the case study of the life cycle of aluminum cans for the Brazilian beverage industry, and with the assessment of their impacts on the environment. The result discusses the possible applications of environmental aspects considered in the LCA to represent requirements of product life cycle in the project methodology in design, discussing their representativeness as a reference for approaches that prioritize design and sustainability areas, as well as the actual problem of non consideration of LCA in this context.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which Constructivist Learning Environment (CLE) aspects exist in primary level 4th and 5th grade Science and Technology Courses in Turkey as perceived by students and their teachers. Secondly, the study aimed at finding out whether perceptions of students on CLE differ according to certain demographic variables. Finally, the study attempted to explore the extent to which the perceptions of teachers on administrative support have a relationship with their perceptions on CLE. Subjects of the study involved 1143 primary level 4th and 5th grade students in Turkey during 2006-2007 school year from 6 socio-economic development groups as determined by State Planning Department and their 264 teachers. Data were collected in 2006-2007 Spring semester through administration of two questionnaires to the students and the teachers. Data analysis was carried out through both quantitative (repeated measures ANOVA, frequencies, means, standard deviations, MANOVA) and qualitative analysis techniques. The results of the study indicated that students and teachers perceived the current learning environment to be often constructivist. In addition, the results revealed that perception of CLE differed according to socio economic status and technology use of students. Lastly, the results revealed that there is a significant but low correlation between teachers&rsquo / perceptions on CLE and their perceptions on administrative support they received. The results revealed that students should be provided with more facilities and teachers be provided with more in-service training opportunities.

O presente trabalho é resultado de estudos e considerações sobre a inserção de requisitos ambientais na metodologia de projeto em design, investigando quais as contribuições da ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) como método de incorporação desses requisitos, uma vez que permite quantificar o desempenho ambiental dos diferentes produtos e processos, colaborando para a tomada de decisões na prática de projeto. Primeiramente, são selecionadas algumas propostas metodológicas de autores do design, verificando quais podem ser adaptadas ou atualizadas de acordo com critérios ambientais referentes ao ciclo de vida do objeto. Em seguida, apresenta-se a ACV e a sua relação com o campo em questão, finalizando com o estudo de caso do ciclo de vida da lata de alumínio para a indústria de bebidas brasileira, e com a avaliação dos seus impactos ao meio ambiente. O resultado discute as possíveis aplicações de aspectos ambientais presentes na ACV para representar requisitos do ciclo de vida do produto na metodologia de projeto em design, discutindo a sua representatividade como referência para abordagens que priorizam a área do design e da sustentabilidade, bem como a problemática efetiva da não consideração da ACV neste contexto. / This dissertation is a result of studies and considerations on the inclusion of environmental requirements in the project methodology of design, investigating which are the contributions of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) instrument as a method for inclusion of those requirements, since it allows quantifying the environmental performance of different products and process, collaborating for decision-making in the project practice. At first, some methodological proposals are selected from the authors of the design, verifying which of them may be adapted or updated in accordance with environmental criteria related to the life cycle of the object. Thereafter, LCA and its relationship with the concerned field are presented, ending with the case study of the life cycle of aluminum cans for the Brazilian beverage industry, and with the assessment of their impacts on the environment. The result discusses the possible applications of environmental aspects considered in the LCA to represent requirements of product life cycle in the project methodology in design, discussing their representativeness as a reference for approaches that prioritize design and sustainability areas, as well as the actual problem of non consideration of LCA in this context.

Orientador: Regina Célia Bega dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T16:12:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarchesiniJunior_Atlilio_M.pdf: 3879766 bytes, checksum: 33482ab820166981d76c115067cd1eaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A pesquisa analisa a participação do Shopping Center e de seus consumidores, na (re) construção econômica e social do espaço, a partir da análise do modelo estratégico do "Marketing Ambiental". É analisado um empreendimento recente, que demonstra de forma significativa à construção e a venda do espaço, o Parque Dom Pedro Shopping, na cidade de Campinas, interior do estado de São Paulo. Através de uma ferramenta característica do atual capitalismo - o marketing - pretendemos analisar o contexto do Shopping Center, a partir da característica específica de marketing promovido no espaço analisado, o chamado "marketing ambiental". O espaço do shopping procura evidenciar ao consumidor uma condição de bem estar, para que o indivíduo sinta-se em pleno contato com o meio ambiente, e com isso tal espaço atende tanto ao lazer, como de fato ao consumo de quem o freqüenta. O estímulo ao consumo gerado pelo marketing, dentro de um shopping center, rua ou mesmo televisão, provoca no consumidor um processo de "consumir por consumir". O "consumidor perfeito" do século XXI é portanto analisado procurando demonstrar a influência do consumismo na vida da sociedade capitalista atual e a relação que o shopping center e o marketing tem na vida dos consumidores. Padilha (2006) nos ajuda para com a definição da importância do presente trabalho, quando coloca que analisar criticamente o Shopping Center e o que ele significa para as sociedade capitalistas é fundamental, visto que é um espaço privado que se traveste de público, e que cria a partir disso uma ilusão na sociedade, de uma cidade mais bonita, menos desigual, sem problemas, etc, o que gera um indivíduo mais adaptado a obsessão capitalista e de certa forma mais alienado / Abstract: The research examines the participation of the shopping center and its customers, the (re) building economic and social space, from the analysis of the strategic model of the "environmental marketing". It's analysed a recent project that demonstrates significantly to the construction and sale of space, the Parque Dom Pedro Shopping, in city of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo. Through a feature of the current capitalist tool - marketing - we intend to analyze the context of the Shopping Center, from the marketing promoted specific feature space analysis, called "green marketing". The space of the mall looking for evidence a condition of the consumer welfare, so that the individual feels in full contact with the environment, and thus such a space serving both leisure, as in fact the consumption of those who attend. The stimulus generated by consumer marketing, a shopping mall, street or even television, consumer causes a process of "consume by consume". The "perfect customer" of the twenty first century is therefore considered trying to demonstrate the influence of consumerism in the life of modern capitalist society and the relationship of the mall and marketing has in the lives of consumers. Padilha (2006) helps us to defining the importance of this work, when you put that critically analyze the Shopping Center and what it means for the capitalist society is fundamental, since it is a private space, that dresses as a public, and establishing an illusion in this society, a city more beautiful, less unequal, smooth, etc., which generates more suited to an individual capitalist obsession and somewhat more alienated / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

O presente trabalho descreve as principais etapas para implementação da gestão ambiental e apresenta a prática de uma metodologia para identificar aspectos e avaliar impactos ambientais. O modelo proposto foi desenvolvido a partir das diretrizes da organização em estudo, uma empresa metalúrgica, na qual identificou-se a significância dos impactos ambientais. Através do método de Análise de Riscos Ambientais, baseado em modelos de gerenciamento de riscos para Sistemas de Gestão de Segurança e Saúde Ocupacional, foi definida abordagem para avaliar impactos ambientais emergenciais. A identificação dos aspectos ambientais foi aplicada com objetivo de estruturar a implantação da ISO 14001 de forma eficaz. Como resultado, juntamente com a análise crítica da metodologia vigente, observou-se uma defasagem na identificação dos dados relacionados às atividades, aos aspectos e aos impactos ambientais, corrigida pelo novo levantamento de dados. Também evidenciou-se que a maioria dos aspectos ambientais é constituída por resíduos sólidos, sendo que os resíduos contaminados por óleo são os que mais comprometem o meio ambiente. Com a revisão dos dados foi possível indicar, em cada etapa do processo, as deficiências no atendimento aos controles operacionais e as necessidades para adequação ambiental. / The present work describe the principal stages to the environment management implementation and show a practice of one methodology to identify aspects and evaluate environment impacts. The model proposed was developed by the study organization directives, a metallurgic company, which identifies the importance of environments impacts. From the method to analyze environment risks, based in models of risks managing for security management system and occupational health, was defined an approach to evaluate emergencial environment impacts. The identification of environment aspects were applied as an objective to structure for an effective ISO 14001 implantation. Like results with critical analysis of the present methodology, was observed a diphase, in data identification related to activities, for environment aspects and impacts, corrected by the new data base. Was evidenced too, that the mostly of environment aspects are constituted for solid residues contaminated with oil are one of the most that causes damages in the environment. With review of the datas was possible to indicate, in each step of the process, the deficiency in attending operational controls and the necessities to environment adjust.

O biodiesel pode ser obtido a partir de óleos vegetais, gorduras animais ou óleos residuais por meio de reação com etanol ou metanol e destaca-se entre as fontes renováveis de energia apontadas como solução para aumentar a segurança no suprimento de energia e minimizar alguns problemas ambientais decorrentes do uso de combustíveis derivados do petróleo.Torna-se necessário então, avaliar as propriedades dos diferentes tipos de biodiesel obtidos a partir de diferentes matérias-primas e processos que convergem ou divergem das especificações requeridas, quais são as desvantagens do ponto de vista ambiental e de desempenho do motor e suas possíveis soluções. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os aspectos técnicos e ambientais relacionados ao seu uso em motores de combustão. / The Biodiesel can be produced from vegetal oils, animal fats or residual oils by means of reaction with ethanol or methanol and is detached among the renewable sources of energy as a solution to increase the security in the energy suppliment and to minimize some decurrent environment problems from the use of fossie fuels. Thus, it?s necessary to evaluate the trends for the specifications of fuels, which properties of biodiesel converge or not of the required specifications, which are the disadvantages of the environment and performance engine and its possible solutions. The object of this work had been to study the technical and environment aspects related about its use in combustion engine.

O biodiesel pode ser obtido a partir de óleos vegetais, gorduras animais ou óleos residuais por meio de reação com etanol ou metanol e destaca-se entre as fontes renováveis de energia apontadas como solução para aumentar a segurança no suprimento de energia e minimizar alguns problemas ambientais decorrentes do uso de combustíveis derivados do petróleo.Torna-se necessário então, avaliar as propriedades dos diferentes tipos de biodiesel obtidos a partir de diferentes matérias-primas e processos que convergem ou divergem das especificações requeridas, quais são as desvantagens do ponto de vista ambiental e de desempenho do motor e suas possíveis soluções. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os aspectos técnicos e ambientais relacionados ao seu uso em motores de combustão. / The Biodiesel can be produced from vegetal oils, animal fats or residual oils by means of reaction with ethanol or methanol and is detached among the renewable sources of energy as a solution to increase the security in the energy suppliment and to minimize some decurrent environment problems from the use of fossie fuels. Thus, it?s necessary to evaluate the trends for the specifications of fuels, which properties of biodiesel converge or not of the required specifications, which are the disadvantages of the environment and performance engine and its possible solutions. The object of this work had been to study the technical and environment aspects related about its use in combustion engine.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Technology degree in Cost and Management Accounting, Department of Management Accounting, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Environmental degeneration, market pressures and stricter regulation and waste legislation has placed organizations under tremendous pressure to change their current processes and adopt cleaner production (CP) techniques and technologies. However, in countries like South Africa, CP implementation still remains low. In light of this problem, the government has made efforts to promote CP among industries by forming a support structure called the RECP (resource efficient cleaner production), as a strategy to encourage organizations to embrace this change and move away from the tradition end-of-pipe technologies towards CP technologies. This study is based on a case study of a paper manufacturing company in Kwadakuza, KwaZulu-Natal. The aim of this study was to use Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) to identify benefits of CP. Paper manufacturing consumes large amounts of natural resources and generates excessive wastes. Hence, the operational activities of paper mills have a negative environmental impact. However, the scope of this study was limited to the steam generation process and focused mainly on the efficiency of the current coal-fired boilers used in the boiler plant. The research methodology used in the study was both quantitative and qualitative involving triangulation. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and documentary review. The company uses old, obsolete boilers to generate steam. It had been discovered during a cleaner production assessment (CPA) of the process that the process uses large amounts of coal and generates excessive boiler ash (waste). This boiler ash also contains approximately 20 percent unburned coal present resulting in major losses to the company. Furthermore, the company has also experienced regular breakdowns during the year resulting in loss in production and high maintenance costs. Hence, it was concluded that the steam generation process was inefficient and that the boilers were not operating as per technological specification. However, management was unaware of the huge losses incurred due to raw material losses, more especially the coal used in the process. Environmental costs were also inaccurately calculated and thus underestimated. Hence, the ‘true environmental’ costs were not considered during strategic decision making. Over the last two decades, EMA has emerged as an important approach by organizations wanting to improve their environmental and economic performances. However, despite the many pilot projects conducted that demonstrated the positive impact that EMA has on an organization, EMA implementation remains slow and lagging in South Africa. EMA is an environmental management tool that traces environmental costs directly to the processes and products that are responsible for those costs, thereby highlighting problem areas that need to be prioritized when considering the adoption of CP. The literature review on the role and impact of implementing EMA and the benefits of adopting CP was presented to determine and outline views and findings of past researchers. Previous researchers identified that traditional costing systems did not adequately account for the actual environmental costs incurred by companies as much of these costs were hidden under overhead accounts. Hence, production costs were high, resulting in incorrect profit margins being set and ultimately impacting on company profitability. The main cause of this was that non-product output costs were added to production cost instead of being separately recorded as ‘non-product’ output. These costs are actually environmental costs as they represent waste. Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA), a tool of EMA, was considered as an appropriate method to implement to accurately calculate non-product output costs. MFCA made managers aware of the true magnitude of their losses and inefficiencies of current technology by increasing the transparency of non-product output costs (environmental costs). MFCA was further used to benchmark non-product output costs against technological standards and best available technological standards to highlight the economic and environmental benefits of adopting CP techniques and technologies. Based on the findings, one recommendation is that the company should consider restructuring their conventional costing system and adopt an EMA system instead. The use of an MFCA model had been suggested. This model was used by the Economy, Trade and Tourism industry in Japan to identify non-product output and improve efficiency of production processes. In addition, findings revealed that the company should implement CP techniques in the short-term to ensure that boilers are functioning according to technological specification. This will result in economic and environmental benefits for the company. However, greater savings potential is available in the long-term, by changing current technology and adopting state-of-the-art technologies. This would, however, require greater investment needs of the company to taken into consideration during strategic decision making.