Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wales, Bangor, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-222). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wales, Bangor, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-222).

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 7, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

abstract: This dissertation analyzes the reliability of reported employee stock option (ESO) expense, the determination of expected life of ESOs, motivations to manipulate ESO expense, and the impact of noise in ESO expense on subsequent stock price returns. Based on unique data, this is the first paper to measure average historical ESO life for all employees of a broad set of firms. I find average life has a mean of 4.12 years. Average life is reduced by 0.38 years per 10 percentage point increase in volatility, and industry effects explain an additional 7% of the variation. Reported expected life increases 0.37 years per year of historical life and an additional 0.16 years per year of age of the outstanding options. Deviations of reported volatility and life from benchmarks have positive correlations with deviations from own reporting history. Using stated assumptions rather than benchmark assumptions drops (increases) ESO expense by 8.3% (17.6%) for the 25th (75th) percentile firm. The change in earnings per share decreases (increases) by $0.019 ($0.007) for the 25th (75th) percentile firm. Tests for motivations to manipulate stock option expense downward have mixed results. Absolute values of deviations from benchmarks have a positive relationship with subsequent stock price volatility suggesting noise in reported stock option expense results in stock price noise. Deviations from benchmarks and subsequent cumulative abnormal returns have statistically significant results but are difficult to interpret. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Business Administration 2011

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Researchers and health care professionals agree that living an inactive lifestyle negatively impacts individuals and communities (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2018; Lee et al., 2012), and ongoing research highlights the benefits for adults achieving a recommended 150 minutes of physical activity (PA) per week (CDC, 2018; US Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2018; Warburton, Nicol, & Bredin, 2006). However, despite these benefits, only 20% of individuals comply with these recommendations (American College Health Association [ACHA], 2017; Blackwell & Clarke, 2018; HHS, 2018). A recent area of research to address this issue explores psychological non-cognitive skills in predicting exercise behavior (Orvidas et al., 2018; Walton, 2014; Wilson, 2006; Yeager & Walton, 2011). The current study explored the relationships among college student exercise behavior and non-cognitive skills: exercise self-efficacy, grit, and mindset. In Phase 1 (quantitative portion) of the study, participants (N = 366) completed a survey online assessing the above variables as well as collecting various demographic information. In Phase 2 (qualitative portion), participants (n = 10) were interviewed to further explore the variables and potentially help explain the quantitative results. Phase 1 data were analyzed through Pearson correlations, linear and multiple regressions, and MANOVAs. Results showed that Grit (Grit-S), Grit-Perseverance (Grit-P), Mindset (ITF), and Exercise Self-Efficacy (ESE) were significantly positively correlated with college student exercise behavior; however, all correlations were weak, with the exception of ESE being moderately correlated. Grit-Interest (Grit-I) was not significantly correlated. Furthermore, the results of the regression analysis showed only ESE making a significant contribution to the variance, further suggesting it as a moderately strong predictor of exercise behavior. In terms of the relationship between the variables, results showed that Grit-S was significantly strongly positively related to Grit-P and Grit-I and significantly, but weakly, positively related to ITF and ESE. In addition, ITF and ESE were significantly, but weakly, positively related. Finally, the sample was split into three groups: Insufficiently Active (IA), Active (A), and Highly Active (HA) based on adapted HHS 2018 PA Guidelines. Overall, the groups were significantly different. Specifically, the HA group reported significantly higher Grit, Grit-P, Mindset, and ESE than the IA group. The A group was only significantly different from IA and HA groups for ESE. However, the differences, again, had marginal effect with the exception of ESE. The current study reinforces the importance of ESE in exercise behavior, which seems to hold true for college students. In addition, it sheds light on the domain-specificity of non-cognitive skills, the need for continued analysis of measurement scales, the uni- or multi-dimensionality of constructs, particularly Grit, and the necessity of further research on the connection between non-cognitive skills and exercise behavior. Keywords: Grit, mindset, self-efficacy, non-cognitive skills, exercise behavior, college students, perseverance, goal-setting / Kinesiology

PURPORSE¡GThis purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of diabetes shared care model (DSCM)and the factors associated with extent of glycemic control. METHOD¡GWe analyzed 212 patients who completed the five shared care visits and 739 patients who completed the second follow-up visit. Patients are recruited from a department of Endocrinology of medical center located in southern part of Taiwan. Data used in this study were collected from the patients¡¦ medical records. To evaluate effectiveness of diabetes shared care model¡]dietary compliance, exercise behavior compliance, clinical indicators¡^and to examine the factors associated with the hemoglobulin A1c is the purpose of the study. RESULT¡G In 212 patients completing the 5 visits, the compliance of carbohydrate consumption was significantly improved, however, there was no significant improvement in those of calories and fat consumption. Further analysis in 739 patients who completed the second follow-up visit, we found that the compliance of calories and fat consumption was significantly improved. The compliance of carbohydrate was improved, but not reaching significant difference. Although the compliance of 212 patients¡¦ exercise behavior was not significantly improved, the compliance of 739 patients¡¦ exercise behavior was significantly improved. The improvement of clinical indicators following participating the DCSM are as followed¡G 1.The hemoglobulin A1c¡]before¡G8.1% vs after¡G7.9%¡AP=0.04¡^¡Bfasting plasma glucose¡]before¡G164.1mg/dL vs after¡G136.8 mg/dL¡AP<0.01¡^¡Btotal cholesterol ¡]before¡G200.9mg/dL vs after¡G187.3 mg/dL¡AP<0.01¡^¡Blow density lipoprotein¡]LDL¡^¡]before¡G121.0mg/dL vs posttest¡G113.1 mg/dL¡AP<0.01¡^¡Bhigh density lipoprotein¡]HDL¡^¡]before¡G42.6mg/dL vs posttest¡G46.2 mg/dL¡AP<0.01¡^of 212 patients were significantly improved. On the other hand, the triglyceride¡]pretest¡G159.9mg/dL vs after¡G152.2 mg/dL¡AP=0.71¡^¡Bsystolic blood pressure¡]before¡G132.5mmHg vs after¡G137.3 mmHg¡AP=0.34¡^and diastolic blood pressure¡]before¡G79.5 mmHg vs after¡G78.4 mmHg¡AP=0.09¡^of 212 patients were not significantly improved. 2.In 739 patients who only completing the second follow-up visit, the hemoglobulin A1c¡Bfasting plasma glucose¡Bdiastolic blood pressure were significantly improved but the systolic blood pressure was remain unchanged. Finally, multivariate regression modeling was used to investigate the factors associated with extent of glycemic control improvement (first visit HbA1c-annual visit HbA1c) in 212 patients competing the annual visit. After adjusting for age and sex, patients¡¦ sex, level of first visit hemoglobulin A1c and level of first visit triglyceride was associated with the extent of glycemic control.

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