[pt] Após instrumentação do canal radicular, uma camada de material orgânico/inorgânico é formada sobre a dentina. Não existe um consenso sobre o método ideal para a remoção deste smear layer e exposição dos túbulos dentinários, necessários à adaptação da obturação ao canal radicular. Geralmente, soluções quelantes são utilizadas com essa finalidade, mas a substância e o tempo ideais permanecem desconhecidos. Nesse estudo, foi analisado o poder quelante de EDTA, EDTAC e ácido cítrico (AC) 1%, 5% e 10% sobre dentina radicular. Através de microscopia óptica co-localizada foram capturadas imagens de vários campos de cada amostra, em 5 diferentes tempos de ataque ácido (15 a 300 s). Uma seqüência de processamento e análise de imagens foi utilizada para medir dezenas de imagens, obtendo dados relativos à fração de área ocupada e de tamanho de milhares de túbulos ao longo do tempo. Assim, foi possível acompanhar a evolução do processo e quantificar o efeito das substâncias. As soluções de AC apresentaram maior poder quelante. EDTA e AC 1% apresentaram efeitos similares após 300 s. O EDTAC teve o menor efeito. Experimentos análogos com microscopia eletrônica de varredura ambiental forneceram resultados similares, com maior informação sobre a rugosidade da superfície dentinária. AC 10% causou erosão severa após 60 s. / [en] Instrumentation methods currently used in endodontic therapy create a residual layer composed of organic and inorganic material. There is no universal consensus regarding the ideal method for removing this smear layer and exposing the dentinary tubules, necessary for the adaptation of root canal filling. In general, chelating solutions are used but the ideal solution and application time remain unknown. In the present study the chelating power of EDTA, EDTAC and 1, 5 and 10% citric acid (CA) on radicular dentine was analyzed. Co-site digital optical microscopy was used to capture images of several fields of each sample after acid etching for 5 experimental times (15-300 s). An image processing and analysis sequence measured tens of images, providing data of area fraction and size for thousands of tubules over time. Thus, it was possible to follow the phenomenon and quantitatively analyze the effect of the various substances. The CA solutions showed the greatest chelating power. EDTA and CA 1% showed similar effect after 300 s. EDTAC was the least effective. Equivalent experiments employing Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy provided similar results, complemented by a better view of dentine surface roughness. CA 10% caused severe erosion of the surface

Change and the management thereof has become an integral part of management. To survive and prosper in the future, organisations have to understand the internal and external forces of the constantly changing world in which they operate. One example of the implications of change is the role of the communication practitioner that evolved from that of a technician to a strategist during recent decades. The communication practitioner has to realise that research is an effective tool to prove the value of the communication function. This study explores the use of environmental scanning as a strategic tool for an organisation to obtain a competitive edge. Knowledge management and the measurement of relationships in communication are closely related to environmental scanning. Environmental scanning is a process by which an organisation learns about events and trends in the internal and external environment. It helps establishes relationships between these trends and considers the main implications for problem identification and decision making. Any scientific research should be done against a theoretical framework. The systems theory and the information gap theory provide the theoretical framework for this study. Empirical research was conducted amongst the principals, marketing directors; information technology directors and scenario planners of all universities, technikons and registered private universities in South Africa. A total response rate of 58.7% was realised. A major finding was that, although most universities and technikons conduct environmental scanning and rate it as very important, there is no formalised, strategically aligned effort to integrate the findings with the strategic direction of the institution. The impact of environmental scanning on the respondents’ institutions is rated as significant to very significant. A revised model of environmental scanning was subsequently proposed. This model can also serve as a basis for future research and development. In spite of the different ways in which environmental scanning is conducted and applied, it has potential as a strategic tool - specifically to improve the role and contribution of the communication practitioner in the realisation of organisational goals. / Dissertation (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Communication Management / DPhil / Unrestricted

A pesquisa realizada teve por objetivo identificar como os principais executivos dos hospitais de Caxias do Sul compreendem o conceito de Inteligência Competitiva (IC) e de que forma vislumbram a utilidade de sua aplicação no segmento hospitalar; além disso, a pesquisa teve o intuito de determinar como os hospitais estudados se preocupam em avaliar o ambiente de negócios e de que forma esta preocupação se concretiza em coleta e análise de informações para a tomada de decisão, com vistas a verificar se podem ser encontradas práticas de IC, mesmo que intuitivas, nos locais pesquisados. Para tanto, partiu-se da definição de IC e de alguns termos relacionados, como monitoramento ambiental e vigília. A pesquisa teve caráter qualitativo exploratório, baseando-se na aplicação de entrevistas individuais em profundidade com os principais executivos de seis dos sete hospitais da cidade. As entrevistas foram analisadas por meio da técnica da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre os hospitais cujo maior financiador é o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e aqueles que dependem prioritariamente das operadoras de planos de saúde, especialmente no que tange ao interesse pelo ambiente de negócios, presente fundamentalmente no segundo grupo. Como fontes para a coleta de informações do ambiente de negócios, os entrevistados destacaram órgãos regulamentadores, classe médica, outras instituições, normas de certificação, clientes e meio acadêmico. Como técnicas de coleta das informações foram mencionadas as visitas, a participação em congressos e cursos e o uso do benchmarking. Mesmo com a utilização intuitiva de alguns dos princípios de IC, a aplicação de seus conceitos e a conquista de seus benefícios foi percebida como incipiente no contexto analisado. Em um cenário caracterizado por grandes preocupações com custos e dificuldades para definir preços que contemplem as necessidades hospitalares, pensa-se que a IC tornar-se-ia grande aliada da gestão ao disponibilizar as informações mais relevantes sobre o ambiente, possibilitando melhor percepção das ações dos movimentos do mercado para a tomada de decisão e a inovação. / This study aimed to identify how the CEOs of the hospitals of Caxias do Sul, Brazil, understand the concept of Competitive Intelligence (CI) and how they perceive its utility in the hospital segment. In addition, the study focused on determining how concerned these hospitals are about evaluating business environment and how they collect and analyze information for decision-making, and determining whether CI-related activities, even intuitive ones, can be found on these companies. Methodology to achieve proposed goals has been based on qualitative research, exploratory type, with the application of in-depth interviews with the CEOs of six out of seven local hospitals. The contents proceeding from the interviews have been undergone to a content analysis. Results showed differences between the hospitals whose major funder is the Brazilian Public Health System SUS and those that depend heavily on health care operators, especially in regard to interest in the business environment, mainly perceived in this second group. As sources for collecting information of the external environment, respondents highlighted regulators, physicians, other institutions, certification standards, customers and academia. As techniques for collecting information were mentioned visits, participation in conferences and courses and the use of benchmarking. Even with the intuitive use of some of the principles of CI, the application of its concepts and benefits was considered incipient in the context examined. Anyway, in a scenario where hospitals have strong concerns about controlling costs and difficulty to set prices that address their needs, it can be assumed that CI can become a significant ally of management, enabling better understanding of the actions of competitors and the market moves to the decision-making and innovation.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with the basic principles of the scanning electron microscope and the environmental scanning electron microscope. A description of the signals generated by an electrons incidence onto a specimen and detection options of these signals in the mentioned microscopes is included in the work. The experimental part of the work concerns an examination of a quality of several joints soldered by different methods on the printed circuit boards after different stresses by use of a visual check and the instruments of the light microscope and the environmental scanning electron microscope. The acquired data are evaluated and summarized.

This diploma thesis deals with electron microscopy. Examined equipment is environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), namely scintillation a detector of the microscope. There is solved the influence of the profile of holes in diaphragms to the resulting pressure and gas flow on the path of secondary electrons at the detector. Introductory part of thesis informs about microscopy in general, with concentration on electron microscopy; especially on scanning microscope, because research is taken just on the environmental scanning electron microscope. Another part informs about both general principles of dynamics of gases and with finite volume method. Another part deals with concrete used software and with setting of individual parameters for calculation. At the beginning of calculation are used five basic profiles of holes in diaphragms for pressure 1000 Pa in the chamber of the sample. For modelling individual shapes is used 3D parametric modeller SolidWorks. Analysis of circulation of secondary electrons through detector is made by using Cosmos FloWorks module. The most suitable type of diaphragms is chosen from measured models. Another part of diploma thesis deals with measuring of chosen types of diaphragms for more pressures in the chamber of the sample; the pressure is 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 Pa. The outcomes of this research are both models of pressure and speed of circulation inside the detector and graphically processed values by using different diaphragms, respectively one type of a diaphragm in different pressures. Production drawings of each diaphragm, together with calculated models, are enclosed.

This thesis is focused on the environmental scanning electron microscopes including a description of the basic physical mechanisms. It describes the design and realization of the electrode ionization detector system suitable for the detection of signal electrons with a greater proportion of secondary electrons. It also deals with simulations of trajectories of electrons in the electrostatic field of the detector, and with verification of the functionality of the detector in the environment of water vapors in the specimen chamber of the electron microscope.

This master´s thesis discusses the analysis of the shape of the intake ports of differentially pumped chamber for the current concept. The first part is an introduction to the microscopy issue, then it is focused on ESEM microscopes and it also includes a describtion of the Flow dynamics and a mathematical describtion. In the following chapters the software Solid Works, where the model of differentially pumped chamber is created, and the software Ansys Fluent, which is used for analysis, are described. The second part concerns the proposed concepts and the results of their simulations. At the end of the work the results are analyzed and evaluated.

This thesis deals with the simulation of fluid dynamics in environmental scanning electron microscope and evaluate solvers setup, the degree of discretization, choice of turbulent model and proposal optimal design of environmental scanning electron microscope. The theoretical part describes the issue of environmental scanning electron microscopy, software SolidWorks and ANSYS Fluent, basic equations describing fluid status, fluid turbulence, the mean free path of molecules and electron scattering. The practical part of the thesis is to create the model of environmental scanning electron microscope AQUASEM II in CAD system SolidWorks and simulation of fluid flow in the sample chamber before aperture PLA1 by ANSYS Fluent. A series of simulations provided the perfect setting solver. These knowledge are used in the second stage of the practical part, where is proposed optimal shape of the table sample and the input aperture PLA1.

Three major external events (Brexit, Covid-19 and the present war in Ukraine) have in the last two years shaken the global market which has resulted in disturbances within the production- and transport chains, raised prices and bottleneck effects in the supply chain. The businesses and organizations have since before these crises had a raised interest for scenario planning in order to control future chaos and uncertainties. To beable to control both certainties and uncertainties, has shown to result in business becoming market leaders when crisis hits. Based on these principles the study intends to explain, through three semi structured interviews, how three Swedish exporting businesses and importers (Astrazeneca, SCA and Billerud Korsnäs) manage external events. Based on empirical data the study intends to answer its issue: How are major changesin the business environment handled by import- and export companiesoperating in the transport of forest goods and chemical goods? Subsequently, the empirical data collected from the respondents has been analyzed and set against existing, relevant theoretical points of the study. One conclusion the thesis states from the study is that proactive scenario planning based on external signals creates conditions for organizations' strategic renewal in the import and export market. The thesis also states that experience from previous external events contribute knowledge to organizations' scenario planning and management of future external events. The ability to handle external signals in order to control operations moreproactively can vary between companies, which this study does not handle. However, the study states that it would have been of interest for future research. / Inom de senaste två åren har tre större omvärldshändelser (Brexit, Covid-19 och nutida kriget i Ukraina) skakat om den globala marknaden, vilket har resulterat i störningar i produktions- och transportkedjorna, förhöjda priser och trång sektioner. Scenarioplanering har sedan innan dessa kriser fått ett ökat intresse hos företagen i förebyggande syfte att hantera kaos och osäkerheter. Konsten att hantera osäkerheter i både det förutsedda och oförutsedda, samt vara mottaglig för förändringar, kan resultera i att företagligger i framkant på marknaden när kriser uppstår. Utifrån dessa utgångspunkter ämnar denna studie förklara hur tre svenska export- och importföretag (AstraZeneca, SCA och Billerud Korsnäs) hanterar omvärldshändelser. Genom totalt tre semistrukturerade intervjuer av de tre respondenterna ämnar studien besvara frågeställningen: Hur hanterasstörre omvärldsförändringar av tre svenska import- och exportföretag inomtransport av skogsvaror och kemivaror? Sedermera har den insamlade empirin från respondenterna analyserat och ställts mot befintliga, relevanta teoretiska utgångspunkter. En slutsatsuppsatsen tar från studien är att en proaktiv scenarioplanering baserad på omvärldssignaler skapar förutsättningar för organisationers strategiska förnyelse inom import- och exportmarknaden. Men även att erfarenheter från tidigare omvärldshändelser bidrar med kunskap till organisationers scenarioplanering och hantering av framtida omvärldshändelser. Företagens förmåga att hantera omvärldssignaler i syfte att styra verksamheten mer proaktivt kan variera mellan företag, vilket denna studie inte hanterar. Däremot framför studien att det hade varit ett intressant utgångsläge inför framtida forskning.

Unconventional gas reservoirs in carbon dioxide sequestration activities is a relatively new and unexplored concept currently undergoing pilot scale testing. Sequestration has the potential for enhancing gas recovery while mitigating carbon dioxide to long term storage structures. Due to the extremely complex systems associated with these unconventional reservoirs, modeling becomes difficult to predict accurately. This thesis presents methods to increase the confidence of inferred parameter testing for unconventional reservoir sequestration in both seam coal bed methane wells and a shale wells. Various tests include the use of computed tomography coupled with Avizo modeling software, inductively coupled mass spectrometer fluid transport analysis, pressure transient build tests, liquid level detection, and desorption analysis coupled with cleat image analysis. Analyses of coals performed by both environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and micro CT demonstrate that distributions of cleat porosity in coals are anisotropic and not correlated to the seam depth or location. ESEM is used with micro CT scanning to verify the results before and after the impregnation of the carbonic acid. The micro CT data in Avizo Fire© was used calculate an increase in cleat permeability by 25%. The increase of major flow pathways is caused by the dissolution of carbonates. Changes in the structures were observed qualitatively through ESEM and micro CT and quantitatively through Avizo and inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The results of comparative study between the cleat structures and the desorption of various seams indicate a trend in the cleat porosity and the desorption rate of the coals as well as the cleat porosity and the total gas in various seams. / Master of Science