According to a nationwide study completed by the National Center for State Courts in 1980, apprehended juveniles are usually notified of their Miranda rights at various times from the point of contact with the police through and including the adjudicatory hearing. If the juvenile desires to relinquish those rights, he/she is required to sign a document attesting to his/her understanding of and wish to waive those rights. This descretionery privilege places the juvenile on the same Constitutional footing as an adult.;The purpose of this study was to examine the comprehension of Miranda rights by a sample population of juveniles within the public schools. It added a comparative dimension to the data reported by Grisso (1981) at the conclusion of a study in the St. Louis Juvenile Court. The two sets of data, when viewed in tandum, provide juvenile court judges with an empirical profile of juveniles whose waiver of Miranda rights require careful scrutiny. The data also provide guidelines to school administrators concerning the efficacy of curriculum content regarding Miranda rights and additional guidelines when dealing with possible "Miranda situations" on the school premises.

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<p> This integrated literature review compiles past and present literature on the African Holocaust or Maafa to provide a more in-depth understanding of the unique sociopolitical narrative of the enslavement and oppression of Africans and African Americans for half a millennium in the United States. This study integrates historical data, theoretical literature, and clinical research to assess immediate and sequential impacts of the traumatization of the African Holocaust on enslaved and liberated Africans, African Americans, and their descendants. This investigation engages literature on trauma (Root, 1992), historical traumas (Duran, Duran, Brave Heart, &amp; Yellow Horse-Davis, 1998), historical unresolved grief (Brave Heart &amp; DeBruyn, 1998), and multigenerational trauma transmission (Danieli, 1998) to explore claims of slavery and relentless oppression leaving a psychological and behavioral legacy behind to the contemporary African American community (Abdullah, Kali, &amp; Sheppard, 1995; Akbar, 1996; Leary, 2001, 2005; Poussaint &amp; Alexander, 2000; B. L. Richardson &amp; Wade, 1999). By and large, this study provides a comprehensive exploration and critical examination of Leary&rsquo;s (2005) Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome theory (PTSS), which suggests that the traumatization of slavery and continued oppression (i.e., racism, discrimination, and marginalization) endured by enslaved Africans in the United States and their descendants over successive centuries has brought about a psychological and behavioral syndrome prevalent amongst 21st century African Americans. Findings from the critical analysis revealed that in addition to inheriting legacies of trauma from their enslaved and oppressed African ancestors, contemporary African Americans may have also inherited legacies of healing that have manifested as survival, strength, spirituality, perseverance, vitality, dynamism, and resiliency. Clinical implications from this research underscored the importance of not pathologizing present generations of African Americans for their attempts to cope with and adapt to perpetually oppressive environmental circumstances. Further quantitative and qualitative research that directly tests the applicability of PTSS within the African American community is needed to better grasp the representational generalizability of PTSS. Lastly, rather than focus on the repeated victimization of African Americans, the findings from this study suggest that future research should focus on the mental sickness of African Americans' oppressors in addition to identifying and delineating intergenerational legacies of survival, resilience, transcendence, and healing birthed out of the historical trauma of slavery.</p>

<p> The study investigated the impact of ethnicity and gender on sexual orientation disclosure in the workplace. A total sample of 129 African American lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) workers between 20 and 61 years of age completed an online survey on PsychData. Respondents were given several measures to determine their ethnicity, gender conformity, and workplace sexual identity coping strategies. A 2x2 multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine the differences between the independent variables (gender conformity/nonconformity and ethnic identity) and dependent variables (passing, covering, implicitly out, and explicitly out). Based on the minority stress model, the research questions focused more on passing and covering coping strategies among LGB individuals who have dual minority identities (i.e., sexual orientation and African American ethnicity). No significant differences were found in terms of using passing and covering coping strategies among LGB individuals who identified with their African American ethnicity combined with gender-nonconforming behaviors. This may have been due to several factors such as a restricted sample size, change or shift in social stereotyping, or the contradicting feelings or concerns of LGB workers with regard to disclosing their sexual orientation. Although previous researchers posited that LGB individuals have a fear of being discriminated against and rejected in the workplace, there are few laws that prevent sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination, leaving the LGB individual to engage the continuum of coping strategies. Methodological implications and limitations of the study are discussed, and suggestions for future research are presented.</p>

<p>The purpose of the study is to conduct research and bring awareness to war related events experienced by female refugees. Refugees from war torn countries arrive to the United States with various forms of trauma&mdash;some war related and others not. Trauma experienced by refugees can significantly impact their mental health and overall quality of life. Reliable and valid screenings/interventions, that use quantitative and qualitative methods, have proven to be beneficial. Currently there is limited information regarding the range of war related trauma and health outcomes experienced by female refugees of Middle Eastern (Kurdish) and Asian (Vietnamese) descent. This study examines the difference in migration, employment, education, health insurance, mental health, and personal problems experienced by 60 Vietnamese and 44 Iraqi women. An exploratory, qualitative and quantitative, research design was employed to detect war related, traumatic events. The ultimate aim of the study was to focus on the cross-cultural impact of war related trauma and its mental health and overall effects on female refugees. </p>

<p> Of the 3.5 million persons infected with chronic HCV in the United States, the African American population is the largest racial group with chronic HCV. Disparities in access to care and treatment involve a complex set of individual, interpersonal, socioeconomic, and environmental factors that influence the course of HCV infection in the African American population, resulting in poorer outcomes and survival. Drawing upon both the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior, this study was conducted to determine whether the seeking of health care by HCV-positive African Americans and the responses of health care providers to HCV-positive African Americans had improved since 2008 following the introduction of new treatment options, as compared to other HCV-positive racial/ethnic groups, using secondary data analyses with survey datasets from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2012. Using chi-square test of difference and logistic regression analyses, the study did not identify a statistically significant relationship between health care seeking behavior and responses from health care providers for HCV-positive African Americans before (2005-2008) and after (2009-2012) the introduction of new treatment options as compared to other HCV-positive racial/ethnic groups. Given the ongoing development of new and improved drugs to treat HCV infection, further research might focus on the HCV-infected population as a whole to ascertain whether differences exist as compared to earlier therapies before 2013. This study may drive social change within the health care community by raising awareness of the risks of HCV infection resulting in less provider bias and the introduction of resources into the African American and underserved communities that will improve outcomes and reduce barriers to care.</p>

While Mexican Americans have put their lives to paper prior to the years of el movimiento, in this project, I begin my analysis with authors who voice their selves immediately before and after the Chicano Movement. Authors like José Antonio Villarreal in Pocho (1959), Ernesto Galarza in Barrio Boy: The Story of a Boy’s Acculturation (1971), and Richard Rodriguez in Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (1982), in their efforts to represent self and narrative multiple selves, wrote what many see as the foundational texts that speak to or enliven Mexican American experiences during this formative period. Upon closer consideration, we see the ways in which these early texts initiate and create on-going conversations about form, fiction, identity, and truth. Rather than establishing a kind of literary nationalism, at the time, that rejected Anglo literary conventions, particularly in the field of autobiography, Villarreal, Galarza, and Rodriguez mirror many of the Western, male, heteronormative, autobiographical conventions in their texts, ones they read and admired while growing up as Mexican Americans in the 1950s and 1960s. In contrast to these earlier Mexican American writers, Chicanas such as Cherríe Moraga, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Norma Elia Cantú, offer alternative, multi-generic models of life narrative. In my project, I consider the ways in which Chicano self-writing carves out a space of racial representation and how that form, originated and altered by the Chicana/os mentioned above, has evolved to accommodate and even embrace such forms as dichos, myths, recipes, photographs, letters, poems, among others. Chicana authors Sheila Ortiz Taylor, Sandra Ortiz Taylor, Pat Mora, and Michele Serros employ various autobiographical strategies to establish a self-narrated tradition that differs from the works of early Chicano writers. Following in the footsteps of his Chicana predecessors, Luis Alberto Urrea, too, challenges form to tell the story of his life. These writers do not simply “modify” or “adapt” existing genres; rather, they make and remake an entire corpus of related autobiographical genres in order to participate in the larger literary tradition of life narrative. / text

<p> This thesis is a study about Mapuche rural-urban, indigenous migration in Chile and how Mapuche have experienced their individual and familial migratory processes. Previous studies on Mapuche migration have taken a macro approach to examine this phenomenon and have concentrated on the experiences of migrants after their migration has taken place. This thesis, adding a new perspective to the current body of knowledge, studies the migration of Mapuche beginning with the inception of the process and continues through to trace their settlement in Santiago. With this, the study analyzes the character of Mapuche migration, examining the reasons and expectations behind this migration as well as how this process has been initiated and sustained through time. In addition to this, the study focuses on the social and cultural consequences that stem from Mapuche migrating and settling in Santiago, and pays special attention to the role that kin networks have in this process. This thesis, then, analyzes the particular characteristics of Mapuche rural-urban migration and considers the significance of individual agency in constructing different migratory paths by examining individual migration stories. In this thesis, I also examine the different mechanisms that Mapuche in Santiago have put in place to grapple with the social and cultural challenges behind their migration to and settlement in the city.</p>