As is much of the world's biodiversity, bees and other flower-visiting insects are in global decline, largely due to human activities. The impacts of humans on wildlife can be ameliorated, at least to an extent, by wildlife-friendly management practices in both rural and urban areas. This thesis comprises two introductory chapters (Part 1), followed by a series of ten research chapters (Parts 2 - 5) aimed at informing management practices that encourage bees and other flower-visiting insects in urban areas, and ends with a concluding chapter (Part 6). The projects are grouped in four parts making contributions to four broad areas of research. Part 2 is concerned with evaluating the attractiveness of ornamental garden plants to insect flower-visitors. Individual projects examine the advice currently available to gardeners via recommended plant lists, and describe surveys of plant varieties grown in a public garden (Southover Grange garden, Lewes), a Plant Heritage national collection of asters (Picton Garden, Malvern), and the experimental gardens planted on campus of the University of Sussex, Brighton, as well as in towns of Plumpton and Magham Down. Part 3 evaluates the attractiveness to insects of urban wild flowers, including those growing in amenity grass areas in parks, and the effects on their abundance and diversity of the various mowing regimes, as well as the attractiveness of the common autumn flowering ivy. Part 4 uses waggle dance decoding to investigate honey bee foraging in the urban landscape of Brighton, with an additional particular focus on foraging on spring-blooming oilseed rape in the surrounding agricultural land. Part 5 examines an aspect of good practice in urban apiary set up, the use of lattice fence or hedge barriers, which should facilitate beekeeping in urban areas, including in private gardens and allotments.

Bumblebees are important pollinators of crops and wildflowers and are currently in global decline. The main drivers of decline include agricultural intensification, climate change, invasive species, pesticides, parasites and pathogens and it is thought that these multiple stressors act together to impact populations. However, their relative importance is unknown and there are wide knowledge gaps in relation to the current status of species populations and their response to environmental variables such as climate, habitat and land use change. Citizen science offers a potential method of collecting data at a broad enough scale to measure species population responses to environmental stressors and it has successfully been applied to other taxa, particularly UK birds and butterflies. This thesis investigates the use of citizen science to address the current knowledge gaps in the status of UK bumblebee populations by analysing volunteer-collected data on current distribution and abundance trends in relation to habitat and climate change. Results are compared to previous studies to infer long-term changes in population dynamics. The value of applying citizen science methods to bumblebee monitoring is highlighted, revealing evidence for decline of some common species and the recent retraction of rare species to their climatic optima. The main findings reveal a potential impact of climate on the distribution of winter-active bumblebees. They also indicate that, while urban parks and gardens provide refuge for bumblebees in an otherwise impoverished landscape, urbanisation may favour short-tongued generalist species over long-term specialists. The outcomes of this thesis have important management implications for UK bumblebee populations including the need for reassessment of the conservation status of B. soroeensis and the sympathetic management of urban parks and gardens for longtongued specialists through the provision of suitable forage material.

It is common practice to re‐release wildlife back into the wild, even though there is little data on the effectiveness of this practice with respect to animal welfare or cost effectiveness. The aim of my study was to examine the post‐release behaviour of captive‐reared orphaned stone martens (Martes foina) and the impact of conspecifics' presence on this behaviour. Radio‐telemetry was used to collect behavioural and survival data; a questionnaire survey within the local community and live‐trapping were used to determine the presence of other martens and to investigate public attitudes towards martens. Specific aims were to determine: (1) the post‐release survival of martens; (2) the potential for human‐marten conflict; (3) the martens' pattern of post‐release ranging behaviour; and (4) the impact of conspecifics' presence on this behaviour. On the basis of previous studies, I expected abnormal behaviour immediately after release, together with a reasonable rate of short‐term survival; but there was no previous evidence relating to mid‐ or long‐term survival. A total of twelve martens were released, of which eight were followed successfully for at least 4 months. There was considerable individual variation in post‐release behaviour. Survival rate was high (0.66), indicating that young martens were able to establish sustainable home ranges. Released martens did not seem to cause significant human‐wildlife conflict and only one of the released animals settled in a village. Live‐trapping and the questionnaire survey indicated that martens were already established in the area and I suggest that this was why more of the young captive‐reared martens did not settle in villages. Public attitudes towards martens were generally positive. I conclude that in the medium‐term, release of captive‐reared martens is acceptable as regards animal welfare and cost‐effectiveness. However, further work is needed to examine long‐term survival and post‐release behaviour.

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Hui Kin Cheung. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-102). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Contents --- p.iii / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- General --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Discovery of the Gospel of Judas --- p.1 / Chapter 3 --- Discussions on the Gospel of Judas --- p.3 / Chapter 4 --- Research Objectives and Approach --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 1: --- The Gospel of Judas --- p.9 / Chapter 1 --- General --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- Textual Considerations --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Incomplete Text --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Original Language In Greek --- p.10 / Chapter 3 --- An Overview --- p.10 / Chapter 3.1 --- Literary Structure --- p.11 / Chapter 3.2 --- Outline --- p.13 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Prologue (33,1-6)" --- p.13 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Jesus' earthly ministry (33,6-21)" --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Day One (33,22-36,10)" --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- "Day Two (36,11-37,20)" --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- "Day Three (37,20-58,26)" --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- "Title (58,27-28)" --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- English Translation Variance --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- Critical Text Interpretation --- p.27 / Chapter 4 --- Dating --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1 --- Date of the Codex Tchacos --- p.30 / Chapter 4.2 --- Date of the Greek Gospel of Judas --- p.31 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Comparison with Irenaeus´ة Against Heresies --- p.31 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Comparison with New Testament --- p.34 / Chapter 5 --- Summary --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Judas´ةs Christology --- p.37 / Chapter 1 --- Definition --- p.37 / Chapter 2 --- Who is Jesus? --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1 --- Confessions of Jesus´ة Disciples --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Confession of Simon Peter --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Confession of Judas Thomas --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Confession of Judas Iscariot --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2 --- "Judas' Confession Statement (35,15-20)" --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Who is “Barbelo´ح? --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Who is “the sender´ح? --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3 --- Identity of Jesus --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Barbelo or the Self-Generated? --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Revealer --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Christ --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Son of God --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4 --- Nature of Jesus --- p.54 / Chapter 3 --- What did Jesus say? --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1 --- Knowledge of God & Creations --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Knowledge of Humanity & Salvation --- p.59 / Chapter 4 --- What did Jesus do? --- p.60 / Chapter 5 --- Summary --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Judas' Christology and Second-Century Christians --- p.62 / Chapter 1 --- Whose Christology? --- p.62 / Chapter 1.1 --- Cainites --- p.62 / Chapter 1.2 --- An Unknown Gnostic Sect --- p.63 / Chapter 1.3 --- Judas as a Hero of the Gnostic Community --- p.65 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Sole Bearer of the Gnosis --- p.66 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Ruler of the Thirteenth Aeon --- p.67 / Chapter 1.4 --- Judas as an identification with the Gnostic Community --- p.69 / Chapter 2 --- A Christology for the Second-Century Christians --- p.71 / Chapter 2.1 --- Delay of Parousia --- p.72 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Proto-orthodox Response --- p.72 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Judas' Response --- p.74 / Chapter 2.2 --- Persecutions in the Second-Century --- p.76 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Proto-orthodox Response --- p.79 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Judas' Response --- p.80 / Chapter 3 --- Summary --- p.82 / Conclusion --- p.83 / Appendix: The Gospel of Judas (English Version) --- p.87 / Glossary --- p.97 / Bibliography --- p.99

黃薇. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-114) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Huang Wei.

M.Sc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / There has been a genuine problem with plastic carrier bags (PCBs) pollution since the 1970’s. A literature review revealed that very few scientific studies have been undertaken globally on PCB. The South African Government promulgated regulations to reduce numbers, encourage reuse and recycling of plastic bags in 2003. The regulations introduced a charge for PCBs. This study looked at the handling and disposal of PCB after 2003 in Gauteng Province, South Africa; and looked at the movement of PCB from major retailers and informal traders to consumers and recycling and recovery. The study excluded the manufacturers and distributors of PCB. It began with the retailers and informal traders being the source of PCB and extended to consumers during their grocery shopping in large retail stores and purchases from informal traders. The study also looked at the individual waste collectors operating in landfill sites, residential and industrial areas to establish the level of recycling of PCB. Buyisa-e-Bag (B-e-B) was at the end of the collection of PCB pathway where it was supposed to provide leadership in the recovery of the bags. Semi-structured interviews were used to collate data on recycling approach with specific focus on PCB and understanding of the legislation. A total of one hundred consumers were interviewed in the shopping malls. Consumers did not know much about the regulations hence they could not explain the reason they have to pay for PCB. Ninety one percent of consumers did not reuse bags for shopping and 68% reused PCB at home to store waste before it is disposed of. Eighty informal traders were interviewed: all indicated that they did not charge for PCB. Forty chain supermarkets managers were interviewed from the shopping centres covered by the study. The retailers were affected by the PCB regulations; they reduced the number of grocery packers and increased security to prevent theft. Nevertheless, they complied with the regulations by selling only the thick bags. Twenty landfill and recycling facilities managers formed part of the study. All landfill managers encouraged general waste recycling to prolong lifespan of the site. Fifty individual recyclers were interviewed in the landfill sites, recycling facilities and on the road side while pushing their trolleys. They found it economically impractical to collect PCBs. Awareness of plastic litter has increased and less is visible though this was not measured. Legal compliance with regulations and specifications needed to be actively driven by all the relevant parties. PCBs are fully recyclable; hence more public awareness is required aimed at preventing the contamination of bags which deters re-claimers from collecting them. B-e-B has not met most of the objectives of their formation and has since been placed under administration by DEAT. Inadequate communication and collective bargaining between the key role parties resulted in the delays in getting the recycling projects off the ground. Major retailers complied with the Government regulations. Informal traders and consumers were generally unaware of regulations and consequences of PCB use. Consumers bought new PCB and in most cases, failed to reuse them for shopping. Recycling of PCBs is not carried out effectively as it is not economically worthwhile. This requires further research to explore the potential uses of PCBs at the end of their lifecycle

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The present thesis is an attempt to understand Abd Al-Karim Al-Jili’s thought and to illustrate his original contribution to the development of medieval Islamic mysticism. In particular, it maintains that far from being an obscure disciple of Ibn Arabi, Al-Jili was able to overcome the apparent contradiction between the doctrinal assumption of a transcendent God and the perception of divine immanence intrinsic in God’s relational stance vis-à-vis the created world. To achieve this, this thesis places Al-Jili historically and culturally within the Sufi context of eighth-ninth/fourteenth-fifteenth centuries Persia, describing the world in which he lived and the influence of theological and philosophical traditions on his writings, both from within and without the Islamic world. A whole chapter is dedicated to the definition of the controversies that afflicted Islamic theology and philosophy over the issue of anthropomorphic representations of God and the relevance that this had on the subject of divine immanence and transcendence. Al-Jili’s original contribution to this discussion, summarised in the concept of the Perfect Human Being, is illustrated with the editing and translation of one of Al-Jili’s works, The Cave and the Inscription, followed by annotations to the book.

La presente Investigación “Procurando La Donación De Órganos: Vivencias De Enfermería” es un estudio cualitativo que busca explorar las vivencias de las enfermeras que trabajan en busca de un donante de órganos. La idea es detectar cuales son las razones por las cuales la enfermera forma parte de la Unidad de PROCURA y cuales son las vivencias que han experimentado durante su trabajo. Y así motivar a la búsqueda de estrategias que permitan mejorar esta acción de enfermería, como es el brindar apoyo emocional y educación tanto a la familia del posible donante, al personal del servicio; así como también al mismo personal de salud que labora en esta Unidad. Se empieza el estudio realizando un análisis histórico y como marco teórico se considera los requisitos que se debe tener para la donación de órganos en la actualidad; lo que significa la Muerte Cerebral, el cuidado de enfermería hacia el donante. El método que se utilizó fue “Historia de Vida”, teniendo como informantes claves a las licenciadas de la Unidad de PROCURA y la técnica de recolección de datos fue la entrevista no estructurada. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, luego se procedió a la trascripción de las cintas magnetofónicas para plasmar la información en textos. Luego, se presenta la categorización de las entrevistas en torno a cuatro grandes temas: sensibilización; convencimiento, rechazo y aporte para enfermería: “ciencia del cuidado”. / -- The present Investigation "Getting the Donation of Organs: Experiences of Nursing" it is a qualitative study that seeks to explore the experiences of the nurses who work in search of a donor of organs. The idea is detect which are the reasons for which the nurse forms a part of the Unit of PROCURA and which are the experiences that have experimented during his work. And this way to motivate to the search of strategies that allow to improve this action of infirmary, since it is to offer emotional support and education so much to the family of the possible donor, to the personnel of the service; as well as also to the same personnel of health that works in this Unit. The study is begun realizing a historical analysis and theoretical frame is considered to be the requirements that it is necessary to have for the donation of organs at present; what means the Cerebral Death, the care of infirmary towards the donor The method that was in use was a "Vida's History", taking the licentiates of the Unit as key informants of PROCURA and the skill of compilation of information was the not constructed interview. The interviews were recorded; then one proceeded to the transcription of the recording tapes to form the information in texts. Then, one presents the categorization of the interviews around four big topics: sensitization; conviction, rejection and contribution for infirmary: “science of the care". / Tesis