Syftet har varit att undersöka om de Svenska miljömålen kan vara ett sätt att göra hållbar ut­veckling synlig för elever på byggprogrammet. Det har också varit att ta reda på vilka mervärden som kan skapas genom att hållbar utveckling synliggörs genom att miljömål integreras i under­visningen. Delmålen är verklighetsnära och direkt kopplade till byggbranschen, vilket kan med­föra ett ökat engagemang och vilja till att medverka till förändring. Resultatet visar att yrkeslärare, elever och platschefer på byggföretag inte hade kännedom om miljömålen. Svenska miljömål behöver integreras i karaktärsämnena på byggprogrammet för att politiskt fattade beslut om vad som krävs för att vi ska kunna nå hållbar utveckling förmedlas till de elever som skall ut i yrkeslivet, så att de kan komma ut med en hand­lingskompetens som kan leda till förändring. Nästan samtliga var överrens om att det skulle kunna ge mervärden att ha kunskap om hur de i sin vardag kan arbeta med hållbar utveckling. De tyckte att det var viktigt att arbeta med de frågorna och beskrev det i termen yrkesstolthet samt att det leder till välmående, vilket också stöds av litteraturen. / The aim has been to examine whether the Swedish environmental objectives may be a way to make sustainable development visible for students on the construction program. It has also been to determine the added value that can be created by making sustainable development visible by integrating environmental objectives into the teaching. Interim objectives are realistic and directly linked to the construction sector, which can lead to an increased commitment and desire to con­tribute to change. The result shows that vocational teachers, students, and site managers in construction compa­nies were not aware of the environmental objectives. Swedish environmental objectives need to be integrated into vocational school subjects of the construction programme so that political decisions in order to achieve sustainable development is communicated to the students, so that they can come out in working life with action skills which can lead to changes. Almost all interviewed felt that it could provide added value to have knowledge of how they in their everyday lives can work with sustainable development. They think it is important to work with the issues and that it results in prosperous in daily life, which also is supported by the literature and described it in terms of professional pride.

The west coast of Taiwan is densely populated with frequently activities for industrial and economic developments. The area is also the site with the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (CWD). Because the arising of ecosystem conservation, the government has attempted to promote the west coast as the marine protected areas (MPAs) for the CWD. Nevertheless, it is required to assess changes of environmental condition and marine environmental quality around the area before the establishment of marine protected areas to the site. If ineffective monitoring is implemented, then the establishment of marine protected areas will be no use. This study was initiated to assess the marine environmental condition by collecting and surveying the long term monitoring data that were published under the government reports and documents to assess the temporal and spatial trends of environmental factors. The data consists of rivers, trench, and marine water or sediments. The study areas covered Taichung County to Yunlin County. The methods for assessing the environmental quality included the use of geographic information system (GIS) for the biological distribution, regression analysis for the trend monitoring of chemical contaminants and physical environmental factors between 2001 ¡V 2010 year surveys. The overall environmental quality within the studied sites were further evaluated for the river pollution index (RPI) and the habitat suitability index (HSI). The survey results of 10 years river monitoring from Taichung to Yunlin showed that Hsin-Huu-Wei River belong to serious pollution with RPI 6.67 value. Yuanlin drainage, one of the six drainages of Chang Hua Coast Industrial Park, belongs to serious pollution with RPI 6.08 value. The RPI results of Six trenches around the Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park showed that Tien-Wei trench 2, Lun-Wei trench 1, and Ji-An trench belong to mid level of pollution (RPI 3.7~3.975). In the marine water survey, the results showed that the pH values were found lower at southern-ward monitoring station nearby the Formosa Petrochemical Corporation No. 6 Naphtha Cracking Industry site. The nitrogen-NH3 concentrations were found high in Jhuo-Shuei River and No. 6 Naphtha Cracking industry. The concentration of Chlorophyll-a was high in Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park. In the survey of sediment, Hsin-Huu-Wei River arsenic concentration (As) was over the EPA guidelines, but the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn were within the level of required limits. In the biological survey, the results showed that abundance and species were not evenly distributed with non-comprehensive trends related to the environmental condition or changes. These indicated that biological monitoring survey displayed less important than physical and chemical monitoring for the assessment of man-made pollution or environmental impact from the industrial activities. Overall the monitor sites of river, drainage and trench were differed without a consistent sampling scheme. The offshore sites were sampled greatly in distance, i.e. the farthermost point at four sea miles that had caused difficulties for the comparison of data results collected in different time. It is very uneasy to evaluate the pollution monitoring results. Thus, it is required to develop a long-term environmental quality monitoring plan for the assessment of water quality and sediment of river and marine water with appropriate / consistency sampling method, monitor time and site scheme. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is required to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine environment.

The west coast of Taiwan is enriched with biological resources. The areas are the economic development sites with highly industrialized activities and densely population. The government attempts to promote the sites for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPA) because of the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa Chinensis) which is the most important issues against the sustainable development of economy. Thus, the present study was initiated to assess the marine environmental quality (MEQ) in the west coast of Taiwan. The research consists of the integral monitoring assessments of rivers, estuaries and the marine areas. This work collected, reviewed and analyzed the environmental monitoring data from industrial environmental impact assessment reports and governmental documents for the evaluation of spatial and temporal trends of the west coast areas over the last ten year. The assessment is required to understand the possible interactive problems between the marine protected areas and the marine environmental quality prior to the establishment of MPA acts. The present work consists of the subsection of coastal areas ranging from Hsinchu Country to Taichung Harbour. Ten annual monitoring data including the water quality or sediments of rivers, estuaries, and marine were assessed for the spatial and temporal trends of physical, chemical and biological changes over the years. The approaches for assessing the sites included the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis method and linear regression of monitoring data. The levels of pollution were also evaluated by using the river pollution index (RPI). The effect of habitat suitability index (HSI) was also calculated. The results of river water quality assessment showed that the Ke-ya-si, Jhong-gang river, and Nan-gan river were seriously polluted with RPI¡Ö6. The river seiment contaminants (Cu¡BNi) were significantly increased in the Ke-ya-si and Jhong-gang river. The water quality of Taichung Port drainage showed serious pollution with low dissolved oxygen (DO), high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, and high counts of coli-forms. The Taichung Port drainage sediment contaminants (As¡BCu¡BHg¡BZn) had higher than the average of EPA guidelines. This could be resulting from the significant point source of industries pollutants discharged into the river. The significant amounts of waste water discharged into ocean could cause the impacts to the marine environment. The present study demonstrated the impacts to the river monitoring site although the ocean water quality monitoring contaminants were found without signicant changes in all time. This suggests that the ocean water quality monitoring sites were inconsistently sampled at 4 nm away from the coast which caused the dilution of contaminant concentrations and affecting the monitoring effectiveness. The sediment contaminants in Taichung Port monitoring site showed with the exception of appearing unusual change. The results also showed that there is lack of bio-monitoring program carried out in rivers, estuary, and marine that are imperatively needed to resolve the ineffective sampling protocol implemented in the current coastal environmental monitoring. This is owing to the non unified for authorization between the municipality and environmental bureau. The Canada Ocean Acts on assessing the water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine as a whole concept were compared with the present study. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is needed to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine management.

Active water management uses real-time information to continually respond and adjust to water management needs and situations. To support active water management, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) needs tools to access and understand data and to apply that understanding to operational decisions. The work described herein addresses two objectives in providing decision-support for the TCEQ: (1) methods for including environmental pulse flow regulations in water rights documents, and (2) improved ease of access to information needed for TCEQ watermaster operations, particularly in times of drought. A Pulse Scaling Method for calculating the trigger flow rate, volume, and duration of flow pulses, using known characteristics at a reference location A, that are appropriate at a target location B (with unknown characteristics) was developed from three key relationships found in the written environmental flow regulations for fifteen locations in the Trinity, San Jacinto, Sabine, and Neches basins. Applying the method and analyzing the results shows that the predictions are statistically consistent with original regulations. A Common Operating Picture is a layered web-map allowing simultaneous access to one or more spatially-related datasets that TCEQ watermaster staff need to consider in decision-making. By its very nature as a dynamic map with associated time series, the Common Operating Picture presents data as information in a way that can support water resource management and decision-making. The project is currently in the pilot stage, with a number of data sources included and an interface available, but with additional work planned and further testing needed before larger-scale implementation. / text

Idag står vi inför flera miljöproblem som exempelvis klimatpåverkan och förlust av biologisk mångfald. Vattenkraften är en förnybar energikälla som kan producera el med låga utsläpp av växthusgaser. Sverige har en lång tradition av att utnyttja vattnet som energikälla och har det senaste århundradet byggt ut en majoritet av de svenska vattendragen med vattenkraftverk. Idag står vattenkraften för nästan hälften av Sveriges elproduktion och bidrar till Sveriges låga utsläpp av växthusgaser. Samtidigt anses vattenkraften påverka den biologiska mångfalden och vattendragen negativt. Av ungefär 2100 kraftverk står de 200 största för över 90 % av elproduktionen. Det finns alltså ett stort antal småskaliga kraftverk som bidrar med en liten del elproduktion samtidigt som de riskerar att påverka vattendragen negativt. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft är försvarbar sett till dess miljöpåverkan. Studien använde en kvalitativ metod baserad på semi-strukturerade intervjuer med följande intressenter inom småskalig vattenkraft: Svensk Energi, Svensk Vattenkraftförening, Energimyndigheten, Havs- och Vattenmyndigheten, Naturskyddsföreningen, Sportfiskarna samt Älvräddarna. Resultaten visade att småskalig vattenkraft är en billig och etablerad energikälla, den kan bidra med kulturella värden, den är lokalt producerad och konsumerad som kan ge en ökad stabilitet till elnätet samt minska distributionsförluster. Nackdelarna visar att småskalig vattenkraft saknar några av de viktigaste funktionerna som storskalig vattenkraft kan bidra med: reglering av elnätet samt möjlighet att lagra vatten som kan användas vid behov. Vidare kan småskalig vattenkraft anses ha en stor negativ påverkan på vattendragen och den biologiska mångfalden. Potentialen för småskalig vattenkraft kan också anses vara lägre än för övrig förnybar energi samtidigt som utvecklingen går långsammare. Lagstiftning, tillstånd och elcertifikatsystemet har även identifierats som faktorer som inte hjälper situationen för miljön i vattendragen. Behoven av att producera förnybar el från småskalig vattenkraft kan anses vara lägre än behovet av att värna om vattendragen och den biologiska mångfalden för att nå Sveriges miljökvalitetsmål och EU:s vattendirektiv. Det finns utrymme för att minska elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft och ändå nå miljöpolitiska mål om förnybar energi och vattenmiljö. Slutsatsen är att elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft inte är försvarbar sett till dess miljöpåverkan och att man bör undersöka möjligheten att ta bort de allra minsta kraftverken med störst miljöpåverkan. Det har också framkommit att det saknas ordentliga styrmedel för att främja biologisk mångfald och vattenmiljöer samt att synen på småskalig vattenkraft som miljövänlig bör ifrågasättas. / Today we face many environmental problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Hydropower is a renewable energy source that can produce electricity with low greenhouse gas emissions. Sweden has a long tradition of using water as an energy source and has during the past century built hydropower in a majority of the Swedish rivers. Today, hydropower accounts for nearly half of Sweden's electricity production and contributes to Sweden's low greenhouse gas emissions. But hydropower also affects biodiversity and water bodies negatively. Of the approximately 2100 hydropower plants in Sweden, 200 accounts for over 90% of the electricity production. Thus there are a large number of small-scale hydropower plants that contribute to a small portion of the electricity while they are liable to affect streams negative. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether electricity from small-scale hydropower is justifiable in terms of its environmental impact. The study used a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews with the following stakeholders: Swedenergy, Swedish Hydropower Association, Swedish Energy Agency, Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, Swedish Anglers’ Association and River Savers Association Sweden. The results showed that small-scale hydropower is a cheap and established energy source, it can also contribute with cultural values, it is locally produced and consumed that can give greater stability to the electricity grid and reduce distribution losses. The disadvantages show that small-scale hydropower lacks some of the key features that large-scale hydropower can provide: the regulation of the electricity grid and the ability to store water that can be used if necessary. Furthermore, small-scale hydropower is considered to have a major negative impact on streams and biodiversity. The potential for small-scale hydropower could also be considered lower than for other renewable energy while developing more slowly. Legislation, permits and electricity certificate system has also been identified as factors that do not help the environmental situation in streams. The need to produce renewable electricity from small-scale hydropower can be considered lower than the need to protect streams and biodiversity to reach Swedish environmental quality objectives and the Water Framework Directive. There is scope for reducing electricity production from small-scale hydropower and still achieve environmental policy objectives on renewable energy and streams and biodiversity. The conclusion is that electricity production from small-scale hydropower cannot be justified in terms of its environmental impact and that there is a need to examine the possibility of removing the smallest hydropower plants with the greatest environmental impact. It is also stressed that there is a lack of proper incentives to promote biodiversity and aquatic environments and that the view of small-scale hydropower as environmentally friendly should be questioned.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-07T13:28:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA052.pdf: 2085548 bytes, checksum: e3351d2236cc09fa2f7cd11ad032a56f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-07T13:28:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA052.pdf: 2085548 bytes, checksum: e3351d2236cc09fa2f7cd11ad032a56f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-01 / FAPESC / The present study aimed to evaluate the hydric quality of the Ponte Grande River hydrographic basin in Lages-SC, through the identification of environmental impacts in the environmental protection areas and the evolution of the ways of land occupation between 1984 and 2013. For the determination of the water quality, samples were collected in 57 points of the basin: river sources, confluences and intermediate points. The evaluated parameters were: temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, salinity, turbidity, apparent color, total phenols, total suspended solids, nitrate, nitrite, total ammonia, total phosphorus, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the following heavy metals: copper, silver, cadmium, zinc, lead and total iron. The methodology utilized in the analyzes followed the orientations of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1999). The evaluation of land use was performed using the imagery of the satellites TM-Landsat 5 and 8 from the years of 1984, 1993, 2003 and 2013. Six classes of land use were identified: agriculture, water, urban area, field, native forest and reforested area. For 29 years, an increase of the “urban area” class was noticed, due to the reduction of the “field” class. Until 2003, the predominant class was “field”, with 44.84%. In 2013, the urban occupation reached 36.8% of the total area of the basin. In the PPAs, until 2003, “field” was predominant compared to the other uses, with 46.31% of the area. However, in 2013, “native forest” reached 50.83%, making “field” go to the second place with 23.78%. In 1984, 5.51% of the PPAs were not under the Law number 12651/2012 (Forest Code), without the preservation and maintenance of the forest or native covers. In 1993, this rate increased to 12.96%, and in 2003, it has obtained its highest value: 26.54%. In 2013, for the first time, it has dropped, reaching 25.56%. Regarding the water quality, from the 21 analyzed parameters, 12 showed values which are outside of the limits established by the CONAMA Resolution number 357/2005 for class II fresh waters. They were: DO (0.7 - 6.99 mg/L), pH (5.19 - 8.05), turbidity (1 - 289 turbidity units), color (0.5 - 327 color units), ammonia (0.04 - 8.94 mg/L), P (0 - 0.53 mg/L), phenol (0.005 - 0.037 mg/L), Cu (0.04 - 1.34 mg/L), Ag (0.008 - 0.242), Pb (0.05 - 0.36 mg/L), Cd (0.003 - 0.18 mg/L) and Fe (0.39 - 4.73 mg/L). It occurs due to the amount of domestic and industrial sewer, garbage disposal and the flow of agricultural waste that is being received by the hydrographic net. Total dissolved solids, salinity, total suspended solids, nitrate, nitrite and zinc attended the established standards for the referred class. Then, it can be concluded that the urbanization process is affecting not only the way of land use, but also the quality of the waters of the basin / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade hídrica na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ponte Grande em Lages-SC a partir da identificação dos impactos ambientais nas áreas de preservação ambiental, e da evolução nas formas de ocupação do solo entre 1984 a 2013. Para a determinação da qualidade da água, foram coletadas amostras em 57 pontos da bacia: nascentes, confluências e pontos intermediários. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade, pH, sólidos totais dissolvidos, salinidade, turbidez, cor aparente, fenóis totais, sólidos em suspensão, nitrato, nitrito, amônia total, fósforo total, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e os metais pesados: cobre, prata, cádmio, zinco, chumbo e ferro total. A metodologia utilizada nas análises seguiu as orientações do Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1999). A avaliação do uso do solo foi realizada utilizando-se imagens dos satélites TM-Landsat 5 e 8 dos anos de 1984, 1993, 2003 e 2013. Identificou-se seis classes de uso do solo: agricultura, água, área urbana, campo, mata nativa e reflorestamento. Ao longo dos 29 anos, constatou-se uma ascensão da classe área urbana, em detrimento da queda na classe campo. Até o ano de 2003 a classe predominante era o campo com 44,84%. Em 2013, a ocupação urbana atingiu 36,8% da área total da bacia. Nas APP’s até o ano de 2003 o campo foi predominante sobre os outros usos, com 46,31%; porém, em 2013, a mata nativa detinha 50,83%, deslocando a classe campo para o segundo lugar, com 23,78%. Em 1984, 5,51% das APP’s estavam em desacordo com a Lei nº 12.651/2012 (Código Florestal), sem a preservação e manutenção da cobertura florestal ou mata nativa. Em 1993 essa taxa subiu para 12,96%, e em 2003 obteve seu maior índice com 26,54%. Em 2013, pela primeira vez reduziu para 25,26%. Com relação à qualidade da água, dos 21 parâmetros analisados, 12 apresentaram valores fora dos limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005 para águas doces de classe II. Foram eles: OD (0,7 - 6,99 mg/L), pH (5,19 - 8,05), turbidez (1 - 289 NTU), cor (0,5 - 327 uC), amônia (0,04 - 8,94 mg/L), P (0 - 0,53 mg/L), fenol (0,005 - 0,037 mg/L), Cu (0,04 - 1,34 mg/L), Ag (0,008 - 0,242), Pb (0,05 - 0,36 mg/L), Cd (0,003 - 0,18 mg/L) e Fe (0,39 - 4,73 mg/L). Isso ocorre devido ao despejo de esgotos domésticos e industriais, deposição de lixo e escoamento de resíduos agrícolas que a rede hidrográfica vem recebendo. As variáveis: sólidos totais dissolvidos, salinidade, sólidos em suspensão, nitrato, nitrito e zinco atenderam aos padrões estabelecidos para a referida classe. Conclui-se então, que o processo de urbanização está impactando não somente a forma de ocupação do solo, mas também a qualidade das águas da bacia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Sandra Elisa Contri Pitton / Banca: Lucy Marion Calderini Philadelpho Machado / Banca: José Bueno Conti / Resumo: O crescimento urbano-industrial no Brasil, gerou contradições no espaço intra-urbano posto que as cidades apresentam em suas áreas periféricas habitações precárias, ambientes mal-concebidos e com saneamento inadequado e/ou ineficiente, atestando contra o conforto e saúde das pessoas, fato que propicia uma baixa qualidade ambiental e de vida. As doenças, principalmente as infecto-contagiosas, atualmente, se configuram em um excelente parâmetro para a investigação da qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana. As doenças transmissíveis, apesar de serem amplamente conhecidas, controladas e prevenidas, ainda causam altos índices de morbidade e de mortalidade e retratam a pobreza social, tecnológica e econômica, bem como o descaso político. A dengue, uma doença transmissível, reapareceu no espaço urbano devido a vários fatores sócio-ambientais, destaca-se: a falta de saneamento, o baixo nível educacional, fatores comportamentais, econômicos, culturais e falta de políticas públicas. No que diz respeito aos fatores ambientais destaca-se o clima, pois as temperaturas elevadas e as precipitações abundantes favorecem o desenvolvimento de vetores que, conseqüentemente, elevam o risco de doenças infecciosas. Desse modo, a presente investigação de mestrado buscou analisar as relações existentes entre o (re)aparecimento da Dengue e alterações socioambientais que ocorreram no espaço urbano de Piracicaba-SP, visando contribuir com as políticas públicas locais. Embasada na perspectiva da Geografia Socioambiental, a pesquisa utilizou-se de métodos e técnicas variadas, adotando uma postura pragmática. Assim, através da cartografia temática e da confecção de gráficos e tabelas, analisou-se a ocorrência espacial intra urbana da Dengue, que mostrou que a moléstia possui relações com o ritmo climático e com as variáveis sociais estudadas, principalmente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The urban industrial growth in Brazil, caused contradictions into urban areas, its because the cities showing in this poor areas precarious residences, uncertain environmental with inadequate and insufficient sanitation, acting against well-being and health of their residents, offering to their a low quality of environmental and low quality of life. The contagious illness, at moment, were a good parameters to investigate the quality of environmental and the quality of urban life. The transmissible illness, although been known, and could be prevented, it stills causing high taxes of morbidity and mortality and retreating the social and technological poor and political negligence. The Dengue Fever, a transmissible illness, come back (again) into the urban space in association with some factors like the no education of the people, no adequate sanitation and no political investments. The climate is a environmental factor that have association with the Dengue fever mainly the high temperatures and abundance rain whom that helped the vector cycle. In this way, the present paper analyzed the relationships between the occurrence of Dengue Fever and the environmental and social modifications in the urban space of Piracicaba-SP, and this work looking for helping the public sector. Using the Socioambiental perspective of Geography, this investigate adopt various techniques and methods. This paper analyzed the occurrence of Dengue Fever into the urban area using maps, graphics and tables, who shows that the illness has association with the climatic rhythm and with the density of houses and people. A final map was elaborated and it shows the urban areas were more affect about the Dengue Fever. This map shows the areas of risk to Dengue Fever. / Mestre

Submitted by Afonso Peche Filho (afonsopeche@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T20:08:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese afonso final.pdf: 4978260 bytes, checksum: 84862d61e159e422ffd012fcbd059f87 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Bacalgini null (bruna@sorocaba.unesp.br) on 2018-07-04T16:43:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pechefilho_a_dr_soro.pdf: 4978260 bytes, checksum: 84862d61e159e422ffd012fcbd059f87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-04T16:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pechefilho_a_dr_soro.pdf: 4978260 bytes, checksum: 84862d61e159e422ffd012fcbd059f87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / As questões ambientais que envolvem os efeitos do manejo e da degradação do solo necessitam de forma acelerada de pesquisa e muita extensão. Novos saberes e conhecimentos têm alcançado parte da comunidade acadêmica, mas ainda está aquém das necessidades para técnicos e leigos envolvidos em trazer soluções para problemas da ocupação, uso e degradação das terras. O manejo e recuperação ambiental de áreas degradadas são complexos e requerem diferentes tecnologias para o diagnóstico e avaliação. O uso de indicadores como diâmetro médio geométrico e distribuição percentual de agregado são parâmetros de uso consolidados, mas trazem limitações para questões complexas como o diagnostico do estado e condição de agregação do solo. A agregação do solo vem sendo estudada desde o inicio do século passado, mas são poucos os avanços conseguidos em popularizar a analise de agregação do solo agrícola como uma ferramenta laboratorial e prática. Além de que, falta conhecimento para popularizar a condição de agregação como informação de uso corrente. O uso de imagens obtidas e processadas em alta resolução permite sua aplicação em diferentes ramos da ciência, podendo ser aplicada nos estudos relacionados com o processo de agregação permitindo viabilizar o mais conhecimento ao processo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma proposta metodológica para determinar a condição da qualidade de agregação, com base na tipificação de agregados e nos efeitos da variabilidade de composição em amostras de solo agrícola. Foram utilizados parâmetros relacionados com a forma, superfície e biogênese de agregados como indicadores de variabilidade da agregação do solo em duas amostras de latossolo vermelho de textura média, sendo que uma delas é referente a uma parcela de solo que recebeu um produto fertilizante/agregante Microgeo® e outra parcela sem ter recebido o produto. A obtenção dos agregados foi através do processo de peneiramento via seca utilizando cinco peneiras de diferentes calibres. A análise de agregados foi realizada em laboratório a partir de uma sub-amostra contendo 100 agregados oriundos de cada peneira específica, totalizando 500 agregados por amostras individuais de solo, perfazendo um total de 1000 agregados avaliados. A partir da obtenção de 1000 imagens fotográficas, com auxílio de um programa de processamento de imagens, obtêm-se um banco de dados referentes aos parâmetros morfométricos. Através do uso de tecnologia Fuzzy obteve-se um banco de dados numéricos referente à tipificação com base na análise visual da forma, superfície e biogênese dos agregados. Para cada conjunto de dados foi elaborado uma representação gráfica da variabilidade e seu respectivo quadro analítico descritivo. Com auxílio de medidas separatrizes do tipo quintis os dados foram classificados de acordo com a tipologia de ocorrência. Foram utilizados como parâmetros morfométricos o “diâmetro de Feret”, e como parâmetro de tipificação rugosidade de superfície e a “saída Fuzzy de tipificação” (os valores de integração com uso da tecnologia Fuzzy) o qual denominamos “Indicie Fuzzy de Tipificação”. Os resultados permitem afirmar que o trabalho atendeu os objetivos proposto de oferecer para sociedade uma “metodologia para qualificar a agregação em amostras de solos agrícolas”. Os resultados permitem aceitar as hipóteses formuladas e concluir que o estudo sobre efeitos da variabilidade permite quantificar, diagnosticar e qualificar o estado de agregação de amostras de solo. / Environmental issues involving the soil management effects and degradation are increasing and need to be extensively researched to be managed. New knowledge about solutions has been produced by academic research, but is still insufficient to solve the problems faced by technicians and other people involved to the field land use planning and degradation problems. Furthermore, the management of soil quality and land reclamation is complex, requiring different technologies for diagnosis and evaluation. The use of indicators, such as geometric mean diameter and percentage distribution of aggregate size, represents classical approaches, but both have limitations in treating the complexity of soil aggregation process. The soil aggregation has been studied since the beginning of the last century, but few advances have been made to popularize it to analyze agricultural soil quality. There are several difficulties to develop laboratory routines and practical tool to evaluate it. The use and processing of high resolution images have been widely applied in several fields of science and represents an interesting solution to study soil aggregation. To fill the existing gap, this works presents a methodological proposal to assess the quality of soil aggregation, by a classification of soil aggregates in terms of composition and variability. Agricultural soil aggregates were analyzed by three attributes: shape, surface and biogenesis. These parameters were used as indicators of soil aggregation quality, and the variability on each parameter was evaluates for two samples of medium texture red latosol, one of them referring to a plot of soil that received a fertilizer/aggregate product Microgeo® and another without receiving it. The aggregates were passed through the dry sieving process using five different sizes. The laboratorial analysis was performed by subsampling 100 aggregates from each sieve, totaling 500 aggregates per soil samples, and making a total of 1000 aggregates. Each soil aggregate was photographed, totalling1000 pictures, later processed on ImageJ. All results were organized in a database, containing information about the morphometric parameters of all soil aggregates. Fuzzy Logic was employed to transform the aggregate type into numeric values, using the visual analysis of the shape, surface and biogenesis. For each data set, a graphical representation of the variability and its descriptive statistics were calculated, producing an analytical framework. Statistical measures were used to classify the samples according to occurrence of aggregate type. To classify the samples and two sets of indexes were developed. The first one was based on the "Feret diameter", used as morphometric indicator, and the second one based on the "Fuzzy typing output", index produced by the integration of the values of shape, surface and biogenesis by a Fuzzy Inference System, which we call "Fuzzy index of typing". These results allowed affirming that the work fulfill the proposed objectives, offering to society a "methodology to qualify the aggregation quality in samples of agricultural soils". The results also allowed us to accept the formulated hypotheses and conclude that the study of variability can be used to quantify, diagnose and qualify the state of aggregation of soil samples.

Indicadores de qualidade ambiental tem o objetivo de medir as variações de qualidade atribuídas pelas atividades humanas sobre os ecossistemas ambientais. Muitos desses indicadores resultam da composição de variáveis distintas voltadas para objetivos específicos diversos. Definir quais são as variáveis mais importantes dentro de um processo de avaliação ambiental é, sem dúvida, um dos maiores desafios dos responsáveis por esse tipo de estudo. Dentro do processo produtivo, é muito comum que se construa um banco de dados com informações de monitoramento da qualidade ambiental, composto de informações que não se integram de modo simplificado, indicando ações de ajustes ou mitigação de possíveis impactos sobre a qualidade do compartimento ambiental estudado. Quando se trata da avaliação da qualidade das águas é incomparável o volume de informações que geralmente se processa para viabilizar a medição da qualidade. Comumente se utilizam medições quantitativas e qualitativas de parâmetros físico-químicos, biológicos e hidrobiológicos, associados a efeitos antrópicos, geológicos, geomorfológicos, conectados entre si, ou dispersos em medições individuais. Diante do desafio de definir um modo de avaliação específico para a qualidade das águas na área de influência direta de uma mina a céu aberto, o presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia que possa indicar quais roteiros devem ser seguidos para que uma avaliação ambiental da qualidade das águas garanta que as variáveis escolhidas sejam medidas e classificadas ao longo das diferentes fases operacionais de uma mina céu aberto, iniciando no planejamento, se estendendo durante as fases de implantação, operação e descomissionamento. É essencial que as diretrizes estabelecidas sejam prontamente utilizadas pelos gestores operacionais de modo que mudanças de procedimentos operacionais possam ser realizadas em função do objetivo principal da manutenção da qualidade ambiental. A proposta metodológica foi aplicada em um projeto de mineração a céu aberto, Mina de N5Sul no Complexo Minerador de Carajás, no estado do Pará, Brasil, sendo possível efetuar medições ambientais para uma mesma rede de monitoramento da qualidade das águas em três fases distintas: planejamento, instalação e operação, onde os resultados iniciais demonstraram que mudanças nos procedimentos operacionais foram aplicados com sucesso para a manutenção da qualidade das águas no entorno da mina. Além disso, é de fundamental importância que a rede de medições seja mantida até a fase de descomissionamento, pois com a composição do banco de dados de informações será possível avaliar de forma efetiva os impactos da operação de uma mina sobre a qualidade das águas do entorno ao longo do tempo de sua vida útil. / Environmental quality indicators are intended to measure quality changes attributed by human activities on environmental ecosystems. Many of these indicators results from the composition of different variables have focused on several specific objectives. Defining which are the most important variables within an environmental assessment process is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges for those responsible for this type of study. Inside of the production process, it is very common to build a database with environmental quality monitoring information consists of information that are not integrated in a simplified manner, indicating needs of adjustments or mitigation of potential impacts on the quality of environmental compartment studied. When it comes to the assessment of water quality, is unparalleled the amount of information that usually is processed to enable the measurement quality. Commonly are used quantitative and qualitative measurements of physical and chemical parameters, biological and hydro-biological associated with anthropogenic effects, geological, geomorphological, connected with each other, or dispersed in individual measurements. Faced to the challenge of defining a specific evaluation mode for the water quality in the area of direct influence of an open pit mine, this paper proposes a methodology that can indicate which routes should be followed for an environmental assessment of water quality to ensure that the chosen variables are measured and classified throughout the different operational phases of an open pit mine, starting in the planning, extending during the deployment phase, operation and decommissioning. It is essential that the guidelines established can be readily used by operational managers, so that changes in operational procedures to occur based on the primary objective of maintaining environmental quality. The methodology was applied in a mining project in the open, N5Sul mine in Complex Miner Carajás, in the state of Pará, Brazil, where it was possible to make environmental measurements for the same quality monitoring network of water in three distinct phases : planning, installation and operation, where initial results showed that changes in operational procedures have been successfully applied to the maintenance of water quality in the vicinity of the mine. Besides, it is very important that the network is maintained until the decommissioning phase, as to the composition of bank information will be possible to assess effectively the impact of a mine operation on the quality of the surrounding water over time of its life.