Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2959972 bytes, checksum: 6060cb1bb9ff1ddc36d963e12be8acd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The heat pump is a refrigeration unit with several applications in commercial, industrial and residential sectors. The heat pump is basically constituted of five components: compressor, condenser, expansion device, evaporator and fan. A heat pump was developed herein for air dehumidification and heating at moderate temperatures for drying of thermosensitive products. A thermodynamic model was developed to study the heat pump, based on the Law of Conservation of Mass and First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. Measurement instruments were installed to obtain the necessary experimental data for the energy and exergy analysis. The experiments took place in different days between the months of May and November of 2014. The experiment that best represented the air dehumidification and heating was selected, due to an adequate isentropic efficiency of 93%. A computational code was developed in the Engineering Equation Solver software 9.0 (ESS 9.0) for the simulation of this study. Results obtained via EES, through solution of the system of equations, were mass flow (air, condensed water), heat transfer rates, COP, entropy generation rates, irreversibility rates, and exergy variation. It was verified that the heat pump system is technically viable and provides very satisfactory results: air was heated to a temperature of 51,7 ºC and dehumidified to a 18,5% relative humidity. / A bomba de calor é uma máquina frigorífica com diversas aplicações nos setores comercial, industrial e residencial. A bomba de calor é constituída basicamente por cinco componentes: compressor, condensador, dispositivo de expansão, evaporador e ventilador. Foi desenvolvida para este trabalho uma bomba de calor cuja finalidade é a desumidificação e o aquecimento do ar a temperaturas moderadas para a secagem de produtos termossensíveis. Para o estudo da bomba de calor em questão, foi desenvolvida uma modelagem termodinâmica baseada na Lei da Conservação da Massa e Primeira e Segunda Leis da Termodinâmica. Foram instalados instrumentos de medições para obter experimentalmente os dados necessários para a análise energética e exergética. Os experimentos ocorreram em dias alternados entre os meses de agosto e novembro de 2014. Foi selecionado o experimento que melhor representou os processos de desumificação e aquecimento do ar por apresentar uma eficiência isentrópica adequada de 93%. Desenvolveu-se um código computacional no software Engineering Equation Solver 9.0 (EES 9.0) para a simulação do estudo. Os resultados obtidos via EES, através da solução de um sistema de equações, foram vazão mássica (ar e água condensada), taxas de transferência de calor, COP, taxas de geração de entropia, taxas de irreversibilidades e variação de exergia. Foi verificado que o sistema da bomba de calor é tecnicamente viável e fornece resultados bastante satisfatórios: ar aquecido a temperatura de 51,7ºC e desumidificado a umidade relativa de 18,5%.

The objectives of this doctoral thesis are to give a basisincluding methods for the development of stationary polymerelectrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems for combined heat andpower production. Moreover, the objectives include identifyingprerequisites, requirements and possibilities for PEFC systemsproducing heat and power for buildings in Sweden. The PEFCsystem is still in a pre-commercial state, but low emissionlevels, fast dynamics and high efficiencies are promisingcharacteristics. A thermodynamic model to simulate stationary PEFC systemshas been constructed and pinch technology and exergy analysesare utilised to design and evaluate the system. The finalsystem configuration implies a high total efficiency ofapproximately 98 % (LHV). A flexible test facility was built in connection with theresearch project to experimentally evaluate small-scalestationary PEFC systems at KTH. The research PEFC system hasextensive measurement equipment, a rigorous control system andallows fuel cell systems from approximately 0.2 to 4 kWel insize to be tested. The simulation models of the fuel processorand the fuel cell stack are verified with experimental datataken from the test facility. The initial evaluation andsimulation of the first residential installation of a PEFCsystem in Sweden is also reported. This PEFC system, fuelled bybiogas and hydrogen, is installed in an energy system alsoincluding a photovoltaic array, an electrolyser and hydrogenstorage. Technical aspects of designing a fuel cell system-basedenergy system, including storages and grid connections, whichprovides heat and power to a building are presented in thisthesis. As a basis for the technical and economic evaluations,exemplifying energy systems are constructed and simulated. Fuelcell system installations are predicted to be economicallyunviable for probable near-term conditions in Sweden. The mainfactor in the economic evaluations is the fuel price. However,fuel cell system installations are shown to have a higher fuelutilisation than the conventional method of energy supply. The methods presented in this thesis serve as a collectedbasis for continued research and development in the area. Keywords:Small-scale, stationary, fuel cell system,polymer electrolyte fuel cell, PEFC system, reformer,thermodynamic modelling, pinch technology, exergy analyses,system configuration, test facility, experiments, application,simulation, installation, energy system, energy storage, heatand power demand.

<p>The objectives of this doctoral thesis are to give a basisincluding methods for the development of stationary polymerelectrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems for combined heat andpower production. Moreover, the objectives include identifyingprerequisites, requirements and possibilities for PEFC systemsproducing heat and power for buildings in Sweden. The PEFCsystem is still in a pre-commercial state, but low emissionlevels, fast dynamics and high efficiencies are promisingcharacteristics.</p><p>A thermodynamic model to simulate stationary PEFC systemshas been constructed and pinch technology and exergy analysesare utilised to design and evaluate the system. The finalsystem configuration implies a high total efficiency ofapproximately 98 % (LHV).</p><p>A flexible test facility was built in connection with theresearch project to experimentally evaluate small-scalestationary PEFC systems at KTH. The research PEFC system hasextensive measurement equipment, a rigorous control system andallows fuel cell systems from approximately 0.2 to 4 kWel insize to be tested. The simulation models of the fuel processorand the fuel cell stack are verified with experimental datataken from the test facility. The initial evaluation andsimulation of the first residential installation of a PEFCsystem in Sweden is also reported. This PEFC system, fuelled bybiogas and hydrogen, is installed in an energy system alsoincluding a photovoltaic array, an electrolyser and hydrogenstorage.</p><p>Technical aspects of designing a fuel cell system-basedenergy system, including storages and grid connections, whichprovides heat and power to a building are presented in thisthesis. As a basis for the technical and economic evaluations,exemplifying energy systems are constructed and simulated. Fuelcell system installations are predicted to be economicallyunviable for probable near-term conditions in Sweden. The mainfactor in the economic evaluations is the fuel price. However,fuel cell system installations are shown to have a higher fuelutilisation than the conventional method of energy supply.</p><p>The methods presented in this thesis serve as a collectedbasis for continued research and development in the area.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Small-scale, stationary, fuel cell system,polymer electrolyte fuel cell, PEFC system, reformer,thermodynamic modelling, pinch technology, exergy analyses,system configuration, test facility, experiments, application,simulation, installation, energy system, energy storage, heatand power demand.</p>