Dans un contexte d'instabilité économique, force est de constater que les remises en question du libéralisme économique s'intensifient, mettant ainsi l'accent sur l'importance de la réglementation pour la protection des investisseurs ainsi que l'efficience des marchés financiers. Souvent associés aux conséquences d'un manque d'encadrement, les fonds de couverture représentent des cibles de choix pour ceux qui cherchent à expliquer l'effondrement majeur des marchés, tout en prônant un interventionnisme accru des autorités gouvernementales. Pour mieux comprendre les tenants et aboutissants de cette industrie, la présente étude propose une vue d'ensemble des caractéristiques fondamentales des fonds de couverture, tant sous l'angle de leur structure organisationnelle que de leur encadrement réglementaire. À cet égard, il importe de jauger les principaux enjeux découlant des règles applicables à l'administration d'un fonds, particulièrement sur le plan de la transparence informationnelle et au niveau de la gouvernance interne. Ces deux éléments constituant les pierres angulaires de la présente analyse, notre étude offrira finalement une réflexion sur l'approche réglementaire à privilégier, et ce, en tenant compte des particularités des fonds de couverture. Dans un même ordre d'idées, le rôle des divers intermédiaires professionnels sera abordé afin d'élargir notre compréhension de la question sous étude. L'objet de cette étude n'est pas d'apporter une solution complète et définitive à ces enjeux, mais bien d'offrir des pistes de réflexions pouvant servir de balises à une étude subséquente de la question, laquelle devra par ailleurs tenir compte du rôle assumé par les fonds de couverture ainsi que du statut particulier qu'ils occupent sur les marchés financiers. / In a context of economic instability, economic liberalism is being questioned particularly with respect to the importance of regulation for investor protection and efficiency of financial markets. Hedge funds, which are often associated with the consequences of a lack of regulation, represent perfect targets for those seeking to explain the major collapse of markets and who advocate increased interventionism of governments. To better understand the ins and outs of this industry, this study provides an overview of the fundamental characteristics of hedge funds, both in terms of their organizational structure and their regulatory framework. In this regard, it is important to gauge the key issues arising from the rules applicable to the administration of a fund, particularly in terms of transparency and internal governance. Those elements constitute the two comerstones of this analysis and our study will address the regulatory approach to foster, taking into account the specific characteristics of hedge funds. Moreover, the role of various intermediaries will be addressed in order to broaden our comprehension of the question being examined. The purpose of this study is not to provide a complete and definitive solution but to offer some ideas that may serve to further study of the issue, which study should consider the role of hedge funds and their place in financial markets.

I Sverige avskaffades den obligatoriska revisionen för småföretag den första november 2010. Till följd av detta beslut blev svenska små aktiebolag ej revisionspliktiga. Trots slopandet av revisionsplikten har många småföretag valt att frivilligt anlita en revisor. Därför blir det intressant att undersöka faktorer som kan påverka efterfrågan på frivillig revision i svenska småföretag. Studien syftar till att få svar på följande frågan: Vilka faktorer påverkar efterfrågan på frivillig revision hos små aktiebolag i Sverige? För att kunna besvara frågan har insamling av empiriska materialet skett genom en kvantitativ metod i form av en webbenkät. Totalt har 44 fullständiga svar erhållits. Med hjälp av Independent Sample Test har studiens fyra hypoteser testats. Resultatet indikerar på att företagsledare önskan att förbättra kvalitet på finansiella rapporter och önskan att förbättra relationer med kreditgivare och skattemyndigheten är de faktorer som påverkar efterfrågan på frivillig revision hos svenska små aktiebolag. Dock har denna studie inte hittat ett samband mellan frivillig revision och företagsstorlek mätt i nettoomsättning, antal anställda, och balansomslutning. Resultatet indikerar även på att det inte finns något samband mellan delägare utan tillgång till finansiella information och frivillig revision. Studien har bidragit med att undersöka en del av faktorer som kan ha påverkan på efterfrågan på frivillig revision hos småföretag i Sverige. Resultat från denna studie kan vara till nytta för revisionsbyråer för att förstå företagsledare inställning gentemot revision. / In Sweden, the mandatory audit for small companies was abolished on November 1, 2010. As a result of this decision, many of the small Swedish companies were not required to be audited. Despite the abolition of the audit obligation, many small companies have chosen to hire an auditor voluntarily. Therefore, it will be interesting to investigate the factors that affect the demand for voluntary auditing in small Swedish companies. The study aims to answer the following question: What factors influence the demand for voluntary auditing at small Swedish companies? The obtaining of empirical material has been done through a quantitative method in a form of a questionnaire sent to respondents. A total of 44 complete responses were obtained. Using the Independent Sample test, the study's four hypotheses were tested. The results indicate that business leaders' desire to improve the quality of financial reports and the desire to improve relations with creditors and the tax authority are the factors that affect the demand for voluntary audits at small Swedish companies. However, this study has not found a relationship between the voluntary auditing and company size measured in turnover, number of employees, and total assets. The result also indicates that there is no connection between shareholders without access to financial information and voluntary auditing. The study has contributed to investigate certain factors that may affect voluntary auditing in small companies in Sweden. Results from this study could be of benefit for audit firms to understand business leaders' attitudes toward auditing.

管理大師彼得‧杜拉克（Peter Drucker）說：「21世紀是非營利組織的世紀」、「非營利機構堪稱美國第一大雇主」。可見非營利組織蓬勃的發展，在社會、國家扮演著重要的角色。台灣活躍的非營利組織填補了政府及企業的的空隙，滿足了許多社會的需求。雖然台灣非營利組織除了少數例外，組織規模普遍都很小，但是卻展現台灣社會的活力及生命力泉源。 然而，台灣非營利組織之資訊卻較為封閉的，台灣非營利組織相關法令及管理未臻完善，以致社會資源匯集有集中化的趨勢。大的組織由於知名度高較易取得資源，小的非營利組織資源缺乏，雖然做了許多公益事務，因知名度低很難取得社會資源，如此有時反而易造成社會資源的扭曲及浪費。 台灣非營利組織之資訊缺乏公開揭露的法令及實務機制。美國對非營利組織管理最重要手段就是所謂的「公開原則」，聯邦法律規定任何人都有權向非營利組織要求查看它們的免稅申請文件及最近三年的稅務申報書格式Form 990等。非營利組織之資訊公開制度，一方面係透過公眾公開監督之方式，減輕主管機關之監督責任，另一方面可促進非營利組織之良性競爭。 資訊揭露所謂太陽是最好的警察，陽光是最佳防腐劑。在美國非營利組織是以FORM990為非營利組織資訊揭露的核心。所以本文構想是結合美國非營利組織資訊揭露之經驗，以作為台灣非營利組織資訊揭露的參考。 因此本文之文獻探討從非營利組織的定義、治理與責信，再到美國非營利組織之介紹及其資訊揭露與治理及責信，再就台灣非營利組織資訊揭露現況及相關非營利組織法律探討，並以台灣公益團體自律聯盟的成員已經公告在自律聯盟網站之資訊對該資訊揭依自律聯盟的主張作分析研究。 本文另就美國非營利組織稅務申報格式Form 990的探討研究分析，並就台灣非營利組織稅務申報格式作研究探討，以及對台灣非營利組織之稅務申報格式及揭露作訪談問卷並作評論分析；綜合上述研究提出本文的研究結論。 並對台灣非營利組織做下列建議： 1、將非營利組織資訊揭露作為其免稅的條件，學習美國稅法規定非營利稅務申報書格式Form 990必須向大眾公開揭露，並立法規定非營利組織要取得免稅資格，需將其年度稅務申報書公開向大眾揭露。 2、將資訊揭露加入各非營利相關法規中，從新修改或訂定非營利組織相關法律規定及管理措施，使其更彈性更符合當前環境劇烈變遷需要。 3、重新檢討台灣非營利組織稅務申報書格式，使台灣非營利組織稅務申報書可成為非營利組織資訊揭露及組織責信的重要工具。 4、建立非營利組織便捷標準化的網路申報系統、鼓勵非營利組織自律、鼓勵建立非非營利組織線上查核系統。 5、對接受政府補助、款項超過一定金額(例如五百萬或一千萬元)之非營利組織需接受會計師遵行審計。參照美國管理及預算署(OMB)Circular A133該審計屬於遵行審計，有利於政府對補助款做出有效率的補助及分配。 / Management theorist Peter Drucker once said, “The 21st century is the century for non-profit organizations, of which the United States leads worldwide.” It is thus clear that in the rising development of non-profit organizations, the national community plays an important role. Taiwan’s lively non-profit organizations fill the gap left by the government and business enterprises, meeting the numerous needs of the community. Except for a very small number, most Taiwan non-profit organizations are quite small, but they give evidence to the vitality of Taiwan’s community. However, information on Taiwan’s non-profit organizations remains to be completely private. Laws pertaining to the management of Taiwan non-profit organizations still possess several flaws. Large organizations, owing to their fame, acquire resources with more ease compared to small organizations, even though this is still difficult for them. If, however, these resources could be easily acquired, then it would be likely that the organization would change its tune and squander. Laws and control mechanisms to keep information of Taiwan’s non-profit organizations open to the public are severely lacking. The United States, however, implements the principle of free information to all as the most important aspect of managing non-profit organizations. United States law decrees that everyone has the right to request from non-profit organizations their tax exemption documents and their last three years of tax return applications; the tax return form used by tax-exempt organizations is called Form 990. Keeping the information of non-profit organizations public is one way that passes the responsibility of supervision from the government to the public. Exposure is the best form of policing, just as sunlight makes the best preservative. Exposure prevents decay, as well as increases the competitiveness of non-profit organizations. American non-profit organizations use a Form 990 to make their information public. The text takes this example and suggests it to be a well working method to put Taiwan non-profit organizations in check. Therefore the text and its sources probe into the definition, management and accountability of non-profit organizations, as well as taking the method used by the United States to keep such in check. Related Taiwan laws to this are also probed into, and research is carried out and viewpoints are given regarding the self-regulation of Taiwan’s public welfare groups and alliances. The text also carries out research regarding Form 990 that United States non-profit organizations must use for reporting, as well as probes into the reporting method used by Taiwan non-profit organizations. The latter’s reporting and exposure, all coming from interviews and documents, will also be analyzed. The integration of the above research will bring the text to a conclusion. Suggestions for Taiwan non-profit organizations are listed as follows: 1、Make public the actions and reasons for tax-exemption for all non-profit organizations, using United States tax law for non-profit organizations as a basis, namely the use of Form 990 to allow the masses the right to know everything, including the qualifications and laws that would grant such exemption. There is a need to require reporting to make such information public. 2、Update all related laws regarding non-profit organizations as well as measures for management. There is a need for these laws to gain elasticity and fit in with the times we live in. 3、Reanalyze the reporting methods used by Taiwan tax-exempt organizations to apply for tax returns and conclude whether such can truly expose their information, accountability and important work to the public. 4、Standardize the system of reporting by non-profit organizations and urge self-regulation and a system of checks. 5、Concerning the acceptance of government subsidies or the coming into a sum of money that exceeds the established limit (such as $500,000 or $1,000,000), there is a need for auditing by a certified accountant. Referring to Circular A133 from the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB), there should be an established method that this auditing must abide by, beneficial to the government in allotting its funds in an efficient manner.

När äldre plan- och bygglagen, ÄPBL ersattes år 2011 av dagens plan- och bygglag, PBL fick paragrafen gällande bygglovsbefriade åtgärder några språkliga uppdateringar. Ändringarna var avsedda att förenkla och uppdatera tolkningen. Några ändringar i hur bygglovsbefrielsen på glesbygden ska bedömas var ej avsedda. Denna studie granskar ett flertal av Sveriges kommuners tolkning av bygglovsbefrielsen enligt 9 kap. 6 § PBL. Granskningen gjordes via en enkätundersökning, resultaten jämfördes och sammanställdes. För att kunna avgöra huruvida kommunerna gjort en korrekt bedömning har studien även gjort en grundlig juridisk granskning av lagtext och förarbeten. 9 kap. 6 § PBL är en komplicerad paragraf och kan inte tolkas utan att läsa förarbetena. Tyvärr räcker det inte med att läsa propositionerna till PBL. Även de förarbeten som finns till ÄPBL måste läsas för att förstå innebörden. Paragrafen har sedan 1987 genomgått flertalet uppdateringar, därav är informationen utspridd. Bygglovsbefrielsen i denna paragraf riktar sig till fastighetsägare till en- och tvåbostadshus på glesbygden som vill uppföra en liten tillbyggnad eller komplementbyggnad i omedelbar närhet till bostadshuset. Kravet är att det på fastigheten finns ett bostadshus och att byggnaderna ska vara ett komplement som inte dominerar över bostadshuset. Fastighetsägaren behöver inte anmäla eller rådfråga byggnadsnämnden utan ska själv kunna bedöma om reglerna går att tillämpa. Att gemene man, utan juridiska förkunskaper ska kunna tolka en komplicerad paragraf är bekymmersamt. Konsekvenserna av en felbedömning är kostsamma. Tyvärr finns inte mycket till vägledning att få av kommunerna, då resultatet av enkätundersökningen visat att nästan alla byggnadsnämnder gör en felaktig bedömning av paragrafen. Studien belyser problematiken med att överlåta tolkningen av en komplicerad paragraf till fastighetsägarna. Att kommunerna sätter egna bestämmelser kring tolkningen av paragrafen utan uppsikt från överordnad myndighet gör inte problemen färre. Slutsatsen för denna studie resulterar i att bättre vägledning och hårdare krav på kommunerna måste införas för att inte lägga över för stort ansvar på de enskilda. / When the older planning and building act was replaced in 2011 by todays planning and building act, the paragraph regulating permits exempt buildings actions received some linguistic updates. The updates where intended to simplify and update the interpretation. Any changes in the countryside in how this was supposed to be interpreted was not intended. This thesis examines how multiple Swedish municipalities interpret the permits exempt buildings according to 9 chap. 6 § planning and building act. The examination was done with a survey sent to all Swedish municipalities, which was then put together and the results where compared. To be able to decide if the municipalities have been making correct interpretations this thesis have also made a thorough legal examination of the law and preliminary work. 9 chap. 6 § planning and building act is a complicated paragraph and cannot be interpreted without reading the preparatory work. Unfortunately, just reading the propositions to the planning and building act is not enough. The preparatory work for older planning and building act must also be read to fully grasp the meaning of the law. The paragraph has gone through multiple updates since 1987, therefor the information has been spread out. The permits exempt buildings in this paragraph is aimed at property owners owning houses with one or two families in the countryside that want to erect a small extension for the house or a complimentary building adjacent to the main building. The condition is that there is a house on the property and that the building is of a complementary nature to not dominate over the actual main house. The property owner does not need to report to or consult with the municipality but is rather supposed to judge if the rules are applicable for them self.T hat the average citizen, without basic legal education, is supposed to be able to interpret a complicated paragraph like this is troublesome. The consequence of a misjudgement is expensive. Unfortunately, there is not a lot of guidance to be had from the municipalities since our survey shows that almost all Building Department are making incorrect decisions based on interpreting the paragraph incorrectly. This thesis shines a light on the problem with assigning a complicated paragraph to be interpreted by the property owners. Furthermore, allowing the municipalities to make their own regulations regarding the interpretation of the law, without accountability to superior government agencies does not make the problems fewer. Our conclusion with this thesis results in that better guidance and stricter demands on the municipalities must be enacted to not place too big of a responsibility on the individual citizen.

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SLOVENE NATIONAL THEATRE IN LJUBLJANA Author Report Of The Diploma Work Author: Bc. Petr Hýl Supervisor: doc. ing. arch. Zdeněk Makovský