Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:24:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 messiano_gb_dr_araiq.pdf: 977133 bytes, checksum: 74ff4709db2848a47b1ce05ae6c31e31 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As espécies brasileiras do gênero Aristolochia possuem similaridade morfológica. Sendo assim, foi desenvolvido um método para a classificação e identificação destas espécies baseado no estudo dos óleos essenciais por CG-EM e quimiometria. Foi também realizado um estudo fitoquímico de duas espécies de Aristolochiaceae, ricas em terpenos e lignanas, e um estudo sintético de lignanas ariltetralônicas e derivados, já que estas lignanas mostraram in vitro uma alta atividade antiplasmódica. Uma das rotas sintéticas estudada foi regiosseletiva, e em quatro etapas dois pares enantioméricos de lignanas ariltetralônicas foram produzidos. As misturas enantioméricas foram testadas in vitro e os resultados mostraram que os pares enantioméricos possuem menor atividade que as lignanas naturais, o que sugere que a atividade antiplasmódica depende das configurações relativa e absoluta dos compostos. A segunda síntese proposta para obtenção de lignanas ariltetralônicas envolveu duas reações de acilação de Friedel-Crafts, e não produziu lignanas, mas seis produtos, incluindo benzofuranos e isocoumarinas. Além disso, lignanas ariltetralônicas foram também alvo de transformações químicas e biotransformações com os fungos Cunninghamella echinulata e Beauveria bassiana, e foram obtidas duas lignanas ariltetralônicas e uma nova lignana ariltetralina [(7'R,8S,8'S)-8,8'-dimetil-3',4',4,5-tetrametoxi-2,7'-ciclolignan-8-ol]. Esta tese também descreve os estudos das investigações de Aristolochia malmeana e Holostylis reniformis. Os compostos foram isolados por técnicas cromatográficas, principalmente CC e CCDP, e foram caracterizados por métodos espectrométricos, particularmente estudos de RMN e medidas de atividade óptica. De H. reniformis foram isoladas quatro lignanas ariltetralônicas, incluindo a inédita ariltetralólica... / The Brazilian Aristolochia species have strong morphological similarities. Thus, a method to classify and identify these species based on analyses of their essential oils by GC-MS and chemometry was developed. Phytochemical study of two Aristolochiaceae species, rich in terpenes and lignans, and syntheses of aryltetralone lignans and derivatives were performed, as these lignans have shown high in vitro antiplasmodial activity. A regioselective synthetic route led to two pairs of enantiomeric aryltetralone lignans in four steps. The antiplasmodial activity of these enantiomeric pairs was evaluated in vitro, and the activity was lower than that of the natural lignans, which suggests that the antiplasmodial activity depends on the relative and absolute configuration of the compounds. A second synthetic route proposed for obtaining the A-B ring portion of aryltetralone lignans, involving two Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions of 1-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propanol, did not produce the expected aryltetralone lignans, but six products, including benzofurans and isocoumarins. Moreover, chemistry transformations and biotransformations of lignans by fungus (Cunninghamella echinulata and Beauveria bassiana) were studied, from which two aryltetralone lignans and a new aryltetralin lignan [(7'R,8S,8'S)-8,8'-dimethyl-3',4',4,5-tetrametoxy-2,7'-ciclolignan-8-ol] were obtained by the biotransformations. This thesis also describes the results of the investigations of Aristolochia malmeana and Holostylis reniformis. The compounds were isolated by chromatographic techniques, mainly by TLC and CC, and were characterized by spectrometric methods, particularly by NMR experiments and optical rotation measurements. From H. reniformis four lignans were isolated, including a new aryltetralol lignan [rel. (7R,7'R,8S,8'S)-4-hydroxy-3',4',5-trimetoxy-2,7'-cyclolignan-7- ol]. In addition, Anticarsia gemmatalis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jim Nelssen / A thorough literature review on feeding vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ revealed a large amount of research conducted in swine and poultry. In general, increasing vitamin D₃ concentrations or adding 25(OH)D₃ to the maternal diet increases the vitamin D₃ status of the dam and often the progeny as well. Varying results have been reported on the practical and valuable impacts of this elevated status with some topics including improved sow performance, changes in muscle fiber morphometrics, and growth performance to market. The first experiment used a total of 69 sows and the progeny from one group of 22 sows to determine the effects of feeding a combination of vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ to the sow. Differences in sow productivity and growth performance of progeny due to dietary treatment were not observed (P > 0.05). When pigs were sacrificed at birth, there were no treatment effects for all fiber morphometric measures (P > 0.170), except primary fiber number and the ratio of secondary to primary muscle fibers (P < 0.014). Pigs from the CON and DL fed sows had less primary fibers than pigs from sows fed the DH treatment (P < 0.046), but did not differ from each other (P = 0.732). These results suggest progeny went through a longer prenatal period of primary myogenesis which delayed the onset of secondary myogenesis. Pigs from DL fed sows had a smaller secondary to primary muscle fiber ratio compared to pigs from sows fed the CON treatment (P = 0.016), with pigs from sows fed DL treatment not differing from either (P > 0.057). There were treatment x time interactions for all sow and pig serum metabolites (P < 0.001). Therefore, we chose to compare treatment means within time period. At all time periods, sow serum 25(OH)D₃ concentrations differed for all treatments with the magnitude of difference largest at weaning (P < 0.011). The second and third experiment investigated the impact of adding benzoic acid and an essential oil blend to diets and creep feed. When these additives were included in growing pig diets in a 28-d trial, a main effect of time (P < 0.001) was detected where there was no evidence of difference during the first 3 weeks for ADG and G:F, however both responses decreased during the final week of the experiment (P < 0.001) and average pen BW increased (P < 0.001) for all time points. There was a treatment x time interaction (P = 0.003) for ADFI where during the first 3 weeks, there was no evidence of difference due to dietary treatment, but during the final week of the study, pigs consumed more (P = 0.007) of the control diet (2.38 kg/d control vs. 2.24 kg/d benzoic acid paired and essential oil blend). Fecal samples collected provided no evidence of differences (P > 0.05) in fecal pathogens due to dietary treatment. When these additives were included in the maternal diet and in the creep feed, they did not (P > 0.05) affect sow performance or preweaned piglet performance. Fecal swabbing of pigs the day before weaning showed they did not eat the creep feed and, therefore, no (P > 0.05) improvements in growth performance were observed in the nursery. In conclusion, adding benzoic acid and an essential oil blend to diets and creep feed did not affect growth performance and combining vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ in the maternal diet improved the vitamin D₃ status of the dam and progeny and increased primary muscle fibers at birth.

Esse estudo é um estudo teórico, baseado em revisão bibliográfica. Ele objetivou a construção de um panorama conceitual da aromaterapia, considerandose sua história e desenvolvimento, além de propor um modelo integrativo dos aspectos fisiológicos e psicossociais com base nas premissas psiconeuroendocrinoimunológicas. Aromaterapia é uma prática milenar, que passou por diversas mudanças ao longo da história e por esse motivo, atualmente, apresentase conceitualmente confusa e imprecisa. Seu ressurgimento nos anos 30 permitiu um início da visão científica do assunto, que, no entanto, evoluiu lentamente pelas dificuldades metodológicas encontradas. A organização do panorama atual dessa terapia permitiu observar que existem muitos países que estudam a aromaterapia, no entanto, com abordagens e visões distintas, de modo que tornase complexa a intersecção dos estudos. No seu estudo científico diversos elementos devem ser aqui considerados, como tipo de estudo (teórico, préclínico ou clínico), variáveis a serem controladas (farmacológicas, dos sujeitos e de procedimento) e questões abordadas (quanto ao efeito dos óleos essenciais, quanto aos seus mecanismos de ação e quanto à influência das variáveis em ambos). Além disso, atualmente existem diversas abordagens: filosófica (baseada em filosofias de saúde orientais), psicológica (baseada no conceito de memória olfativa), farmacoquímica (baseada em farmacologia e química dos óleos essenciais), neurológica (baseada nas neurociências) e psiconeuroendocrinoimunológica (baseada na psiconeuroendocrinoimunologia). Esse trabalho se focou nos estudos préclínicos e clínicos de aromaterapia, a partir de uma visão psiconeuroendocrinoimunológica. A fim de servir como um passo inicial à padronização científica do assunto, foi proposto uma definição mais objetiva de aromaterapia, a partir da qual o trabalho foi desenvolvido. Dentro do modelo psiconeuroendocrinoimunológico, a aromaterapia pode ter efeitos diretos ou indiretos nos sistemas nervoso, endócrino, imune e psicológico, sendo esses efeitos tanto fisiológicos quanto psicológicos e dados por mecanismos de ação farmacológicos e olfativos. Os aromas sempre têm efeitos farmacológicos, independente da via de aplicação utilizada, no entanto, quando se utiliza a via inalatória, são acrescidos a esses efeitos farmacológicos os efeitos olfativos, que são próprios do sistema olfativo e diferenciados. O estudo do olfato é indispensável para o entendimento científico da aromaterapia e ele tem se desenvolvido amplamente, apesar de que ainda existem muitos elementos a serem esclarecidos. Com isso, os estudos na área da aromaterapia científica tem evoluído cada vez mais, permitindo estudos mais minuciosos e conclusivos a respeito do funcionamento dos óleos essenciais no organismo e na mente. Um caminho pra esses estudos, dentro do modelo psiconeuroendocrinoimunológico, é o estudo da relação entre aromaterapia e stress. A premissa básica da teoria de stress é estudar a integração do corpo e da psique. Esse estudo concluiu que a psiconeuroendocrinoimunologia é um modelo útil para estudar a aromaterapia, por permitir o seu estudo científico integrando seus efeitos fisiológicos e psicológicos, e que a organização realizada permitiu uma fundamentação teórica para a elaboração, em futuros projetos na área, de métodos científicos em aromaterapia, stress e psiconeuroendocrinoimunologia. / This is a theoretical study, based on bibliographical revision. It aimed to build a conceptual panorama of aromatherapy, considering it\'s history and development, and also propose an integrative model of the physiological and psychosocial aspects, based on the psychoneuroendocrineimmunological premisses. Aromatherapy is a millenarian practice, that suffered many changes throughout history, and, for this reason, nowadays, it is confusing and uncertain. It\'s reappearance in the 30\'s permitted a start of the scientific view of the theme. However, the scientific view evolved slowly because of the methodological difficulties that were found. The organization of the current panorama of this therapy permitted observing that many countries study aromatherapy. However, there are many different approaches and views of the subject, in a way that it\'s complex to do the intersection of the studies. In it\'s scientific study there are many elements to be considered, such as type of study (theoretical, preclinical or clinical), variables to control pharmacological, subject and procedural) and questions studied (about the effects of essential oils, about their action mechanisms and about the influence of the variables on both). Furthermore, currently there are many approaches to the study: philosophical (based on oriental heath philosophy), psychological (based on the concept of olfactory memory), pharmacochemical (based of pharmacology and essential oil chemistry), neurological (based on neuroscience) and psychoneuroendocrineimmunological (based on psychoneuroendocrineimmunology). This work focused on preclinical and clinical studies, from a psychoneuroendocrineimmuneological point of view. In order to serve as a first step to the scientific standardizing of the subject, a more objective definition of aromatherapy was proposed, from which the study developed the subject. In the psychoneuroendocrineimmunological model, aromatherapy may have direct or indirect effects in the nervous, endocrine, immune and psychological systems. These effects can be physiological and psychological and they are caused by pharmacological and olfactory mechanisms. Aromas always have pharmacological effects, independently from application via, but when the inhalation is used the olfactory effects are added to these pharmacological effects. The olfactory effects are different from the others and characteristic of the olfactory system. The study of olfaction is indispensable to the scientific understanding of aromatherapy and it has evolved immensely, although there are still many elements still to be understood. Consequently, the studies in aromatherapy also have evolved more, permitting more minute and conclusive studies about the functioning of essential oils in the organism and mind. A path to this kind of study, in the psychoneuroendocrineimmunological model, is the study of the interaction between aromatherapy and stress. The basic premiss of the theory of stress is to study the integration of body and mind. This study concluded that psychoneuroendocrineimmunology is a useful model to study aromatherapy because it permits the scientific evaluation of both physiological and psychological effects of aromatherapy. It also concluded that the organization of the current panorama permitted a theoretical foundation for elaboration of scientific methods in aromatherapy, stress and psychoneuroendocrineimmunology in future studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_bfmt_me_botib.pdf: 809978 bytes, checksum: dfad13979717e24ed1396c50d10ae323 (MD5) / Esta dissertação encontra-se dividida em introdução geral e 3 capítulos, sendo estes no formato de manuscritos a serem enviados para publicação em 3 periódicos distintos. Considerando a crescente utilização dos produtos naturais, especialmente dos obtidos a partir de plantas, objetivou-se estudar a ação antibacteriana de 27 óleos essenciais de uso em aromaterapia, sobre linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus (n=10), Escherichia coli (n=9), e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=9), isoladas de casos clínicos humanos, utilizando a metodologia dos discos (difusão) e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) (diluição) em Mueller Hinton Ágar (Capítulo I). Verificou-se que as linhagens de S. aureus foram mais susceptíveis que as de Gram negativas, sendo que os valores de CIM90% foi de 0,21mg/mL para os óleos de pimenta negra (Piper nigrum) e tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) e 26,52mg/mL para o óleo de copaíba (Copaíba officinalis). Para E. coli, o óleo de canela (Cinnamomum cassia) foi o mais efetivo, com 2,0 mg/mL para CIM90% enquanto para P. aeruginosa o valor foi de 8,29 mg/mL com cravo da índia (Syzigium aromaticum). Utilizando valores de CIM obtidos in vitro foram selecionados 5 óleos (cravo da índia-Syzygium aromaticum, gerânio-Pelargonium graveolens, lavanda -Lavandula angustifolia, palmarosa-Cymbopogon martini e tea tree-Melaleuca alternifolia) e novamente sobre linhagens de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, foi verificada a ação antibacteriana através da diluição individual de cada óleo em água e salina visando redução na contagem bacteriana em função do tempo (Capítulo II). Tanto nos ensaios em água quanto salina, verificou-se que o perfil de sensibilidade das linhagens bacterianas aos óleos essenciais foram próximos entre si, porém significativamente distintos comparados aos ensaios controles... / This thesis is divided into general introduction and three chapters, which are in the format of manuscripts to be submitted for publication in three separate journals. Considering the increasing use of natural products, especially those obtained from plants, aimed to study the antibacterial activity of 27 essential oils used in aromatherapy, on Staphylococcus aureus (n=10), Escherichia coli (n=9), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=9), isolated from human clinical cases, using the methodology of the disks (diffusion) and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (dilution) on Mueller Hinton Agar (Chapter I). It was found that the strains of S. aureus were more susceptible than the Gram negative, and the values of MIC90% was 0.21 mg/mL for the oils of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and 26.52 mg/mL for oil Copaiba (Copaiba officinalis). For E. coli strains, the oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) was the most effective, with 2.0 mg/mL for MIC 90% while for P. aeruginosa, the value was 8.29 mg/mL with clove (Syzigium aromaticum). Using MIC values obtained in vitro were selected five oils (cloves-Syzygium aromaticum, geranium-Pelargonium graveolens, lavender- Lavandula angustifolia, palmarosa-Cymbopogon martini and tea tree-Melaleuca alternifolia) and the bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibacterial activity was checked by dilution of individual oil and saline water in order to reduce the bacterial count in function of time (Chapter II). Both tests in saline and water, it was found that the sensitivity of bacterial strains to essential oils were close together, but were significantly different compared to control tests. Essential oils have demonstrated the potential inhibitor of the three bacterial strains, and the results were different from those obtained in vitro-ágar with Gram negative... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 defazio_jl_me_botib.pdf: 546001 bytes, checksum: 06636b485244c83b08db7e0a2ab293cf (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Mentha piperita L., planta aromática da família Lamiaceae, é uma espécie de grande interesse econômico na obtenção de óleos essenciais. Seu óleo é amplamente empregado como aditivo de alimentos, em produtos de higiene bucal e em preparações farmacêuticas. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da variação do nível de cálcio em solução nutritiva, associada à aplicação de ethephon, no desenvolvimento e na produção do óleo essencial de menta. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Botânica do Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP. Para tanto, as plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva no 2 de Hoagland & Arnon, contendo 160 mg L-1 de cálcio e na mesma solução com sua redução para 50%, 80 mg L-1 e 90%, 16 mg L-1 e submetidas à pulverização foliar com 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1 de ethephon, onde permaneceram até as datas de colheitas, realizadas aos 46, 76, 106 e 136 dias após o transplante das mudas para a solução nutritiva. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com doze tratamentos, constituídos por três níveis de cálcio e quatro doses de ethephon, quatro repetições e quatro colheitas. A aplicação do ethephon, via foliar, foi realizada em quatro épocas, com intervalos de 30 dias, tendo início aos 31 dias após transplante das mudas para a solução nutritiva. Em cada colheita foram determinados, o comprimento de parte aérea, a área foliar, a matéria seca de lâminas foliares, de caules mais pecíolos, de raízes e total das plantas. Para a análise de crescimento foram determinados os índices fisiológicos, taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), razão de área foliar (RAF) e área foliar específica (AFE). / Mentha piperita L., an aromatic plant from Lamiaceae family, is a species with great economic interest for producing essential oils. Its oil is extensively employed as food additive, in products of mouth hygiene and in pharmaceutical formulas. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of the calcium level variation in nutritive solution, associated to ethephon application, on the development and in the essential oil yield of mint. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at the Bio Science Institute/ Botany Department, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. Thus, all plants were grown in a no 2 Hoagland & Arnon nutritive solution, varying the calcium level in three different proportions: the first group contained the standart level of calcium, of 160 mg L-1 found in this nutritive solution. The second group was grown with Ca2+ reduction in 50%, therefore, 80 mg L-1. The third group was grown with Ca2+ reduction in 90%, therefore, 16 mg L-1. The three groups were submitted to leaf pulverization with 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1 of ethephon. Thus, the plants remained with this treatment until the dates of harvests, which were performed at 46, 76, 106 and 136 days after the transplantation to nutritive solution. The design was completely randomized with twelve treatments constituted of three and four levels of calcium and ethephon, respectively, four replicates and four harvests. The application of ethephon on the leaves first started at the 31st day after the transplantation (DAT) to nutritive solution, and was performed at four epochs, with intervals of 30 days. Shoot length, leaf area, and dry matter of leaf blades, stems plus petioles, roots and total of the plants were determined in each harvest. For growth analysis, it was measured the physiological indexes absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA).

Protium é o principal gênero pertencente à família Burseraceae e um dos gêneros mais comum na América do Sul, sendo representativo na flora da Região Amazônica. Na medicina popular, as oleorresinas das espécies Protium são amplamente utilizadas para diversos propósitos pelas tribos nativas das regiões onde estas espécies ocorrem. No presente estudo, os óleos essenciais de quatro espécies Protium foram extraídos, quantitativamente por hidrodestilação. Estas resinas foram coletadas de árvores catalogadas no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), na Reserva Ducke, Manaus/AM, em novembro de 2004. Foram determinadas as características físico-químicas destes óleos. Técnicas espectroscópicas, como espectrometria de absorção no infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de absorção no ultravioleta (UV) e espectrometria de massas (EM), foram utilizadas como ferramentas qualitativas nas análises destes óleos. Foi utilizada cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) para a separação dos constituintes destes óleos em frações. Para identificação e quantificação dos componentes destes óleos foi utilizada cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Os espectros de massas obtidos para os componentes individuais dos óleos foram analisados por comparação com os espectros da literatura [52]. Os rendimentos nas extrações foram: 3,1% (P. hebetatum), 3,33% (P. nitidifolium), 2,6% (P.divarictium) e 2,77% (P.amazonicum). No óleo extraído da espécie P. hebetatum foram identificados 17 compostos, sendo os monoterpenos constituintes predominantes na composição deste óleo. No óleo extraído das espécies P. nitidifolium e P. divarictium foram identificados 21 e 23 componentes, respectivamente. No óleo extraído da espécie P. amazonicum foram identificados 18 compostos. Uma característica notável nesta amostra é a predominância de sesquiterpenos em sua composição. A literatura relata a predominância de sesquiterpenos exclusivamente em óleos essenciais extraídos de folhas de espécies Protium spp. É importante salientar ainda, que não há relatos na literatura acerca de óleos essências das espécies P. amazonicum e P. divarictium. / Protium is the main genus in the Burseracea family and is one of the most widespread genera in South America, being very representative in the flora of the Amazon region. In the folk medicine, the oleoresins from species of Protium are widely used for several purposes by the native tribes in the regions where they occur. In the present study the essential oils of four species of Protium were extracted quantitatively by hidrodestillation from aged resins. These samples were collected from trees catalogued by the National Institute of Resesarch of Amazonia (INPA), in the National Forest Ducke, Manaus – Amazonas, in November 2004. The oils extracted were analyzed in order to determine its physical-chemical characteristics. Spectroscopic techniques such as infrared absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used to analyze these oils. Thin layer chromatography was used to separate the fractions of the components from these samples. For the identification and quantification of the components, the coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was employed. The registered mass spectra of these oils compounds were compared with those of the literature [52]. The extractions yields were 3.1% (P. hebetatum), 3.33% (P. nitidifolium), 2.6% (P.divarictium) and 2.77% (P.amazonicum). In the P. hebetatum oil 17 compounds were identified, being the monoterpenes predominate in this oil composition. In the P. nitidifolium oil 21 compounds were identified and, in the P. divarictium oil 23 compounds. In the P. amazonicum oil 18 compounds were identified, and the major constituent identified was the sesquiterpene cedrane. A noticeable feature is the predominance of sesquiterpenes in the composition of the P. amazonicum oil. These compounds are reported to be majoritary in essential oils extracted of Protium species leaves. It is important to notice that, in the present moment, no data was reported about P. amazonicum and P.divarictium essential oils. The results show a high potential of these species as a relevant research area, mainly in Brazil that owns the major flora of the world, the Amazon Forest.

No abstract available / Dissertation (MSc(Agric) (Agronomy))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Plant Production and Soil Science / MSc(Agric) / unrestricted

Variations in the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and traditional hydrodistillation methods were evaluated. The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 33 compounds with 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, camphor, verbenone, bornyl acetate and camphene constituting about 80 percent of the oils throughout the period of investigation, with the solvent-free microwave extraction method generally yielding more of the major components than the hydrodistillation method. Each of the major components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different periods of the year. The method of extraction and time of harvest are of importance to the quantity and quality of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene- 4-ol, linalool, a-terpeneol were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD. However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as a-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, a-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans- β-ocimene, γ-teprinene, and cis-sabinene hydrate than SFME extracted oil. Accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and ketones was observed during maturation process of Rosmarinus leaves. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined using a serial microplate dilution method. The essential oils obtained using both methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the SFME extracted oils ranged between 0.23 and 1.88 mg mL-1, while those of the HD extracted oils varied between 0.94 and 7.5 mg mL-1, thus suggesting that the oil obtained by solvent free microwave extraction was more active against bacteria than the oil obtained through hydrodistillation. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay and β- carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH+ assay, while the free radical scavenging activity of the oil obtained by SFME method showed percentage inhibitions of between 48.8 percent and 67 percent, the HD derived oil showed inhibitions of between 52.2 percent and 65.30 percent at concentrations of 0.33, 0.50 and 1.0 mg mL-1, respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the percentage inhibition increased with increasing concentration of both oils with a higher antioxidant activity of the oil obtained through the SFME than the HD method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts using three eluent solvent systems of varying polarities i. e. CEF, BEA and EMW and sprayed with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The chemical composition of the different extracts was similar with the exception of methanol and water extracts which had only one or two visible compounds after treating with vanillin-spray reagent. To evaluate the number of antibacterial compounds present in the fractions, bioautography was used against two most important nosocomial microorganisms. S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative). Nearly all the crude serial extraction fractions contained compounds that inhibited the growth of E. coli. The hexane extract had the most lines of inhibition followed by ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation against E. coli was used to isolate antibacterial compounds. The largest number of antibacterial compounds occurred in the hexane fraction. Furthermore we tried to complete the characterization by extracting and studying other biologically important plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Rosmarinus extracts

viii SUMMARY The effect of essential oils and calcified marine algae as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics on performance of feedlot cattle by Emile Francois Haasbroek Supervisor: Prof. L.J. Erasmus Department: Animal and Wildlife Sciences Faculty: Natural and Agricultural Sciences Degree: MSc (Agric) Animal Science: Animal Nutrition Ionophore antibiotic supplementation is standard practice in almost all feedlots in the USA, South Africa and many other countries due to its effectiveness to increase feed efficiency and modulate feed intake. Public concern over the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and the consumers’ demand for safe, high quality nutritious food has stimulated the search for natural alternatives to ionophores in ruminant diets. The objectives of this study were: (i) to compare the effect of a specific blend of essential oils (XTract X60 – 7065 (XTract)) and a rumen buffer (Acid Buf) to monensin and its effects on the performance of feedlot cattle under both experimental and commercial conditions (ii) to determine the effect of these feed additives on the health status of feedlot cattle and (iii) to determine whether Acid Buf can replace monensin as feed additive in high energy feedlot diets based on hominy chop. For the experimental growth trial 180 Bonsmara type animals were blocked into two groups and then allocated to 6 pens with 10 animals each per treatment using a randomised complete block design. The basal diets (starter, intermediate finisher and final finisher) were the same for the Control XTract and Acid Buf; the only difference being the Control treatment was supplemented with monensin (21 – 33 mg /kg DM), the XTract treatment supplemented with XTract (1000 – 1200 mg /h /d) and the Acid Buf treatment supplemented with Acid Buf at 0,6% dietary DM. For the commercial trial, animals were blocked according to the same criteria but for each treatment there were 3 pens, standing 130 head of cattle per pen, therefore 390 animals per treatment. The experimental pen trial was designed for evaluation of growth and the commercial pen trial for evaluation of health status and growth under practical feedlot conditions. In the small pen trial there were no differences (P > 0.05) in DMI, FCR or ADG between treatments. In the commercial trial the XTract supplemented cattle had a higher EW (429.3 vs. 417.5 kg) and ADG (1.77 kg /d vs. 1.70 kg /d) (P < 0.05) compared to monensin supplemented cattle and the Acid Buf supplemented cattle tended (P > 0.10) towards a higher EW (425.3 vs. 417.5 kg) and ADG (1.74 vs. 1.70 kg /d) compared to monensin supplemented cattle. The feed conversion ratios were 5.67 and 5.26 for XTract and monensin supplemented cattle and did not differ (P = 0.26). The feed conversion ratios were 5.22 and 5.26 respectively for Acid Buf and monensin supplemented cattle and did not differ (P = 0.86). Treatments affected health parameters in the commercial pens with 78% healthy animals (not pulled) in the monensin supplemented animals compared to 82% for XTract and 66% for the Acid Buf supplemented animals (P < 0.01). Rumen damage occurred in 73% of monensin supplemented animals compared to 51% for the Acid Buf supplemented animals and only 24% of the XTract supplemented animals (P < 0.01). Differences in health parameters did not seem to affect the overall growth performance of the cattle, suggesting a relatively minor effect on performance. Results from this large scale study should provide South African feedlot operators with sufficient information to make informed decisions on natural alternatives when the day comes that ionophores are placed on the banned list of ruminant feed additives. Further research, however, is needed on determining the optimal dose, dietary dependant responses, adaptation of rumen microbial populations and potential additive or synergistic effects when supplemented together with other rumen modifiers. Furthermore, the cost: benefit ratio should be determined under the prevailing conditions in different countries. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

<p>U&nbsp;radu&nbsp;su&nbsp;ispitane&nbsp;biohemijske&nbsp;promene&nbsp;na&nbsp;plodovima&nbsp;paprike&nbsp;tokom&nbsp;sazrevanja &nbsp;plodova&nbsp;i&nbsp;tokom&nbsp; dozrevanja&nbsp; plodova&nbsp; posle&nbsp; branja.&nbsp; U&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; ispitivanja&nbsp; promena&nbsp; tokom&nbsp; sazrevanja &nbsp;plodovi&nbsp;su&nbsp;uzorkovani&nbsp;u&nbsp;različitim&nbsp;fazama&nbsp;zrelosti&nbsp;tj.&nbsp;kad&nbsp;su&nbsp;plodovi &nbsp;bili&nbsp;zelene,&nbsp;braon,&nbsp;crvene&nbsp;i&nbsp;tamno&nbsp;crvene&nbsp;boje.&nbsp;Svaka&nbsp;od&nbsp;pomenutih&nbsp;grupa&nbsp;zrenja&nbsp;je &nbsp;dozrevana&nbsp;sledećih&nbsp;petnaest&nbsp;dana&nbsp;sa&nbsp;i&nbsp;bez&nbsp;prisustva&nbsp;svetla.&nbsp;Posle&nbsp;perioda&nbsp;dozrevanja &nbsp;plodovi&nbsp;su&nbsp;osu&scaron;eni&nbsp;i&nbsp;samleveni.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>U&nbsp; uzorcima&nbsp; svežih&nbsp; plodova&nbsp; paprika&nbsp; ispitan&nbsp; je&nbsp; sadržaj&nbsp; vode,&nbsp; pepela,&nbsp; ukupnih&nbsp; mono&nbsp; i &nbsp;oligosaharida,&nbsp;mikro&nbsp;i&nbsp;makroelemenata,&nbsp;boja&nbsp;plodova&nbsp;(vizuelnom&nbsp;ocenom&nbsp;i &nbsp;instrumentalnim&nbsp;merenjem),&nbsp;sadržaj&nbsp;pigmenata&nbsp;i&nbsp;sastav&nbsp;etarskih&nbsp;ulja,&nbsp;dok&nbsp;je&nbsp;u&nbsp;suvim&nbsp;uzorcima&nbsp;određena&nbsp;boja, sadržaj&nbsp;mikro&nbsp;i&nbsp;makro&nbsp;elemenata,&nbsp;pigmenata&nbsp;i&nbsp;sastav&nbsp;etarskih ulja. &nbsp;U&nbsp;semenima &nbsp;paprika&nbsp;ispitan&nbsp;je&nbsp;sadržaj&nbsp;vode,&nbsp;pepela,&nbsp;ulja&nbsp;i&nbsp;neophodnih&nbsp;mikro&nbsp;i &nbsp;makro &nbsp;elemenata.&nbsp;</p><p>Dobijeni&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; pokazuju&nbsp; da&nbsp; se&nbsp; tokom&nbsp; sazrevanja&nbsp; de&scaron;avaju&nbsp; biohemijske &nbsp;promene &nbsp;na&nbsp;plodovima&nbsp; paprika.&nbsp; Povećava&nbsp; se&nbsp; sadržaj&nbsp; suve&nbsp; materije,&nbsp; dolazi&nbsp; do&nbsp; promena&nbsp; u&nbsp; sastavu&nbsp;pigmenata&nbsp;i&nbsp;etarskih&nbsp;ulja.&nbsp;Tokom&nbsp;15&nbsp;dana&nbsp;dozrevanja,&nbsp;ispitani&nbsp;parametri plodova&nbsp;paprika pokazuju&nbsp;da&nbsp;se&nbsp;promene&nbsp;na&nbsp;plodovima&nbsp;nastavljaju&nbsp;i&nbsp;posle&nbsp;ubiranja &nbsp;plodova. &nbsp;U&nbsp;zavisnosti&nbsp;od &nbsp;stepena&nbsp;zrelosti,&nbsp;povećava&nbsp;se&nbsp;sadržaj&nbsp;pigmenta,&nbsp;a&nbsp;menja&nbsp;se&nbsp;i &nbsp;sastav etarskih&nbsp;ulja.&nbsp;</p> / <p>The&nbsp; aim&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; study&nbsp; was&nbsp; to&nbsp; investigate&nbsp; biochemical&nbsp; changes&nbsp; of&nbsp; paprika&nbsp; fruits during ripening&nbsp; and&nbsp; postharvest&nbsp; treatments.&nbsp; Fruits&nbsp; were&nbsp; collected&nbsp; in&nbsp; different&nbsp; stages of development i.e. when green, brown, red and deep red color. Each of these&nbsp; color‐type&nbsp; fruits where&nbsp; ripped&nbsp; after&nbsp; harvest&nbsp; (collection)&nbsp; during&nbsp; next&nbsp; fifteen&nbsp; days&nbsp; with&nbsp; or&nbsp; without&nbsp; light.&nbsp; Thereafter, postharvest treatment fruits were dried and milled.</p><p>In samples of fresh paprika fruits the content of water, ash, mono‐ and&nbsp; oligosaharides, micro and macro nutrient,&nbsp; color of fruits (by visual&nbsp; evaluation and&nbsp; instrumental measuring), ASTA value,&nbsp; chlorophyll&nbsp; and&nbsp; carotenoid&nbsp; content,&nbsp; certain&nbsp; constituents&nbsp; of&nbsp; essential&nbsp; oil&nbsp; were determined and activity of peroxidase and &beta;‐glucosidase enzymes, while in dried fruits the color,&nbsp; content&nbsp; of&nbsp; micro&nbsp; and&nbsp; macroelements&nbsp; and&nbsp; composition&nbsp; of&nbsp; essential&nbsp; oils&nbsp; were determined. In seed,&nbsp; the content of water, ash, oil and micro and macroelements were determined.</p><p>Based on the results it could be concluded that, during ripening, the biochemical&nbsp; changes are occurring on paprika fruits. The increase in dry matter content is observ ed along with the changes in pigment and essential oil composition. During the&nbsp; postharvest&nbsp; time, all evaluated parameters indicated that&nbsp; ripening is in progress after the harvest of paprika fruits. Changes in both the&nbsp; pigment and the essential oil content is dependent of a ripening stage.</p>