Corporate Social Responsibility (“CSR”) as a business approach and corporate strategy has recently been added to the agenda of big and small businesses. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange Limited (“JSE”) requires of listed companies to disclose in their annual financial statements whether they have complied with King III (2009) or to explain as to why they have not. King III (2009) lays down the principle that a company is not only a profit making institution, but should also be a responsible citizen of the country. Companies are therefore moving toward becoming corporate citizens. Corporate citizenship is about integrating corporate responsibility into core business strategies, while at the same time adding value to shareholders and stakeholders. These corporate citizens are expending more and more money on their CSR objectives in the form of CSR expenditure. The purpose of this research study is to provide an analysis of the factors that influence the South African value-added tax (“VAT”) treatment of CSR expenditure. In general, the principles in the Warner Lambert (2003) case can be applied to such expenditure under the Value-Added Tax Act (89 of 1991) (“VAT Act”), in the sense that the expense being incurred for income tax purposes in the production of income will normally also be incurred “in the course or furtherance of an enterprise” for VAT purposes. The methodology used to meet the set objectives was that of legal interpretative research, specifically doctrinal. It was used to identify how the income tax and VAT legislation is applied on overhead expenditure, specifically CSR expenditure. The principles in the South African VAT legislation, specifically relating to the input tax deduction, were compared to the international VAT system to determine whether principles are similar and foreign judgements therefore reliable. A critical analysis was thereafter performed on South African and international case law, specifically European Court Judgements (“ECJ”) judgements, relating to the deductibility of input tax. The findings are that CSR expenditure may be seen as an overhead cost to a business and furthermore as a tool with which financial benefits can be created for a company if utilised correctly. It was determined that the factors that influence the South African VAT treatment of CSR expenditure were whether a supply made for no consideration, specifically CSR expenditure, was made in the course or furtherance of an enterprise and whether the CSR expenditure incurred could be proven to have a direct or immediate link to the making of taxable supplies in the course or furtherance of the vendor’s enterprise. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Corporate Social Responsibility (“CSR”) as a business approach and corporate strategy has recently been added to the agenda of big and small businesses. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange Limited (“JSE”) requires of listed companies to disclose in their annual financial statements whether they have complied with King III (2009) or to explain as to why they have not. King III (2009) lays down the principle that a company is not only a profit making institution, but should also be a responsible citizen of the country. Companies are therefore moving toward becoming corporate citizens. Corporate citizenship is about integrating corporate responsibility into core business strategies, while at the same time adding value to shareholders and stakeholders. These corporate citizens are expending more and more money on their CSR objectives in the form of CSR expenditure. The purpose of this research study is to provide an analysis of the factors that influence the South African value-added tax (“VAT”) treatment of CSR expenditure. In general, the principles in the Warner Lambert (2003) case can be applied to such expenditure under the Value-Added Tax Act (89 of 1991) (“VAT Act”), in the sense that the expense being incurred for income tax purposes in the production of income will normally also be incurred “in the course or furtherance of an enterprise” for VAT purposes. The methodology used to meet the set objectives was that of legal interpretative research, specifically doctrinal. It was used to identify how the income tax and VAT legislation is applied on overhead expenditure, specifically CSR expenditure. The principles in the South African VAT legislation, specifically relating to the input tax deduction, were compared to the international VAT system to determine whether principles are similar and foreign judgements therefore reliable. A critical analysis was thereafter performed on South African and international case law, specifically European Court Judgements (“ECJ”) judgements, relating to the deductibility of input tax. The findings are that CSR expenditure may be seen as an overhead cost to a business and furthermore as a tool with which financial benefits can be created for a company if utilised correctly. It was determined that the factors that influence the South African VAT treatment of CSR expenditure were whether a supply made for no consideration, specifically CSR expenditure, was made in the course or furtherance of an enterprise and whether the CSR expenditure incurred could be proven to have a direct or immediate link to the making of taxable supplies in the course or furtherance of the vendor’s enterprise. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

7 pp. / First in a planned series for each county in the state. / Limited information is available to the County Extension offices to address common concerns of water supply in rural Arizona. In addition, in the more metropolitan areas of the state, little is understood about water resources. This project is proposed to provide a ten to twelve page primer on water resources on a county-by-county basis, beginning with Yavapai County.

4 pp. / Following on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Arsenic Rule" decision to require public water systems to lower the allowable arsenic content in drinking water from 50 parts per billion (ppb) to 10 ppb by January 23, 2006, private well owners across the state have realized the importance of testing their own water supply for arsenic. Under Arizona law, it is the sole responsibility of the private well owner to determine the quality (potability) of their private well water. This article discusses the geologic prevelance of arsenic across the state, and options available to the well owner to address this water quality concern. Expected to be the first in a 3-part series on ground water quality issues common in Arizona.

3 pp. / This is a section of the "Arizona Well Owner's Guide to Water Supply" already peer reviewed and published by CALs - - we are pulling out short topics from the booklet for 'fact sheet' publication and distribution. This is NOT applicable to eXtension as it is Arizona specific and not applicable to anything outside the state. / Arizona has stringent permit requirements for the construction of water wells, but domestic well owners are responsible for repair and maintenance of their own wells to assure a reliable water supply of consistent quality. For the proper maintenance of domestic wells, it is important to have a basic understanding about the different materials that comprise a home water supply system. This fact sheet presents information about Arizona domestic well components, including well casings, well caps, well screens, and pitless adapters; basic materials that combine with a pump to provide water for a household.

This thesis aims at a close examination of the problematic position of a third party in the proceedings to compel the execution of judgement and the execution proceedings. The only defensive instrument of a third party against the encroachment on their rights is the action to exempt a claim, which is the focus of my thesis. Although it is a defence against the proceedings to compel the execution of judgement and execution proceedings, the hearing about the action to exempt a claim is liable to a special type of the finding trial proceedings. The thesis includes also a short discourse on the proceedings to compel the execution of judgement and execution proceedings as these proceedings precede the action to exempt a claim. The thesis is divided into ten chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to the problems of the action to exempt a claim, which includes setting the target of my thesis. It is linked to the second chapter where I define the main terms used in my thesis. The third chapter is formed by a short historical excursion into the proceedings to compel the execution of judgement, execution proceedings and the action to exempt a claim. This chapter is further divided into subsections according to the law of a particular country and timeline. The following chapter Four contains the...

Abstract Leaders of nonprofit organizations have challenging responsibilities of satisfying the demands of all their stakeholders by obeying state and federal regulations. Noncompliance of regulations can quickly cause a nonprofit organization to lose its tax exempt status and become nonexistent; thus, it appears that most nonprofits are choosing to prioritize compliance, while struggling to maintain focus on their mission and services. Using the conceptual framework of transformational leadership and general system theories, this case study was to explore strategies leaders of nonprofits organizations in Pennsylvania that cater to the needs of people with disabilities use for decreasing regulatory citations to maintain their tax-exempt status. The population for this study consisted of 5 leaders of a single nonprofit organization in Pennsylvania, who were purposefully selected with experience for managing nonprofit organizations prevent citations and maintain their tax-exempt status. I collected data through semistructured interviews and analyzed the data through inducive word phrase coding and theme interpretation. Five themes emerged from my analysis of the data: the use of rules as a guide for quality improvement, leadership focus on organizational strategy, teamwork, effective communication, and training, as a means of empowering and educating team members on organizational values and rules. This study contributes to positive social change by teaching nonprofit leaders’ various strategies for decreasing regulatory citations, fines, to maintain their tax-exempt status, and fulfill their social missions of providing needed services in communities.

Industrial revenue bonds (IRBs) possess special tax characteristics which provide an opportunity to test the interest tax shield hypothesis of Modigliani and Miller [1963]. The announcement day excess returns for IRB issues reflect a positive significant market reaction. However, this excess return is unrelated to the tax shield on the debt. Nor is it a function of non-debt tax shields, a proxy for an interior optimal capital structure, or the risk of the issue. It is consistent, however, with the argument that lRBs provide a subsidy to issuing firms. Miller's [1977] equilibrium model predicts that the tax rate of the marginal buyer of debt will be equal to the corporate tax rate. The Miller hypothesis is tested by comparing the yield spread between IRBs and taxable corporate debt. The empirical estimation indicates a segmentation of the market for tax-exempt debt. For short-term issues, the implied tax rate is not significantly different from the corporate tax rate, consistent with Miller’s prediction. For 1ong·term issues, the implied tax rate is significantly less than the corporate tax rate and decreases with maturity. This is consistent with the excess supply of tax-exempts being purchased by individuals in increasingly lower tax brackets. / Ph. D.

The thesis interprets theoretical knowledge on taxes and account questions of value added tax on concrete cases in machinery works. It describes occurrences connected with the duties of exporter or importer in international business. Basic aim of this work is to review demands on the entrepreneur for keeping accountancy and on tax matters in foreign trade relations. Theoretical part is based on interpretation of connections and risks of international trade and its impact on the country economy. Here we will find outline of EU incidence on Czech legislation in the field of VAT. Practical part deals with international business contracts of a concrete machinery company. It is concerned with the range of accountancy-unit duties which refer to goods sale in European community and to goods import and export to the third countries. Conclusion of the work brings complex evaluation of foreign cooperation, comparison of the listed-cases demands versus domestic trade operations and of international cooperation demands on the company management.

Dans un contexte d'instabilité économique, force est de constater que les remises en question du libéralisme économique s'intensifient, mettant ainsi l'accent sur l'importance de la réglementation pour la protection des investisseurs ainsi que l'efficience des marchés financiers. Souvent associés aux conséquences d'un manque d'encadrement, les fonds de couverture représentent des cibles de choix pour ceux qui cherchent à expliquer l'effondrement majeur des marchés, tout en prônant un interventionnisme accru des autorités gouvernementales. Pour mieux comprendre les tenants et aboutissants de cette industrie, la présente étude propose une vue d'ensemble des caractéristiques fondamentales des fonds de couverture, tant sous l'angle de leur structure organisationnelle que de leur encadrement réglementaire. À cet égard, il importe de jauger les principaux enjeux découlant des règles applicables à l'administration d'un fonds, particulièrement sur le plan de la transparence informationnelle et au niveau de la gouvernance interne. Ces deux éléments constituant les pierres angulaires de la présente analyse, notre étude offrira finalement une réflexion sur l'approche réglementaire à privilégier, et ce, en tenant compte des particularités des fonds de couverture. Dans un même ordre d'idées, le rôle des divers intermédiaires professionnels sera abordé afin d'élargir notre compréhension de la question sous étude. L'objet de cette étude n'est pas d'apporter une solution complète et définitive à ces enjeux, mais bien d'offrir des pistes de réflexions pouvant servir de balises à une étude subséquente de la question, laquelle devra par ailleurs tenir compte du rôle assumé par les fonds de couverture ainsi que du statut particulier qu'ils occupent sur les marchés financiers. / In a context of economic instability, economic liberalism is being questioned particularly with respect to the importance of regulation for investor protection and efficiency of financial markets. Hedge funds, which are often associated with the consequences of a lack of regulation, represent perfect targets for those seeking to explain the major collapse of markets and who advocate increased interventionism of governments. To better understand the ins and outs of this industry, this study provides an overview of the fundamental characteristics of hedge funds, both in terms of their organizational structure and their regulatory framework. In this regard, it is important to gauge the key issues arising from the rules applicable to the administration of a fund, particularly in terms of transparency and internal governance. Those elements constitute the two comerstones of this analysis and our study will address the regulatory approach to foster, taking into account the specific characteristics of hedge funds. Moreover, the role of various intermediaries will be addressed in order to broaden our comprehension of the question being examined. The purpose of this study is not to provide a complete and definitive solution but to offer some ideas that may serve to further study of the issue, which study should consider the role of hedge funds and their place in financial markets.