Il est historiquement prouvé que crise économique rime avec désorganisation des institutions. L’effort d’un encadrement juridique de la crise nous amène donc à constater une transformation flagrante des règles de droit émises pendant cette période. Dans le cadre du processus législatif, cette transformation se produit par le déclenchement des mécanismes exceptionnels. Ainsi, la législation de la crise consiste principalement à l’édiction des normes législatives par le pouvoir exécutif sur la base de son pouvoir législatif exceptionnel. A cet égard, l’exigence de flexibilité issue de la crise semble justifier une nouvelle répartition des pouvoirs. A l’origine de cette nouvelle répartition se trouve une tentative de faire passer à tout prix des mesures qui apporteront des bénéfices économiques, sauf que ces mesures s’étendent dans le champ des droits et libertés en imposant des restrictions considérables à leur jouissance. Face à cet ébranlement institutionnel, le juge constitutionnel reste souvent passif, en se limitant à un contrôle restreint des actes adoptés selon des procédures exceptionnelles. Ainsi, les problèmes financiers prennent un caractère vivement politique qui conduit le juge national à s’autolimiter pour ne pas s’immiscer dans les questions qui semblent constituer des choix politiques. La Grèce constitue un exemple emblématique de ce phénomène. Les réformes effectuées au cours de ces dernières années par les gouvernements grecs successifs touchent les domaines les plus cruciaux de la vie socioéconomique du pays. La grande majorité de ces réformes et, incontestablement les plus importantes parmi eux, sont fondées sur une législation d’exception / It is historically proven that economic crisis rhymes with disorganization of institutions. The effort of a legal definition and delimitation of the crisis leads to a blatant transformation of the legal rules issued during this period. As a part of the legislative process, this transformation takes place by the implementation of exceptional mechanisms to deal with emergencies. Thus, the legislation of the crisis consists mainly of the enactment of legislative norms by the executive power on the basis of its exceptional legislative power. In this context, the requirement of flexibility resulting from the crisis seems to justify a new division of powers. This redistribution is based in an attempt to pass at all costs measures which will bring economic benefits, except that these measures extend into the field of rights and freedoms by imposing considerable restrictions on their enjoyment. Faced with this institutional disruption, the constitutional judge often remains passive, limiting itself to a limited control of the acts adopted by exceptional procedures. Thus, the financial problems acquire a highly political character which leads the national judge to restrict himself so as not to interfere with the questions that seem to constitute political choices. Greece is an emblematic example of this phenomenon. The reforms undertaken in recent years by successive Greek governments affect the most crucial areas of the country's socio-economic life. The vast majority of these reforms, and undoubtedly the most important among them, are based on an exceptional legislation

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Over the last two decades a new theory has been developed and intensively investigated in quantum physics. The theory stipulates that a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian can also represents a physical system as long as its energy spectra can be purely real in certain regime depending on the parameters of the Hamiltonian. It was demonstrated that the reality of the eigenenergy was conditioned by a certain kind of symmetry embedded in the actual non-Hermitian system. Indeed, such systems have a combined reflection (parity) symmetry (P) and time-reversal symmetry (T), PT-symmetry. The theory opens the door to new features particularly in open systems in which there could be gain and/or loss of particle or energy from and/or to the environment. A key property of the theory is the PT-symmetry breaking transition which occurs at the exceptional point (EP). The exceptional points are special degeneracies characterized by a coalescence of not only the eigenvalues but also of the corresponding eigenvectors of the system; and the coalescence happens when the gain-loss strength, a measure of the openness of the system, exceeds the intrinsic energy-scale of the system. In recent years, quantum walks with PT-symmetric non-unitary time evolution have been realized in systems with balanced gain and loss. These systems fall in two categories namely continuous time quantum walks (CTQW) that are characterized by a unitary or non-unitary time evolution Hamiltonian, and discrete-time quantum walks (DTQW) whose dynamic is described by a unitary or non-unitary time evolution operator consisting of a product of shift, coin, and gain-loss operations. In this thesis, we investigate the PT-symmetric phase of CTQW and DTQW in a variety of non-Hermitian lattice systems with both position-dependent and position independent, parity-symmetric tunneling functions in the presence of PT-symmetric impurities located at arbitrary parity-symmetric site on the lattice. Moreover, we explore the topological phase diagram and its novel features in non-Hermitian, homogeneous and non-homogeneous, PT-symmetric DTQW with closed and open boundary conditions. We conduct our study using analytical and numerical approaches that are directly and easily implementable in physical experiments. Among others, we found that, despite their non-unitary evolution, open systems governed by parity-time symmetric Hamiltonian support conserved quantities and that the PT-symmetry breaking threshold depends on the physical structure of the Hamiltonian and its underlying symmetries.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18767号 / 理博第4025号 / 新制||理||1580(附属図書館) / 31718 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 岸本 大祐, 教授 加藤 毅, 准教授 浅岡 正幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This dissertation examines the syntax and semantics of clausal complements. It identifies semantic underpinnings for some syntactic properties of the arguments of propositional attitude verbs. The way clausal arguments compose with their embedding predicates is not uniform and semantic differences emerge from the syntactic context clausal arguments appear in. Three case studies are taken up: clausal arguments of nouns, dislocated clausal arguments (sentential subjects and topics), and infinitival complements with overt subjects (AcI constructions). Chapter Two assembles evidence to support Stowell’s (1981) claim that the clausal complements of nouns are modifiers. It is shown that the clausal complements of nouns behave like adjuncts in their ability to bleed condition C (Kuno 2004 and Jacobson 2003, and explored here further). The compositional strategy used to compose attitude nouns with their arguments, following Kratzer (2006), is shown to account for this behavior and to be commensurate with observations made by Grimshaw (1990). I then show how the modifier status of clausal complements of nouns is determined by the way in which nominals are formed from clause-taking verbs. Chapter Three examines another complementation strategy, found with fronted clauses. New data from binding is provided in support of Koster’s (1978) hypothesis that clauses do not move. Specifically, fronted clauses fail to show the effects of syntactic reconstruction. An analysis, making crucial use of de re attitude ascription, is offered to account for ‘apparent’ binding into fronted clauses. Chapter Four makes the case for enriching the meanings of clausal complements. By examining some new patterns with accusative with infinitive (AcI) constructions (such as I see him to be a fool), I argue for decomposing certain doxastic attitude verbs, putting the introduction of alternatives into the complement. Here too the role of de re attitude ascription is shown to play a crucial role. It is argued that AcI constructions involve de re attitude ascription, with added constraints (determined by the lexical content of the embedding verb) on the nature of the Acquaintance Relation (Kaplan 1968, Lewis 1979). Several predictions about the kinds of verbs that can participate in AcI are borne out.

No description available.

Every year in the United States, cancer accounts for one in four deaths. As the pool of those who have received diagnoses increases, more individuals can be encountered who have survived a terminal diagnosis or exceeded expected time limits for survival. Perhaps even more extraordinary, many of these consider it the "best thing" that ever happened to them. These are the modern eras' "mythical" heroes; they return bearing maps for our own eventual journeys. This study used a grounded theory research approach to illuminate the phenomenon of terminal diagnosis survivorship as evidenced in the psycho/social/spiritual learning process. The unit of analysis is the psychosocial and spiritual learning process as discovered and developed from three cases of individuals who described being positively transformed after receiving a terminal diagnosis. Three research questions were examined: (a) What are the components (e.g., coping strategies, problem solving techniques, emotion management) of the learning process employed by three cancer patients who have experienced a terminal diagnosis? (b) In what ways did the phenomenal meaning of their lives change as they coped with the trauma of a terminal diagnosis followed by remission persisting a significant time past doctors' predictions? (c) What changes did they make in their lives, viewed from a holistic perspective, including thought processes, healthcare, emotion, spirituality and changes in their social lives? A comparative analysis of tape recorded interviews yielded the data resulting in a six-phase model of terminal diagnosis survivorship delineating a psycho/social/spiritual transformational learning process. Death acceptance emerged as a central organizing construct facilitating transformational changes in those given a terminal diagnosis resulting in a constellation of attitudinal and behavioral change. This model challenges and extends theory in adult learning and post traumatic survival by challenging the heavily rational and cognitive based theories of these fields, emphasizing the importance of emotions, altered states, extrarational experiences and spirituality. This model also explicates the role of denial that can alternatively hamper, facilitate or place on hold movement toward death acceptance, the ultimate transformative agent. Additionally, this model elucidates the importance of holding environments on both sustaining and eliciting transformational and developmental change. / Ph. D.

M.S.

It is believed that an effective way of reducing levels of juvenile delinquency is to implement preventative programs for young children. This research explored the use of a youth gardening project as a preventative program by examining the effects on self-concept. The study involved two groups of inner city youth participating in a Department of Parks and Recreation summer program. The test group participated in gardening activities while the control group did not. Self-concept was evaluated using the Self Perception Profile for Children in a pre- and post-test format to measure any change through participation in the program. Participants were also asked to draw a picture of a garden and the test group completed a questionnaire on their gardening experience. Results indicate an increase in self-concept in the gardening group. A comparison of drawings from the two groups suggests that the gardeners have a better understanding of plant anatomy and diversity. Questionnaire responses indicate that students enjoyed gardening, felt and behaved better when gardening, and thought they learned through the garden. Many difficulties greatly reduced sample sizes for this research. Future research must find ways to overcome these issues. A survey was conducted to explore common difficulties associated with research on the benefits of horticulture programs for youth. Findings from this survey are discussed, including suggestions for improving research and directions for future studies. / Master of Science

Urban soils are typically degraded due to land disturbance. The poor quality physical and chemical properties of the soil can benefit from application of organic amendments. Local sources of such amendments are biosolids, which are treated domestic wastewater sludges. The objective of this experiment was to compare effects of various high quality biosolids-based soil amendments with synthetic fertilizer on the growth and quality of tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) under two different soil moisture regimes. The research site was a disturbed soil at the Virginia Tech Turfgrass Research Center in Blacksburg, Virginia. The experimental design was a split plot with irrigation regime as the main factor and soil amendments as the split factor. All treatments were arranged in four randomized complete blocks. The study was established in late summer 2013. Soil amendment treatments, applied prior to seeding in September 2013, were: 1) inorganic N, P, K applied according to soil test laboratory recommendations; 2) anaerobically digested, dewatered biosolids to supply agronomic N rate; 3) anaerobically digested, dewatered biosolids blended with sand and sawdust to supply agronomic N rate; 4) anaerobically digested, dewatered biosolids blended with sand and sawdust to supply agronomic P rate; and 5) composted biosolids to supply agronomic N rate. The agronomic N rate for the turfgrass was 224 kg of estimated plant available nitrogen (PAN) ha-1. Inorganic fertilizer was applied to supply annual P and K requirements prior to seeding in late summer, and the N was split into three application timings (September 2013, April 2014, and June 2014). Supplemental fertilizer N to achieve full agronomic N rate was applied to the treatment plots that received the agronomic P rate of blended biosolids-sand-sawdust. The area was seeded on September 13, 2013 with a tall fescue blend at a rate of 488 kg ha-1. Following full tall fescue establishment, in June 2014, two irrigation regimes, consisting of 0% and 80% evapotranspiration replacement every three days, were initiated. The study had three phases denoted as the pre-drought, drought, and recovery phases which started in April and concluded in August of 2014. Turfgrass color and quality, volumetric soil moisture percentage to a 5 cm depth, normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), clipping yield, and turfgrass N uptake were measured bi-weekly throughout the growing season. During the first May through July 2014 irrigation season, results were that the fertilizer control consistently provided improved responses relative to the biosolids amended treatments. Clipping yield, quality, and NDVI were all significantly greater in the inorganic fertilizer treatment, but volumetric soil moisture percentages were slightly greater in the biosolids treatments. Turfgrass responses appeared to have been associated with plant available nitrogen, which was lower in the biosolids treatments than in the fertilizer treatment. Calculated PAN for the biosolids products was too low to achieve ideal turfgrass growth and quality. Improving the estimated PAN and/or splitting the organic amendment application times should improve the growth and quality of the turfgrass. / Master of Science

M.S.