Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Det är allt färre barn och ungdomar idag som når upp till den rekommenderade mängden fysisk aktivitet. Antalet barn som promenerar eller cyklar till skolan har drastiskt sjunkit de senaste årtiondena. Därför är det viktigt att undersöka hur elever upplever aktiva skoltransporter. Syftet med studien var att undersöka elevers upplevelser av att delta i en empowermentinspirerad studie för att främja aktiva skoltransporter under vintern. Genom en kvalitativ metod genomfördes fyra fokusgrupper där upplevelsen av aktiva skoltransporter under vintern diskuterades med photovoice som metod. Resultatet analyserades genom en latent innehållsanalys. Studien var en del av ett treårigt forskningsprojekt som pågår i norra Sverige kring aktiva skoltransporter där flertalet skolor medverkar. I detta projekt medverkade två klasser från årskurs 6. Resultatet visar att barns upplevelse av aktiva skoltransporter på vintern inte är särskilt annorlunda än vad de är på sommaren om förutsättningarna med bra däck och plogade vägar fungerar. Barnen upplevde att de känt sig piggare, har haft bättre koncentration i skolan samt en ökad gemenskap under projektet. Av resultatet bildades tre underteman; “yttre faktorer påverkar barnens sätt att ta sig till skolan”, “delaktighet och gemenskap genom processen är viktig”, “aktiva skoltransporter innebär många fördelar” som sedan bildade ett huvudtema; “omgivning, samhörighet och upplevda fördelar avgör elevers uppfattning av aktiva skoltransporter”. / There are fewer children and adolescents today who reach the recommended amount of physical activity. The number of children walking or cycling to school has drastically fallen in recent decades. Therefore, it is important to investigate how students experience active school transport. The aim of the study was to investigate students experiences of participating in an empowerment-inspired study to promote active school transport during the winter. Through a qualitative method, four focus groups were conducted, where the experience of active school transport during the winter was discussed with photovoice as a method. The result was analyzed by a latent content analysis. The study was part of a three-year research project in northern Sweden about active school transport where several schools participate. In this project, two classes participated from grade 6. The results show that children's experiences of active school transport in winter are not very different from what they are in the summer if the conditions of good tires and plowed roads exist. The children expressed that they felt more alert, had better concentration in school and a sense of community during the project. From the result, three sub themes were formed; “external factors affect children's ways of getting to school”, “participation and sense of community throughout the process are important”, “active school transport has many advantages” that then formed a main theme; “surroundings, togetherness and perceived benefits determine pupils' perception of active school transport”.

Background: Due to the effective antiretrovirals are people living with HIV expected live up to 70 years of age. Approximately half of the people living with HIV in Sweden are above 50 years old and estimated to become enrolled into the Swedish elderly care system. Concern about the Swedish elderly care preparedness for greeting people living with HIV is growing, based on previous experiences of stigma in the general society, many are feeling anxious that they will become victims of stigmatization and discrimination in the Swedish elderly care system.   Method: A collective case study was conducted of three nursing homes with different organizational background in Nacka municipality, Stockholm. Interviews with superintendents from each nursing home was performed and 95 health care workers at the nursing homes completed a questionnaire. Collected data was entered to Excel for descriptive analysis and all statistical analysis was performed in R: The R project for statistical computing. Pearson´s Chi-squared test was used to analyze categorial data, e.g., to find potential statistical significance between the variables and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine if the variables fluctuate together. Result: The general knowledge about HIV was not more than average among the participating health care workers and many stated concern towards HIV, which might impact on their attitudes and their practical performance when attending a person living with HIV. One of the nursing homes had experience of attending a person living with HIV and showed less feelings of concern compared to the other participating nursing homes. This support the idea that experience of attending a person living with HIV minimizes feelings of concern and negative attitudes to HIV. Like previous studies, this study highlights the relationship between higher degree of education and less negative attitudes towards HIV. However, none of the mentioned results showed a statistically significance outcome possibly due to the small sample size. To reduce risk of HIV stigma and feelings of concern among health care workers must HIV be discussed and prioritized in the Swedish elderly care system, as well as in municipalities.

Ensamhet bland äldre är ett aktuellt ämne då medellivslängden i Sverige ökar drastiskt och med det uppstår vissa utmaningar. Hälsan bland äldre är i flera avseenden sämre än bland yngre. Ensamheten bland äldre är ett folkhälsoproblem då tidigare studier visar att ensamheten ökar med åldern samt att det finns en trend som visar att ensamheten bland äldre kommer att öka med åren. Utifrån de hälsoutmaningar som finns i den åldrande befolkningen är förhoppningen att denna studie ska bidra till kunskap gällande sambandet mellan ensamhet och ohälsa bland äldre. Syftet med studien är att undersöka prevalensen av ensamhet bland äldre, det vill säga 70 år och äldre, samt undersöka sambandet mellan ensamhet och hälsoutfall i form av psykiska- och fysiska besvär, riskkonsumtion av alkohol samt rökning. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie och använder data från Region Västmanlands enkätundersökning, Liv och hälsa, där 2 239 individer i ålder 70 år och äldre har besvarat enkäten. Studiens resultat visar att drygt var femte äldre i Västmanland ibland eller ofta upplever ensamhet (5,6 procent). Ensamhet ökade sannolikheten för psykiska besvär i form av nedstämdhet och ängslan/oro/ångest men inte för fysiska besvär eller riskkonsumtion av alkohol och rökning. Socialt stöd används som teoretiskt ramverk för att tolka resultaten då en avsaknad av socialt stöd är relaterat till ensamhet. Nyckelord: Ensamhet, fysiska besvär, äldre, levnadsvanor, Liv och hälsa, psykiska besvär, Socialt stöd / Loneliness among elderly is an important topic because the life expectancy in Sweden increases radically and causes a lot of challenges for health issues. Illness among elderly is more common than among younger people. Previous studies show that loneliness increase with age, therefore loneliness among elderly is a public health topic. It is also a pattern that loneliness among elderly will increase over the years. Based on the health challenges that exist in the aging population, the expectation is that this study will contribute to knowledge about the correlation between loneliness and illness among elderly. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of elderly peoples, 70 years and older, loneliness and to analyze the correlation between loneliness and health outcomes like mental- and physical symptoms and habits in terms of risk consumption of alcohol and smoking. This study is a cross sectional study based on a survey from Region Västmanlands study, Liv och hälsa. The survey where answered by 2 239 people of the age 70 years and older. The result of this study shows that one of five of Västmanlands elderly population rarely or often experiencing loneliness (5,6 percent). Loneliness increased the probability of mental symptoms as depression and anxiety but with physical symptoms and risk consumptions of alcohol and smoking no correlation was found. Social support was a theoretical framework used to analyze the results of this study, because lack of social support is related to loneliness. Keywords: elderly, Liv och hälsa, loneliness, mental symptoms, physical symptoms, Social support

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Aim: To compare risk of death and hospitalization due to car accidents among foreign-born individuals to Swedish-born.Method: The study cohort (2,404,710 individuals; 11% foreign-born) established by linkage between Swedish national registers. The main exposure was migration status, and duration of residence and age at migration considered as secondary exposures. The cohort was 18-39 years old and followed from 2005-2012. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for birth year, gender, family income, area of residence, and country of birth were calculated by Cox proportional hazard model.Results: 588 death (8% among foreign-born) and 17,969 hospitalization (11% among foreign-born) due to car accidents recorded. While, adjusted risk of hospitalization was higher among foreign-born than that among Swedish-born individuals, we found lower risk (HR: 0.92; CI: 0.85-0.996) among females and higher risk (HR: 1.17; CI: 1.10-1.24) among males. Risk of hospitalization was higher among foreign-born individuals who immigrated to Sweden at ages younger than 18 years or lived in Sweden 5 years or longer.Conclusions: Gender is acting as an effect modifier for the risk of hospitalization due to car accidents. We recommend further research to examine factors underlying excess risk impact of duration of residence in host country.