Esta tese trata da presença das organizações ambientalistas da sociedade civil brasileira na perspectiva de construção da agenda ambiental durante o primeiro mandato do governo Lula (2003-2007). O questionamento central está em perceber como se estrutura a participação da sociedade civil no governo e qual a sua capacidade de influenciar as decisões políticas pertinentes ao tema do meio ambiente. Dessa forma, são analisados os espaços de interlocução entre Estado e sociedade civil, principalmente as duas primeiras Conferências Nacionais de Meio Ambiente, o CONAMA (Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente), as audiências públicas e as redes pessoais de relações, estas, permitindo aos ambientalistas das organizações da sociedade civil um acesso direto aos quadros governamentais. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa, por meio da análise de documentos, de informações contidas em material da imprensa e daquelas informações disponibilizadas pelas organizações e pelos quadros do governo. Contudo, a maior fonte de informações e análise consistiu em entrevistas realizadas com setores do Estado e da sociedade civil e com empresários. Dentre as conclusões alcançadas neste trabalho está, principalmente, a de que, apesar de a presença da sociedade civil ser constante no período referido do governo Lula, a sua participação com real potencial de influenciar a agenda ambiental ocorre mais pela própria rede estabelecida entre os quadros das organizações e do governo do que pelos mecanismos de participação e deliberação encontrados nos canais institucionais de participação. Além disso, essa potencial influência se restringe ao Ministério de Meio Ambiente e está limitada pela concretização dos interesses relacionados ao desenvolvimento econômico. Entretanto, apesar de a capacidade de participação e influência da sociedade civil estar limitada, alguns aspectos analisados sugerem uma complexificação dos processos participativos possibilitando uma abertura para a formação e o engajamento de novos públicos para a temática ambiental. / The present dissertation approaches the presence of Brazilian civil society environmental organizations in the constitution and implementation of an environmental agenda during the first mandate of Lula Administration (2003 – 2007). The central question is to analyze how civil society participation in the government is structured and what is its capacity to influence in the political decisions related to the environment theme. In this sense, this dissertation analyzes the spaces of dialog between State and civil society, mainly the two first Environment National Conferences, the CONAMA (Environment National Council), public conferences and personal nets which allowed environmentalists from civil society organizations a direct access to government staffs. In order to do so, the methodology employed was qualitative by means of analysis of data provided by documents, press material and information made available by organizations and government personnel. However, the major source of data was the interviews with representatives from some sectors of the State, civil society and entrepreneurs. Among the reached conclusions the most important is that, besides the fact that civil society participation is constant in that period of Lula Administration, its real capacity of influencing the environmental agenda is much more linked to the personal nets established between the organizations and government staffs than to participation and decision making mechanisms found in the institutional channels of participation. In addition, this potential influence was restricted to the Secretariat of Environment and submitted to the achievement of economical development interests. However, although the civil society capacity of participation and influence is restricted, some aspects analyzed suggest an increase in complexity of the participative processes that makes possible an opening up of constitution and engagement of new actors in the environmental theme.

The subject of my master thesis is the EU directive 2004/35 on environmental responsibility, prevention and damage redress, its implementation into the legal order of the Czech Republic and the potential impact of undue transposition of the directive. The first part of my thesis deals with the harmonization need in this area and with the directive itself. Following a brief introduction of the directive, I'm presenting an overview of its basic institutes and their legal form. I'm also making an effort at identifying possible shortcomings of the directive. The basic institutes of the directive include: key principles, the environmental damage itself, operational activity, responsibility mechanisms, financial safeguards and the administrative procedure to impose a preventive or a remedial provisions. The second part of my thesis deals with the theoretical aspects of appropriate implementation, such as the interpretation of the directive, a timely adoption of the transposition provisions, proper projection of the content of the directive, due form of the transposition provisions, the application of EU norms, the equivalence and effectiveness imperative and the internal Czech rules for the implementation of EU norms that have been laid down by the governmental provision Nr. 1304 (methodological directions). The...