Im Beitrag werden bei verschiedenen Lastkollektiven und zwei Reibgeschwindigkeiten die Erodierstrukturen K27, K36, K42 und die Ätzstruktur K36 mit glatten Probekörpern hinsichtlich des Reibwertes und des Verschleißverhaltens untersucht. Als strukturierte Probekörper kommen die Kunststoffe POM und PA und als Gegenkörper zwei verschiedene PE-UHMW´s zum Einsatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Reibwertes von der Oberflächenstruktur der Probekörper, jedoch ist die Senkung des Reibwertes stark von den Belastungsparametern Normalkraft und Reibgeschwindigkeit abhängig.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da quitosana nas concentrações de 2,5% e 5,0% na molhabilidade da dentina erodida. 104 espécimes de dentina bovina (7,0x7,0x2,5) foram planificados e polidos, e para o desafio erosivo os espécimes foram imersos em 20mL de ácido cítrico (pH=3.2) sob agitação durante 2h. Os espécimes foram divididos aleatoriamente de acordo com o substrato dentinário: hígido e erodido e subdivididos em 4 grupos (n=10): sem reumidificação (controle), ácido acético a 1%, quitosana a 2,5% e quitosana a 5,0%. Em seguida, uma gota do sistema adesivo Single Bond 2 (3M) foi depositada sobre a superfície de cada espécime. Os ângulos de contato entre a superfície de dentina e o adesivo foram mensurados por meio de um goniômetro. Os outros 24 espécimes foram submetidos à análise da superfície por meio MEV. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram o teste de normalidade (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) e análise de variância (ANOVA) (p>0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os ângulos de contato produzidos na dentina erodida reumidificada com quitosana nas concentrações de 2,5% e 5,0%. A solução de quitosana, independente de sua concentração, não influenciou na molhabilidade da dentina erodida. Através de análise em MEV, verificou-se que houve deposição de partículas de quitosana sobre a superfície e no interior dos túbulos dentinários. / The aim of this study to assess the effect of chitosan, in concentrations of 2.5% and 5.0%, on the eroded dentin wettability, followed by analysis of surface morphology by SEM. 104 bovine dentin slabs were ground, polished and then immersed in 20mL of citric acid (pH = 3.2) under continuous stirring for 2h. Specimens were randomly divided according to the dentin substrate: sound and eroded, and then, subdivided into 4 groups (n=10): without rewetting (control), 1% acetic acid, 2.5% chitosan and 5.0% chitosan. Then, a drop of the adhesive system Single Bond 2 (3M) was deposited onto surface of each specimen. The contact angle between dentin surface and the adhesive system was measured by using a goniometer. The other 24 specimens were subjected to analysis under SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (p> 0.05). No differences were found between the angles produced on the eroded dentin re-rewetting with chitosan in the concentrations of 2.5% and 5%. The chitosan solution, regardless of the concentration used, did not influence of the eroded dentin wettability. Through SEM analysis, it was found particles of chitosan deposited on the surface and within the dentinal tubules.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 romero_ncs_me_jabo.pdf: 222375 bytes, checksum: d476616a717c38931554bc9504c6794f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As reduções das perdas de matéria orgânica e nutrientes por erosão hídrica do solo tornam-se fundamentais, no contexto atual de sistemas de produção sustentáveis, para o aumento do seqüestro de carbono no solo e, consequentemente, diminuir as emissões de gases que contribuem para o efeito estufa como o CO2. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de quantificar as concentrações de matéria orgânica (MO) e nutrientes (P, K, Ca e Mg) e, calcular, a taxa de enriquecimento desses elementos no sedimento erodido, em área cultivada com a cultura de cana-de-açúcar, em níveis de cobertura do solo de 0% (CS0), 50% (CS50) e 100% (CS100).As parcelas experimentais foram submetidas à ação de uma chuva simulada com intensidade de 60 mm h-1, durante 65 minutos. Foram feitas análises do sedimento erodido e determinouse, as taxas de enriquecimento do mesmo em MO e nutrientes, valores estes que tiveram as seguintes variações: MO (2,9 a 0,5), P (1,5 a 0,2), K (2,4 a 0,8), Ca (3,5 a 0,5), Mg (3,3 a 0,3) sendo cobertura do solo 0% a 100% respectivamente, mostrando que a cobertura do solo de 100% é eficiente, apresentando todos os valores da taxa de enriquecimento (ER) abaixo de 0,9 e com diferença significativa para com as outras coberturas, 0% e 50%, com exceção do potássio. A cobertura do solo de 100%, em relação a 0%, reduziu a concentração de MO, no sedimento erodido, em 81,9%, a concentração de fósforo em 84,2%, a de potássio em 66,7%, a de cálcio em 84,5%, e reduziu em 89,8% a de magnésio / Reductions in losses of organic matter and nutrients by water erosion become crucial in the current context of sustainable production systems to increase carbon sequestration in soil and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to the greenhouse gases like CO2. Thus the present work had a goal to quantify the concentration of organic material (MO) and nutrients (P,K,Ca, and Mg) into a erosive sediments and also make an calculate according to increasing and enrichment soil’s rates, if there are enrichment of MO and nutrients in a cultivated area of sugar-cane plantation provided with mechanical crop the next levels of soil’s coverage, 0% (CS0), 50% (CS50) and 100% (CS100). The experimental pieces were submited into a simulated raining with intensity of 60 mm h-1, during 65 minutes. After that, the analysis of the sediments, determinated the following variation: MO (2.9 to 0.5), P (1.5 to 0.2), K (2.4 to 0.8), Ca (3.5 to 0.5), Mg (3.3 to 0.3), being the soil’s coverage 0% (CS0) to 100% (CS100), showing that the soil’s coverage of 100% was efficient, presenting all values of enrichment rates (ER) below 0.9 with significant difference comparing to the others coverage, 0% (CS0) and 50% (CS50), except for potassium. The soil’s coverage of 100%, on soil’s coverage of 0%, have reduced the concentration of MO, in the erosive sediments, in 81.9%, the concentration of phosphorus in 84.2%, the concentration of potassium in 66.7%, the concentration of calcium in 84.5%, And reduced in 89.8% the magnesium concentration

Orientador: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho / Banca: Jose Marques Junior / Banca: Zigomar Menezes de Souza / Resumo: As reduções das perdas de matéria orgânica e nutrientes por erosão hídrica do solo tornam-se fundamentais, no contexto atual de sistemas de produção sustentáveis, para o aumento do seqüestro de carbono no solo e, consequentemente, diminuir as emissões de gases que contribuem para o efeito estufa como o CO2. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de quantificar as concentrações de matéria orgânica (MO) e nutrientes (P, K, Ca e Mg) e, calcular, a taxa de enriquecimento desses elementos no sedimento erodido, em área cultivada com a cultura de cana-de-açúcar, em níveis de cobertura do solo de 0% (CS0), 50% (CS50) e 100% (CS100).As parcelas experimentais foram submetidas à ação de uma chuva simulada com intensidade de 60 mm h-1, durante 65 minutos. Foram feitas análises do sedimento erodido e determinouse, as taxas de enriquecimento do mesmo em MO e nutrientes, valores estes que tiveram as seguintes variações: MO (2,9 a 0,5), P (1,5 a 0,2), K (2,4 a 0,8), Ca (3,5 a 0,5), Mg (3,3 a 0,3) sendo cobertura do solo 0% a 100% respectivamente, mostrando que a cobertura do solo de 100% é eficiente, apresentando todos os valores da taxa de enriquecimento (ER) abaixo de 0,9 e com diferença significativa para com as outras coberturas, 0% e 50%, com exceção do potássio. A cobertura do solo de 100%, em relação a 0%, reduziu a concentração de MO, no sedimento erodido, em 81,9%, a concentração de fósforo em 84,2%, a de potássio em 66,7%, a de cálcio em 84,5%, e reduziu em 89,8% a de magnésio / Abstract: Reductions in losses of organic matter and nutrients by water erosion become crucial in the current context of sustainable production systems to increase carbon sequestration in soil and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to the greenhouse gases like CO2. Thus the present work had a goal to quantify the concentration of organic material (MO) and nutrients (P,K,Ca, and Mg) into a erosive sediments and also make an calculate according to increasing and enrichment soil's rates, if there are enrichment of MO and nutrients in a cultivated area of sugar-cane plantation provided with mechanical crop the next levels of soil's coverage, 0% (CS0), 50% (CS50) and 100% (CS100). The experimental pieces were submited into a simulated raining with intensity of 60 mm h-1, during 65 minutes. After that, the analysis of the sediments, determinated the following variation: MO (2.9 to 0.5), P (1.5 to 0.2), K (2.4 to 0.8), Ca (3.5 to 0.5), Mg (3.3 to 0.3), being the soil's coverage 0% (CS0) to 100% (CS100), showing that the soil's coverage of 100% was efficient, presenting all values of enrichment rates (ER) below 0.9 with significant difference comparing to the others coverage, 0% (CS0) and 50% (CS50), except for potassium. The soil's coverage of 100%, on soil's coverage of 0%, have reduced the concentration of MO, in the erosive sediments, in 81.9%, the concentration of phosphorus in 84.2%, the concentration of potassium in 66.7%, the concentration of calcium in 84.5%, And reduced in 89.8% the magnesium concentration / Mestre

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da quitosana nas concentrações de 2,5% e 5,0% na molhabilidade da dentina erodida. 104 espécimes de dentina bovina (7,0x7,0x2,5) foram planificados e polidos, e para o desafio erosivo os espécimes foram imersos em 20mL de ácido cítrico (pH=3.2) sob agitação durante 2h. Os espécimes foram divididos aleatoriamente de acordo com o substrato dentinário: hígido e erodido e subdivididos em 4 grupos (n=10): sem reumidificação (controle), ácido acético a 1%, quitosana a 2,5% e quitosana a 5,0%. Em seguida, uma gota do sistema adesivo Single Bond 2 (3M) foi depositada sobre a superfície de cada espécime. Os ângulos de contato entre a superfície de dentina e o adesivo foram mensurados por meio de um goniômetro. Os outros 24 espécimes foram submetidos à análise da superfície por meio MEV. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram o teste de normalidade (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) e análise de variância (ANOVA) (p>0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os ângulos de contato produzidos na dentina erodida reumidificada com quitosana nas concentrações de 2,5% e 5,0%. A solução de quitosana, independente de sua concentração, não influenciou na molhabilidade da dentina erodida. Através de análise em MEV, verificou-se que houve deposição de partículas de quitosana sobre a superfície e no interior dos túbulos dentinários. / The aim of this study to assess the effect of chitosan, in concentrations of 2.5% and 5.0%, on the eroded dentin wettability, followed by analysis of surface morphology by SEM. 104 bovine dentin slabs were ground, polished and then immersed in 20mL of citric acid (pH = 3.2) under continuous stirring for 2h. Specimens were randomly divided according to the dentin substrate: sound and eroded, and then, subdivided into 4 groups (n=10): without rewetting (control), 1% acetic acid, 2.5% chitosan and 5.0% chitosan. Then, a drop of the adhesive system Single Bond 2 (3M) was deposited onto surface of each specimen. The contact angle between dentin surface and the adhesive system was measured by using a goniometer. The other 24 specimens were subjected to analysis under SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (p> 0.05). No differences were found between the angles produced on the eroded dentin re-rewetting with chitosan in the concentrations of 2.5% and 5%. The chitosan solution, regardless of the concentration used, did not influence of the eroded dentin wettability. Through SEM analysis, it was found particles of chitosan deposited on the surface and within the dentinal tubules.

<p> Proposed theories concerning the nature and mode of formation of limestone scallops are examined. Some progress is made toward a purely theoretical understanding. Scallop formation is simulated by generation on blocks of Plaster of Paris in a laboratory flume under known and controlled conditions and the relationships between the resulting features, the generating conditions and the base material examined. Field Evidence both confirms these relationships and reveals other unsuspected factors. The similarity between these features and others found on ablating snow surfaces is investigated and the same laws found to apply. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Devido a sua grande extensão latitudinal, a costa brasileira é influenciada por diferentes regimes climáticos e oceanográficos. Adicionalmente, a distribuição da população brasileira é caracterizada por uma alta concentração nas capitais litorâneas. Todos esses fatores levam à construção de inúmeras estruturas de engenharia que podem de alguma forma impactar o transporte de sedimento e consequentemente o balanço sedimentar de algumas praias. Uma das formas mais eficientes de recuperar esse balanço sedimentar é a alimentação artificial de praias, com sedimentos provenientes da plataforma continental com características semelhantes. Os métodos geofísicos acústicos permitem mapear de forma eficiente o fundo e o subfundo marinho para a busca de áreas fontes para a lavra de forma eficiente. O objetivo deste estudo é a identificação de padrões geoacústicos a partir de analises quantitativas e qualitativas, para a caracterização de áreas fontes de areias siliciclásticas compatíveis com sedimentos de praias em erosão na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O mapeamento foi realizado na plataforma continental interna do Rio de Janeiro, em área adjacente à praia de Itaipuaçu (Maricá, RJ). As análises evidenciaram depósitos, localizados entre 19 e 30 metros, de areias com granulometria, textura e selecionamento em condições ideias para a recomposição de praias do Rio de Janeiro. / The Brazilian coast is afected by different oceanographic characteristics, mainly due to its large latitudinal extention. Additionally, the distribution of the Brazilian population is characterized by a high concentration in the coastal capital. These facts generate a large number of coastal engineering structures that may impact the sediment transport and consequently the sediment balance in some beaches. All these factors impact some sand beaches and the best choice for its mitigation and recovering is the beach nourishment - with sediments from the continental shelf with similar characteristics. However to find a good place for dredging in the shelf, we need to use geophysical methods that allow to map the bottom and sub bottom environments more efficiently. The objective of this study is the identification of geoacoustics patterns, following qualitative and quantitative analyzes, for characterizing source areas of siliciclastic sands in ideal conditions for recovering eroded beaches in Rio de Janeiro. The mapping was done in the shelf in front of Itaipuaçu beach (Maricá, RJ). The quantitative results showed well sorted median sand placers seaward of the closure depth, located between 19 and 30 meters, ideal for Rios beaches recovering.

Recent work has demonstrated that vast amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) are redistributed and buried within Canadian croplands; however, the effects of redistribution on SOC dynamics and biological properties of the soil environment remain unknown. Because soil microorganisms are drivers of carbon (C) turnover in soil, the effects of such processes on microbial community dynamics are important in assessing the overall effects of redistribution and the stability of displaced C. This is particularly important in the face of future climate change scenarios and potential disturbances. The objectives of this study were to examine microbial community dynamics with depth and among landscape positions in an eroded landscape, and to assess C mineralization response between surface and subsurface soil layers in a depositional position. Microbial abundance was highly influenced by SOC redistribution. This was most evident in the buried backslope position where substantial soil and SOC deposition had occurred, creating a very thick A horizon (ca. 80 cm). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis revealed substantial concentrations of microbial biomass located at depth (30-60 cm), which was greater than PLFA concentration at the soil surface and correlated with SOC concentration. Community structure analysis demonstrated the strong influence of landscape position and depth in structuring microbial communities near the soil surface (0-20 cm). Communities in positions that were predominantly erosional were the most different from those in the depositional position, accounting for the largest amount of variation (60%) in the overall analysis. The existence of distinct microbial communities found in depositional material (0-25 cm) and within the buried A horizon (30-80 cm) in the buried backslope position indicate a strong influence of depth and redistribution in structuring microbial communities. The existence of significant viable biomass in the buried A horizon of the depositional position leads to question the persistence of highly concentrated, buried SOC over many decades. When soils from surface (0-5 and 20-25 cm) and subsurface (40-45 and 65-70 cm) depths were incubated in surface-like conditions, greater mineralization response in surface relative to subsurface soils, despite relatively similar SOC concentration, suggests that redistribution protects buried C from decomposition. Distinct microbial communities found at the onset and completion of the mineralization study between surface and subsurface soil layers may indicate the influence of microbial community structure on mineralization response. Depth was the largest source of variation in microbial community structure, and although a shift occurred after exposure to incubation conditions, the effect of depth remained the strongest influence. This work indicates that SOC redistribution strongly influences microbial abundance and community structure development, primarily driven by altered substrate gradients occurring with depth, and suggests that C is less susceptible to decomposition once buried in depositional positions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Devido a sua grande extensão latitudinal, a costa brasileira é influenciada por diferentes regimes climáticos e oceanográficos. Adicionalmente, a distribuição da população brasileira é caracterizada por uma alta concentração nas capitais litorâneas. Todos esses fatores levam à construção de inúmeras estruturas de engenharia que podem de alguma forma impactar o transporte de sedimento e consequentemente o balanço sedimentar de algumas praias. Uma das formas mais eficientes de recuperar esse balanço sedimentar é a alimentação artificial de praias, com sedimentos provenientes da plataforma continental com características semelhantes. Os métodos geofísicos acústicos permitem mapear de forma eficiente o fundo e o subfundo marinho para a busca de áreas fontes para a lavra de forma eficiente. O objetivo deste estudo é a identificação de padrões geoacústicos a partir de analises quantitativas e qualitativas, para a caracterização de áreas fontes de areias siliciclásticas compatíveis com sedimentos de praias em erosão na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O mapeamento foi realizado na plataforma continental interna do Rio de Janeiro, em área adjacente à praia de Itaipuaçu (Maricá, RJ). As análises evidenciaram depósitos, localizados entre 19 e 30 metros, de areias com granulometria, textura e selecionamento em condições ideias para a recomposição de praias do Rio de Janeiro. / The Brazilian coast is afected by different oceanographic characteristics, mainly due to its large latitudinal extention. Additionally, the distribution of the Brazilian population is characterized by a high concentration in the coastal capital. These facts generate a large number of coastal engineering structures that may impact the sediment transport and consequently the sediment balance in some beaches. All these factors impact some sand beaches and the best choice for its mitigation and recovering is the beach nourishment - with sediments from the continental shelf with similar characteristics. However to find a good place for dredging in the shelf, we need to use geophysical methods that allow to map the bottom and sub bottom environments more efficiently. The objective of this study is the identification of geoacoustics patterns, following qualitative and quantitative analyzes, for characterizing source areas of siliciclastic sands in ideal conditions for recovering eroded beaches in Rio de Janeiro. The mapping was done in the shelf in front of Itaipuaçu beach (Maricá, RJ). The quantitative results showed well sorted median sand placers seaward of the closure depth, located between 19 and 30 meters, ideal for Rios beaches recovering.

Im Beitrag werden bei verschiedenen Lastkollektiven und zwei Reibgeschwindigkeiten die Erodierstrukturen K27, K36, K42 und die Ätzstruktur K36 mit glatten Probekörpern hinsichtlich des Reibwertes und des Verschleißverhaltens untersucht. Als strukturierte Probekörper kommen die Kunststoffe POM und PA und als Gegenkörper zwei verschiedene PE-UHMW´s zum Einsatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Reibwertes von der Oberflächenstruktur der Probekörper, jedoch ist die Senkung des Reibwertes stark von den Belastungsparametern Normalkraft und Reibgeschwindigkeit abhängig.