The esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is known to be one of the most difficult malignancies to treat among digestive carcinomas. The esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are the two most common cell types of esophageal cancer in the world. Even though the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been dramatically increasing in Western populations during the past two decades, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma remains the predominant type of esophageal malignancy in the remainder of the world. In Taiwan, ESCC is the ninth leading cause of cancer deaths, the 6th among male. In spite of advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management in recent decades, current modalities of therapy for this disease still offer poor survival and cure rates. Even in resectable diseases, the 5-year survival rates were only less than 20%. Recently, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were increasingly recognized as two entities with different biologic behavior and outcome. Consequently, the surgical risks and oncologic benefits of esophagectomies for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients are controversial and not confessed. From 1991 to 2003, 216 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients underwent esophagectomy were enrolled and analyzed retrospectively. Among these patients, 166 patients underwent transthoracic esophagectomy and 50 patients underwent transhiatal esophagectomy. The overall hospital mortality and postoperative complication rates were 9.7% and 49%, respectively. The overall 5-year survival rate was 16.8%. The hospital mortality rate, postoperative complication rate, length of hospital stay and amount of intra-operative blood loss or transfusion were not significantly different between both groups. But, shorter operative time was noticed in transhiatal group (p<0.001). Patients underwent either transthoracic or transhiatal esophagectomy had comparable long-term survival. The pTNM stage was independent prognostic factors for patients underwent transthoracic esophagectomy. However, location of tumors (p=0.0085) and pathologic tumor length (p=0.0118) were significant predictors for patients underwent transhiatal esophagectomy. In this part of study, we found that both transthoracic and transhiatal esophagectomies could provide comparable survival benefits for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. However, the traditional pTNM staging system might underestimate the severities of ESCC patients who underwent transhiatal esophagectomy. Due to the dismal results of ESCC patients after surgery and the findings of multi-environmental and/or genetic factors involved in the carcriogenesis of ESCC, further realizing the molecular mechanisms of carcinogens in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is crucial for prevention and treatment for this disease. Epidemiological analysis showed that the prevalence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma varied in different geographic areas. The various prevalence of disease in different parts of the world reflects different forms and extents of exposure to these etiological agents involving the development of this disease. In stead of tobacco and alcohol, recent reports indicated that betel quid (BQ) chewing also significantly correlated with the occurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwanese. The mechanisms behind the BQ-related esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan are worthy for further investigation. Previous studies have shown that certain carcinogens may induce a ¡§fingerprint-like¡¨ ¡V like pattern of mutations at the p53 gene, both in terms of mutation type and codon specificity. However, the role of p53 mutation in the etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has not been rigorously studied in Taiwan. The incidence of p53 mutations in ESCC associated with risk factors has not been explored in Taiwanese. Accordingly, 75 primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma specimens were collected for examining the incidence of mutations in the conserved regions of p53 gene by using polymerase chain amplification and direct sequencing of amplified products. There were 37 mutations of p53 gene detected in 45.5% (34/75) of tumor specimens. These mutations significantly clustered in exon 5 (21/37) of p53 gene. The incidence of p53 mutations didn¡¦t associate with clinicopathological characteristics and habits of cigarette smoking or alcohol drinking. However, BQ chewer exhibited significantly higher incidence of p53 gene mutations than non-chewer (67.6% vs. 32.4%, p=0.007). After controlling confounding factors of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, BQ chewing still showed significant impact on the incidence of p53 mutation in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (RR=4.233; 95% CI, 1.317-13.603). The A:T to G:C transition (8/37, 21.6%) and G:C to T:A transversion (5/23, 13.5%) were the prevalent spectrum of p53 gene mutations. All A:T to G:C transitional mutations occurred in patients with habits of betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking. Noticeably, alcohol drinking could enhance this peculiar spectrum of p53 mutation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, p53 gene might be one of the molecular targets of betel quid carcinogens in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwanese. Determination of the importance of p53 gene mutation in ESCC requires further study. To elucidate the role of cell cycle associated genes in ESCC, 40 primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients were included in this part of study. Tissue samples were analyzed for cell proliferation, DNA content, mutation of p53 gene, and expression of p16, p21waf1/cip1, pRb and p53 proteins. In this part of study, 75% of tumors exhibited aneuploid DNA content. Significantly higher S-phase fractions were detected in tumor samples (p<0.001). The p53 immunostaining was detected in 62.5% (25/40) of tumor tissues and 50% of tumors were p21waf1/cip1 overexpression. The p16 protein was only detected only in 8 of the 40 ESCC (20.0%) tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. The nucleus stained Rb protein was detected in 38 ESCC tissue samples and all of them were phosporylated status. The phosphorylation of pRb at Ser-795, Ser-789 and Ser-807/811 was detected in 87.5% (35/40), 72.5 (29/40) and 42.5% (17/40) of ESCC tissue samples, respectively. Expression of p16 protein, total pRb or phospho-Rb expression status did not correlate with the clinicopathological parameters of patients. The overexpression of p21waf1/cip1 protein didn¡¦t correlate with p53 gene status, but significantly correlated with the existence of abnormal DNA content (P=0.028). Advanced pTNM stage, lymph node metastasis and p21waf1/cip1 overexpression conferred survival disadvantages in univariate analysis (P=0.013, 0.045 and 0.017, respectively). A Cox multivariable analysis revealed pTNM stage (IIB/III/IV vs. I/IIA; p=0.024) associated with p21waf1/cip1 overexpression (positive vs. negative; p=0.035) as independent prognostic factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Surprisingly, p21waf1/cip1 overexpression significantly compromised the survival of patients with mutated p53 gene (p=0.035). However, no significant dismal effect of p21waf1/cip1 overexpression can be seen in patients with wild-type p53 gene (P=0.175). Consequently, overexpression of p21waf1/cip1 is correlated with chromosomal instability and serves as an adverse prognostic predictor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patient. Its dismal effect is more prominent when p53 gene is mutated. The ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an S phase-specific dimeric enzyme and is the rate-limiting enzyme of DNA synthesis pathway responsible for the reduction of all four ribonucleotides to their corresponding deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), which are the building blocks for DNA replication and repair in all living cells. The RNR enzyme was formed by the association of RRM1 and RRM2 subunits. Normally, the levels of RRM2 expression modulate the RNR enzymatic activity. However, RRM2 also plays an important role in other aspects of the malignant phenotype such as tumor development and drug resistance. Recently, the p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit homologue, p53R2, has been isolated and shown to play a crucial role in DNA repair after DNA damage. However, the function of p53R2 is still unclear especially in tumor cells. By immunohistochemistry, the expression of RRM2 and p53R2 proteins were detected in 94.1% (80/85) and 55.3% (47/85) of ESCCs tissue samples, respectively. No significant correlation could be found between RRM2 protein expression and gender, depth of tumor invasion, lymph-node involvement and pTNM stage. The p53R2 expression status also did not correlate with the gender of patients and the depth of tumor invasion. However, the presence of p53R2 protein expression significantly correlated with pTNM stages of tumors (p=0.027) and lymph node metastasis (p=0.009). In Cox multivariable regression analysis, p53R2 expression (positive vs. negative; p=0.011, HR: 3.096, 95% CI: 1.294-7.407) together with pTNM stage (IIB/III/IV vs. I/IIA; p=0.005, HR: 2.496, 95% CI: 1.320-4.719) was shown to have independent prognostic impact on survival of ESCC patients. Accordingly, in the analysis of cell cycle associate genes, the p53 mutations associated with loss of Rb pathway function would be the critical event in the development of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. In ESCC, loss of p53 pathway function is attributable to p53 mutations. However, the Rb pathway might be perturbed by inactivation of p16 and over-expressed p21waf1/cip1 protein in ESCC tissues. Consequently, the perturbed Rb function results in up-regulation ribonucleotide reductase activity, causing DNA precursors overproduction and cell proliferation. Using immunohistochemistry, our findings provide the first evidence of RRM2 and p53R2 expression in human ESCCs. We identified the different prognostic effects of RRM2 and p53R2 expression in human ESCCs. The identification of different roles of p53R2 and RRM2 involved in the carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas might be useful for designing more effective RRM2 or p53R2 specific target therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to improve the clinical outcome of patients with esophageal carcinoma.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21417号 / 医博第4407号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 小川 誠司, 教授 万代 昌紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第21699号 / 医科博第103号 / 新制||医科||7(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 渡邊 直樹, 教授 松原 和夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

O Carcinoma de células escamosas é o tipo histológico mais comum das neoplasia esofágicas no mundo.Tem sua origem no epitélio escamoso do esôfago e é achado com maior frequência no terço médio do órgão. A carcinogênese esofágica é um processo que resulta do acúmulo de mutações envolvendo diferentes genes, como o TP53. Este está mutado em mais de 50% dos tumores esofágicos. Inúmeras pesquisas têm sido direcionadas para restaurar a função da proteína p53, as quais resultaram na descoberta da PRIMA-1. Neste estudo, foram pesquisados possíveis efeitos protetores da PRIMA-1 no epitélio do esôfago sob efeito carcinogênico químico evitando o desenvolvimento neoplásico e induzindo involução da carcinogênese. Para testar esta hipótese, realizamos estudo, com utilização da PRIMA-1, em um modelo experimental de carcinogênese esofágica por dietilnitrosamina com indução de carcinoma de células escamosas. O estudo experimental foi realizado com 6 grupos de animais, onde os grupos I e II foram considerados controles, sendo diferenciados por uso da PRIMA-1. E os grupos III e IV, e Va e Vb, foram considerados estudos, os quais receberam dietilnitrosamina por 3 dias consecutivos semanalmente. Enquanto os grupos III e IV, foram diferenciados pelo uso de PRIMA-1 prévio ao início da carcinogênese, os grupos Va e Vb, foram diferenciados pelo uso de PRIMA-1 ao final da carcinogênese. O estudo apresentou data de eutanásia com colheita de peças esofágicas, aos 150 dias, grupos I, II, III e IV, e 180 dias, grupos Va e Vb, devido ao período de observação após uso tardio da PRIMA-1. Não foram detectadas alterações histopatológicas nos grupos controles, grupo I (DEN-/PRIMA-) e II (DEN-/PRIMA+). Não foram detectadas diferenças nas alterações histopatológicas estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos III (DEN+/PRIMA-) e IV (DEN+/ PRIMA+ inicial). Foram detectadas diferenças nas alterações histopatológicas estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos Va (DEN+/PRIMA-) e Vb (DEN+/PRIMA+ tardio). A análise imunohistoquímica do p53 evidenciou diferença estatística nos grupos que utilizaram a PRIMA-1, em relação as seus controles. A análise imunohistoquímica do Ki-67 demonstrou diferença estatística somente entre os dois grupos controles. Conclue-se que a PRIMA-1 teve efeito de redução da gravidade histopatológica em esôfago de camundongos previamente induzidos a carcinogênese com dietilnitrosamina e aumento da expressão imuno-histoquímica da proteína p53. / The esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type in the world. It is origin in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus and is found more often in the middle third of the organ. The esophageal carcinogenesis is a process that results from the accumulation of mutations in different genes such as TP53. This is mutate in more than 50% of esophageal tumors. Numerous researches have been directed to restore the function of the p53 protein, which resulted in the discovery of PRIMA-1. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effects of PRIMA-1 in the epithelium of the esophagus under chemical carcinogenic effect preventing neoplastic development and inducing regression of carcinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, a study with use of PRIMA-1 in an experimental model of esophageal carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine with squamous cell carcinoma. The experimental study was performed wth six groups of animals, where the groups I and II were considered controls being differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1. And the groups III and IV, and Va and Vb, were considered studies, which received diethylnitrosamine for 3 consecutive days weekly. While the groups III and IV, were differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1 prior to the beginning of carcinogenesis, the Va and Vb groups were differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1 at the end of carcinogenesis. The study presented date of euthanasia with crop esophageal parts, at 150 days, groups I, II, III and IV, and 180 days, Va and Vb groups because of the observation period after late use of PRIMA-1. Histopathological changes were detected in the control groups, Group I (DEN-/PRIMA-) and II (DEN-/PRIMA+). There were no statistically significant differences in pathological changes between the groups III (DEN+/PRIMA-) and IV (DEN+/PRIMA- first). Differences were found in statistically significant histopathological changes between Va groups (DEN+/PRIMA-) and Vb (DEN+/PRIMA+ late). Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 showed a statistically significant difference in the groups using PRIMA-1, compared to their controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 showed statistical difference only between the two control groups. It concludes that the PRIMA-1 was reduced by histopathological effect of gravity previously induced esophageal carcinogenesis in mice diethylnitrosamine and increased immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein.

O Carcinoma de células escamosas é o tipo histológico mais comum das neoplasia esofágicas no mundo.Tem sua origem no epitélio escamoso do esôfago e é achado com maior frequência no terço médio do órgão. A carcinogênese esofágica é um processo que resulta do acúmulo de mutações envolvendo diferentes genes, como o TP53. Este está mutado em mais de 50% dos tumores esofágicos. Inúmeras pesquisas têm sido direcionadas para restaurar a função da proteína p53, as quais resultaram na descoberta da PRIMA-1. Neste estudo, foram pesquisados possíveis efeitos protetores da PRIMA-1 no epitélio do esôfago sob efeito carcinogênico químico evitando o desenvolvimento neoplásico e induzindo involução da carcinogênese. Para testar esta hipótese, realizamos estudo, com utilização da PRIMA-1, em um modelo experimental de carcinogênese esofágica por dietilnitrosamina com indução de carcinoma de células escamosas. O estudo experimental foi realizado com 6 grupos de animais, onde os grupos I e II foram considerados controles, sendo diferenciados por uso da PRIMA-1. E os grupos III e IV, e Va e Vb, foram considerados estudos, os quais receberam dietilnitrosamina por 3 dias consecutivos semanalmente. Enquanto os grupos III e IV, foram diferenciados pelo uso de PRIMA-1 prévio ao início da carcinogênese, os grupos Va e Vb, foram diferenciados pelo uso de PRIMA-1 ao final da carcinogênese. O estudo apresentou data de eutanásia com colheita de peças esofágicas, aos 150 dias, grupos I, II, III e IV, e 180 dias, grupos Va e Vb, devido ao período de observação após uso tardio da PRIMA-1. Não foram detectadas alterações histopatológicas nos grupos controles, grupo I (DEN-/PRIMA-) e II (DEN-/PRIMA+). Não foram detectadas diferenças nas alterações histopatológicas estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos III (DEN+/PRIMA-) e IV (DEN+/ PRIMA+ inicial). Foram detectadas diferenças nas alterações histopatológicas estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos Va (DEN+/PRIMA-) e Vb (DEN+/PRIMA+ tardio). A análise imunohistoquímica do p53 evidenciou diferença estatística nos grupos que utilizaram a PRIMA-1, em relação as seus controles. A análise imunohistoquímica do Ki-67 demonstrou diferença estatística somente entre os dois grupos controles. Conclue-se que a PRIMA-1 teve efeito de redução da gravidade histopatológica em esôfago de camundongos previamente induzidos a carcinogênese com dietilnitrosamina e aumento da expressão imuno-histoquímica da proteína p53. / The esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type in the world. It is origin in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus and is found more often in the middle third of the organ. The esophageal carcinogenesis is a process that results from the accumulation of mutations in different genes such as TP53. This is mutate in more than 50% of esophageal tumors. Numerous researches have been directed to restore the function of the p53 protein, which resulted in the discovery of PRIMA-1. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effects of PRIMA-1 in the epithelium of the esophagus under chemical carcinogenic effect preventing neoplastic development and inducing regression of carcinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, a study with use of PRIMA-1 in an experimental model of esophageal carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine with squamous cell carcinoma. The experimental study was performed wth six groups of animals, where the groups I and II were considered controls being differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1. And the groups III and IV, and Va and Vb, were considered studies, which received diethylnitrosamine for 3 consecutive days weekly. While the groups III and IV, were differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1 prior to the beginning of carcinogenesis, the Va and Vb groups were differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1 at the end of carcinogenesis. The study presented date of euthanasia with crop esophageal parts, at 150 days, groups I, II, III and IV, and 180 days, Va and Vb groups because of the observation period after late use of PRIMA-1. Histopathological changes were detected in the control groups, Group I (DEN-/PRIMA-) and II (DEN-/PRIMA+). There were no statistically significant differences in pathological changes between the groups III (DEN+/PRIMA-) and IV (DEN+/PRIMA- first). Differences were found in statistically significant histopathological changes between Va groups (DEN+/PRIMA-) and Vb (DEN+/PRIMA+ late). Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 showed a statistically significant difference in the groups using PRIMA-1, compared to their controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 showed statistical difference only between the two control groups. It concludes that the PRIMA-1 was reduced by histopathological effect of gravity previously induced esophageal carcinogenesis in mice diethylnitrosamine and increased immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein.

O Carcinoma de células escamosas é o tipo histológico mais comum das neoplasia esofágicas no mundo.Tem sua origem no epitélio escamoso do esôfago e é achado com maior frequência no terço médio do órgão. A carcinogênese esofágica é um processo que resulta do acúmulo de mutações envolvendo diferentes genes, como o TP53. Este está mutado em mais de 50% dos tumores esofágicos. Inúmeras pesquisas têm sido direcionadas para restaurar a função da proteína p53, as quais resultaram na descoberta da PRIMA-1. Neste estudo, foram pesquisados possíveis efeitos protetores da PRIMA-1 no epitélio do esôfago sob efeito carcinogênico químico evitando o desenvolvimento neoplásico e induzindo involução da carcinogênese. Para testar esta hipótese, realizamos estudo, com utilização da PRIMA-1, em um modelo experimental de carcinogênese esofágica por dietilnitrosamina com indução de carcinoma de células escamosas. O estudo experimental foi realizado com 6 grupos de animais, onde os grupos I e II foram considerados controles, sendo diferenciados por uso da PRIMA-1. E os grupos III e IV, e Va e Vb, foram considerados estudos, os quais receberam dietilnitrosamina por 3 dias consecutivos semanalmente. Enquanto os grupos III e IV, foram diferenciados pelo uso de PRIMA-1 prévio ao início da carcinogênese, os grupos Va e Vb, foram diferenciados pelo uso de PRIMA-1 ao final da carcinogênese. O estudo apresentou data de eutanásia com colheita de peças esofágicas, aos 150 dias, grupos I, II, III e IV, e 180 dias, grupos Va e Vb, devido ao período de observação após uso tardio da PRIMA-1. Não foram detectadas alterações histopatológicas nos grupos controles, grupo I (DEN-/PRIMA-) e II (DEN-/PRIMA+). Não foram detectadas diferenças nas alterações histopatológicas estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos III (DEN+/PRIMA-) e IV (DEN+/ PRIMA+ inicial). Foram detectadas diferenças nas alterações histopatológicas estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos Va (DEN+/PRIMA-) e Vb (DEN+/PRIMA+ tardio). A análise imunohistoquímica do p53 evidenciou diferença estatística nos grupos que utilizaram a PRIMA-1, em relação as seus controles. A análise imunohistoquímica do Ki-67 demonstrou diferença estatística somente entre os dois grupos controles. Conclue-se que a PRIMA-1 teve efeito de redução da gravidade histopatológica em esôfago de camundongos previamente induzidos a carcinogênese com dietilnitrosamina e aumento da expressão imuno-histoquímica da proteína p53. / The esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type in the world. It is origin in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus and is found more often in the middle third of the organ. The esophageal carcinogenesis is a process that results from the accumulation of mutations in different genes such as TP53. This is mutate in more than 50% of esophageal tumors. Numerous researches have been directed to restore the function of the p53 protein, which resulted in the discovery of PRIMA-1. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effects of PRIMA-1 in the epithelium of the esophagus under chemical carcinogenic effect preventing neoplastic development and inducing regression of carcinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, a study with use of PRIMA-1 in an experimental model of esophageal carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine with squamous cell carcinoma. The experimental study was performed wth six groups of animals, where the groups I and II were considered controls being differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1. And the groups III and IV, and Va and Vb, were considered studies, which received diethylnitrosamine for 3 consecutive days weekly. While the groups III and IV, were differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1 prior to the beginning of carcinogenesis, the Va and Vb groups were differentiated by the use of PRIMA-1 at the end of carcinogenesis. The study presented date of euthanasia with crop esophageal parts, at 150 days, groups I, II, III and IV, and 180 days, Va and Vb groups because of the observation period after late use of PRIMA-1. Histopathological changes were detected in the control groups, Group I (DEN-/PRIMA-) and II (DEN-/PRIMA+). There were no statistically significant differences in pathological changes between the groups III (DEN+/PRIMA-) and IV (DEN+/PRIMA- first). Differences were found in statistically significant histopathological changes between Va groups (DEN+/PRIMA-) and Vb (DEN+/PRIMA+ late). Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 showed a statistically significant difference in the groups using PRIMA-1, compared to their controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 showed statistical difference only between the two control groups. It concludes that the PRIMA-1 was reduced by histopathological effect of gravity previously induced esophageal carcinogenesis in mice diethylnitrosamine and increased immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein.

Human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (hESCC) is a very aggressive form of cancer due to its ability to easily metastasize into proximal lymph nodes and adjacent organs. The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its stromal cells in metastasis remains unclear. To better understand the effect of the ECM and fibroblast cells on esophagus cancer cell migration and invasion, we propose a biomimetic human esophagus model cultured with hESCC and human primary fibroblast cells (fibroblast). To mimic the extracellular matrix of human esophagus we use decellularized porcine esophagus matrix (DEM) to culture with hESCC and fibroblasts in static conditions. This DEM can recapitulate the human esophagus tumor microenvironment with relevant cues. This model will provide valuable information regarding esophagus cancer cell migration with respect to the heterogeneous extracellular matrix and stromal fibroblast cells. We expect to discover the mechanisms by which extracellular matrix and stromal cells affect cancer migration and invasion in vitro. Characterizing this process will provide vital insight towards the effects of fibroblasts cells on facilitating migration and invasion of esophageal cancer cells. This esophagus cancer model also provides promising potential to study drug screening and develop new strategies against esophagus metastasis. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19597号 / 医博第4104号 / 新制||医||1014(附属図書館) / 32633 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 道行, 教授 野田 亮, 教授 山田 泰広 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20795号 / 医博第4295号 / 新制||医||1025(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 原田 浩, 教授 松原 和夫, 教授 坂井 義治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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