Today, the investigation of fuel economy improvements in internal combustion engines (ICEs) has become the most significant research interest among the automobile manufacturers and researchers. The scarcity of natural resources, progressively increasing oil prices, carbon dioxide taxation and stringent emission regulations all make fuel economy research relevant and compelling. The enhancement of engine performance solely using incylinder techniques is proving increasingly difficult and as a consequence the concept of exhaust energy recovery has emerged as an area of considerable interest. Three main energy recovery systems have been identified that are at various stages of investigation. Vapour power bottoming cycles and turbo-compounding devices have already been applied in commercially available marine engines and automobiles. Although the fuel economy benefits are substantial, system design implications have limited their adaptation due to the additional components and the complexity of the resulting system. In this context, thermo-electric (TE) generation systems, though still in their infancy for vehicle applications have been identified as attractive, promising and solid state candidates of low complexity. The performance of these devices is limited to the relative infancy of materials investigations and module architectures. There is great potential to be explored. The initial modelling work reported in this study shows that with current materials and construction technology, thermo-electric devices could be produced to displace the alternator of the light duty vehicles, providing the fuel economy benefits of 3.9%-4.7% for passenger cars and 7.4% for passenger buses. More efficient thermo-electric materials could increase the fuel economy significantly resulting in a substantially improved business case. The dynamic behaviour of the thermo-electric generator (TEG) applied in both, main exhaust gas stream and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) path of light duty and heavy duty engines were studied through a series of experimental and modelling programs. The analyses of the thermo-electric generation systems have highlighted the need for advanced heat exchanger design as well as the improved materials to enhance the performance of these systems. These research requirements led to the need for a systems evaluation technique typified by hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing method to evaluate heat exchange and materials options. HIL methods have been used during this study to estimate both the output power and the exhaust back pressure created by the device. The work has established the feasibility of a new approach to heat exchange devices for thermo-electric systems. Based on design projections and the predicted performance of new materials, the potential to match the performance of established heat recovery methods has been demonstrated.

Orientadores: Cristiane Aparecida Martins, Pedro Teixeira Lacava / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:17:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Squaiella_LucasLazaroFerreira_M.pdf: 3325572 bytes, checksum: a305c0e70b83a23effc5931811a53dc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Veículos automotores são responsáveis pela maior parte da locomoção no mundo moderno. A principal forma de energia propulsora utilizada baseia-se na queima de combustíveis fósseis. Em sistemas reais de combustão o processo químico envolvido apresenta alto grau de complexidade que se traduz, na emissão de cinco principais espécies de poluentes atmosféricos, a saber, monóxido de carbono, compostos orgânicos (hidrocarbonetos não queimados ou apenas parcialmente queimados), particulados, óxidos sulfurosos e óxidos nitrogenados. Graças a crescente e necessária preocupação ambiental as normas relativas a emissões têm sido periodicamente revistas, sendo uma das principais o Padrão Europeu definido como Euro que disciplina veículos que circulam na Europa e demais países que como o Brasil que a adotam como modelo. Motores a diesel têm como emissão crítica os óxidos nitrogenados, NOx (NO + NO2) e as emissões de material particulado. As diferentes técnicas utilizadas para reduzir a formação destes poluentes podem ser divididas entre aquelas aplicadas durante o processo de combustão e as outras aplicadas somente após a combustão, ou seja, nos gases de exaustão. O presente trabalho utilizou-se de uma técnica que atua no processo de combustão conhecida como EGR, Recirculação Parcial dos Gases de Exaustão. O objeto de estudo é um motor diesel de quatro cilindros em linha, equipado com EGR que atende a Euro III, com limite de NOx igual a 5,0 g/kWh. A premissa do trabalho é a avaliação do potencial deste motor em atingir os níveis de emissões da norma Euro VI, com limite de NOx igual a 0,4 g/kWh. Para tal, serão mantidas as configurações originais do motor, alterando-se somente os componentes que fazem parte do sistema de EGR. O estudo foi realizado em diferentes etapas, I, II e III, durante as quais foram identificados os componentes de EGR que mais influenciam para a redução do NOx. Os resultados obtidos são satisfatórios, alcançando valores próximos ao objetivo, mostrando desta forma que o estudo é de grande aplicabilidade para os motores atuais e futuros / Abstract: Automotive vehicles are responsible for the most of locomotion in the modern world. The mainly propulsive energy used is based on burning of fossil fuels. In real combustion systems the chemical process involved a high complexity which results mainly in five types of air pollutants, that are, carbon monoxide, organic compounds as hydrocarbons unburned or partially burned, ashes, oxides sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Due to growing of necessity to care the environment concern, emissions standards have been reviewed periodically and one of the main is European Standard defined as Euro that discipline European vehicles and other countries like Brazil that concern it as a model. The most critical diesel engine emission are nitrogen oxides, NOx (NO + NO2) and particulate matter. The different techniques used to reduce the formation of these pollutants can be divided into those applied during the combustion process and other applied only after combustion, in the exhaust gases. This study used a technique that operates in the combustion process known as EGR, Exhaust Gas Recirculation. The object of study is a fourcylinder diesel engine, in line, equipped with EGR that meets the ,Euro III emission standards with NOx limit as 5,0 g / kWh. The premise work was evaluated the potential of this engine to achieve the Euro VI emission levels, with NOx limit as 0,4 g / kWh. To do this the original basic engine parts will be kept, to changing only the components that are part of the EGR system. The study was conducted at different stages I, II and III, to identify which EGR components have more influence to reduce NOx. The results are consider satisfactory, reaching values close to the goal, thus demonstrating that the study is of great applicability to current and future engines / Mestrado / Motores / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

This diploma thesis discuss a flow in a vicinity of exhaust valve using computational of fluid dynamics. In a light of current state of the problem solution this approach is forward but very sophisticated. Intention of author is description of multidimensional boundary of characteristic variables which determinates the flow behaviour for given geometry and boundary conditions. Technical knowlegde of fluid flow in vicinity of exhaust valve allow to design geometry which provide more effective cylinder flush out berofe the exhaust stroke will become. This process reduce quantity of loss work of piston and improve its effective pointers.

The master thesis is focused on optimizing existing or proposal for a new exhaust tracts on the Volkswagen Polo moving series rally-cross A1 division. The car is powered by concern, water-cooled, atmospheric engine capacity 1599 ccm. To achieve the objectives of the lessons are applied as a theoretical nature (analytical calculation), especially the advanced approaches of the software environment from the firm Lotus. Exhaust treatment systems are designed to suit all rules FIA Sports Association.

This diploma thesis is concerned about installation of AR64304 engine into Alfa Romeo 75. The main goal of this thesis is a design of exhaust system for AR64304 engine installed in the engine bay of the vehicle. The design of the exhaust system was done with a respect to the noise and emission requirements, as well as with a respect to the performance of the engine. Lotus Engine Simulation software was used for the simulation of the engine with proposed exhaust system. Input data for the simulation were obtained from measurements of the cylinder head on a flow bench and precise measurement of camshaft profile. The essential contribution of this work is a set of construction parameters of the exhaust system. This thesis also contains technical specifications of AR64304 engine and the installation process.

Sverige och EU har man som mål att halvera energianvändningen fram till 2050 och det arbetet måste starta nu. Det är 15 miljoner kvm byggyta som måste halvera sin energianvändning varje år och i 40 år framåt. Redan idag är 70 % av alla hus till 2050 byggda, vilket innebär att även om vi skulle bygga passivhus fram tills dess skulle det inte räcka för att nå målet. Det är alltså en stor utmaning att halvera energianvändningen till 2050. En jämförelsestudie har genomförts mellan två värmeåtervinningssystem. Frånluftssystem med värmeåtervinning och från- och tilluftssystem med värmeåtervinning. Med hjälp av resultaten av genomförda projekt från två olika fastighetsägare har slutsatser kunnat dras. Slutsatserna är underlag till parametrar som påverkar valet av värmeåtervinningssystem. För att veta vad som är lämpligt har intervjuer genomförts med sakkunniga personer, fastighetsbolags energiansvariga, leverantörer samt konsulter.  Utifrån de intervjuer som genomfördes har uppfattning uppkommit om att alla har olika synpunkter och värderingar vid val av ventilationssystem samt att det är många faktorer som spelar roll vid val av ventilationssystem. I rapporten intervjuas två av Stockholms största fastighetsbolag: Stockholms Hem och Svenska Bostäder. Både fastighetsbolagen genomförde ett ”pilotprojekt” där man utfört prövning och utveckling av nya tekniska system. Syftet med pilotprojektet var att göra ett underlag för framtida projekt. De båda fastighetsbolagens val av ventilationssystem var situationsanpassade. Stockholms hem valde att använda sig av FX pga. affärsmässiga skäl samt utformningen av fastigheterna. Svenska Bostäder utförde större projekt där man totalrenoverade fastigheter, och därmed använde sig av FTX pga. klimatmässiga skäl. / Sweden has alongside with EU set a up goal to reduce the usage of energy with 50 % by 2050, a goal that Sweden to start working towards today/now. It is 15 million square meters of building space that needs to decrease its use of energy every year in 40 years. 70 % of all the buildings that are meant to be build in Sweden by 2050 are already made today, this strongly implicates that we will not be able to reach the goal even if the remaining 30% are strictly passive houses. It will be a demanding challenge to reduce the energy usage to half of its current state. A comparison has been made between two studies on waste heat recovery system, specifically the exhaust system with heat recovery and exhaust and supply air with heat recovery. A conclusion has be drawn from results of the two studies that were made. The conclusions are the main source for the parameters affecting the choice of waste heat recovery system. In order to know what was suitable for the goal, Interviews were made with experienced staffs, a property company, energy managers, contractors and consultants. Based on the interviews made, we concluded that all the parties had different views and standards when selecting a ventilation system, since there are many factors that play major roles in different areas. “Stockholms Hem” and “Svenska Bostäder” which is Two of Stockholm’s leading real estate companies were interviewed for this report. The two companies conducted a “pilot project” where they performed the investigation and development of new established technical systems. The pilot project was meant to be a base for future projects. The company’s choice of ventilation system was adapted after the situation. “Stockholms hem” chaose to use the an exhaust air heat pump due to business related reason and the design of the building, whereas “Svenska bostäder “ implemented major projects that renovated properties thus they chose an exhaust supply air heat exchange system due to climate reasons.

Published Article / The simulation of an exhaust manifold's thermal behaviour is an important concern for various reasons. Amongst them is the need to minimise catalyst light-offtime as significant exhaust emissions are generated within this period. Modelling such behaviour is not simplistic as it is governed by complex interactions between exhaust gas flow and the manifold itself. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool for such simulations. However its applicability for transient simulations is limited by high central processing unit (CPU) demands. The present study proposes an alternative computational method to assess and rank the relative impact of the manifold's thermal properties on its exterior temperature. The results show that stainless steel manifolds potentially minimise heat loss from the exhaust gas when compared with their cast iron counterparts. This may result in an increase in thermal energy being available to heat the catalyst.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is concerned with unsteady, one-dimensional flow, which closely mimics those found in the manifolds of internal combustion engines. The physical equations describing problems of this nature are presented and some of the important concepts introduced. These equations and concepts were verified by comparison to published results. The Method of Characteristics (MaC) for unsteady one-dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer was used to analyse the gas flow through the inlet and exhaust systems of an engine. The theoretical derivation of unsteady gas dynamic boundary conditions is presented and the integration with the unsteady pipe flow explained. A simulation flow model was developed to analyse the flow by using the Mae. Thisflow model was then incorporated into an engine simulation program, ESA,to simulate internal combustion engines and to predict the performance of a specific engine. A cam-profile model and an in-cylinder thermodynamic model are used to complete the ESAsoftware. Experimental work was done on a modified Nissan Z24/NA20 engine to evaluate the simulation model. The manifolds of the Nissan Z24/NA20 were modified to isolate one of the cylinders for a proper single cylinder model. More experimental work was done on a Volkswagen 1.6£ 8-valve and a 1.6£ 20-valve engine to obtain performance data on two inlet manifolds developed using the ESAsoftware. Performance data and pressure traces in the inlet manifold of the Nissan Z24/NA20 were recorded for comparison with the ESA software. Good correspondence was found between tested and modelled data and the differences varied between ±5% on engine performance data and pressure wave frequency predictions, and ± 10% on pressure pulse amplitudes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handeloor bestendige, eendimensionele vloei, wat die gasvloei in spruitstukke van binnebrandenjins naboots. Die nodige vergelykings wat hierdie tipe probleme beskryf asook van die belangrikste konsepte, word bespreek. Hierdie vergelykings en konsepte is met behulp van gepubliseerde data geverifieer. Die Metode van Karakteristieke (MVK) vir bestendige, eendimensionle vloei met wrywing en warmte oordrag, is gebruik om die gasvloei deur inlaat en uitlaat sisteme van 'n enjin te analiseer. Die teoretiese afleiding van bestendige gasdinamiese randvoorwaardes asook hul integrasie met die bestendige pypvloei, word verduidelik. 'n Simulasie vloeimodel is ontwikkelom die vloei met behulp van die metode van karakteristieke te analiseer. Hierdie vloeimodel is deel van 'n omvattende enjinsimulasie program, ESA. Dit word gebruik om binnebrandenjins te simuleer en enjinwerkverrigting te voorspel. 'n Nokprofielmodel en 'n termodinamiese ontbrandingsmodel word gebruik om die enjinsimulasie program af te rond. Eksperimentele toetse op 'n gemodifiseerde Nissan Z24/NA20 enjin is gebruik om die simulasie model te evalueer. Die spruitstukke van die Nissan Z24/NA20 is aangepas om een van die silinders te isoleer om so 'n geskikte enkelsilindermodel te skep. Verdere eksperimentele toetse is gedoen op Volkswagen 1.6£8- klep en 1.6£ 20-klep enjins. Werkverrigtingsdata is verkry op twee nuwe inlaatspruitstukke wat met behulp van die ESAsagteware ontwerp is. Werkverrigtingsdata en drukverdelingsdata in die inlaatspruitstuk van die Nissan Z24/NA20is aangeteken om te vergelyk met die resultate van die ESAsagteware. Goeie ooreenstemming is verkry tussen toets- en gemoduleerde data. Die verskille varieer tussen ±5% op enjin werkverrigtingsdata en drukpulsfrekwensie voorspellings, en ± 10%op drukpuls-amplitudes.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: To reduce exhaust gas emissions in diesel engines and for engine upgrade purposes the major parameters and equipment that should be looked at are boost pressure, intake charge temperature, combustion chamber design and fuel injection equipment. Boost pressure is governed by the turbo-charger; with high-efficiency variable geometry turbochargers, effective control is possible to increase airflow rate at all operating conditions of the engine. Efficient air-to-air inter-cooling results in the engine being filled with a cooler air charge that will influence engine durability and heat rejection to the cooling system. The main objective of the investigation is to look at the influence of boost pressure and intake charge temperature on diesel combustion to better understand the processes where boost pressure is increased and intake charge temperature reduced to increase the brake mean effective pressure of the engine and reduce emissions generation. By running an engine at different intake boost pressures and intake charge temperatures a 25-point matrix was formed at three different operating conditions. On completion of the engine testing, data processing and data evaluation, a number of important conclusions were made about the behaviour of the engine running under different conditions. This enabled the researcher to understand how boost pressure and intake charge temperature influence engine power output, fuel consumption, engine durability and exhaust gas emissions. The opinion is proved when, in most cases, the 75 test points were used to build multiple linear regression models to determine which engine parameters (dependent variables) have a significant effect on emissions generation and durability parameters. From the data it is evident that boost pressure has a positive influence on most engine parameters, as an increase in boost pressure results in an increase in air mass flow through the engine. An increase in air mass flow reduces combustion chamber gas temperature as the result of an increase in excess air ratio during combustion. A further result of the increase in excess air ratio is that less soot is formed during the first part of combustion and more soot and partly decomposed Hydrocarbon (HC) compounds are oxidised during the late combustion phase. Therefore, with an increase in boost pressure, Bosch smoke emissions reduce, but with a change in intake air temperature no difference in smoke concentration is seen except at the very low boost pressure and very high boost temperature test points where low air/fuel ratios exist and the slight increase in air-flow rate as a result of lower air inlet temperature has a big influence. Nitric Oxide (NO) emissions, on the other hand, are more dependent on intake air temperature than on boost pressure, which was proved in the multiple regressions modelling performed on the test data. The flame zone and the post-flame zone temperature play the dominant role in NO formation. As explained in the results discussion on NO formation, intake air temperature influences the ignition mixture temperature and the subsequent flame zone temperature. A lower intake air condition results in longer ignition delay and increases the initial rate of combustion. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofparameters en toerusting wat in ag geneem moet word om uitlaatgasemissies in dieselenjins te verminder en om enjinkraguitset te verhoog, is inlaatdruk, inlaat lugtemperatuur, verbrandingskamerontwerp en brandstofinspuittoerusting. Inlaatdruk word beheer deur die turb-aanjaer. Met hoë effektiwiteit, veranderlike geometrie turboaanjaging, is effektiewe beheer moontlik om lugvloei-tempo deur die enjin te verhoog onder alle enjinwerkstoestande. Effektiewe lug-tot-lug tussenverkoeling laat die enjin met koeler inlaatlug vul, wat 'n uitwerking het op enjinlewensduur en hitte-verlies na die verkoelingsstelsel. Die hoofdoel van die navorsing is om die invloed van inlaatdruk en inlaat lugtemperatuur op dieselverbranding te ondersoek. Sodoende kry die navorser 'n beter begrip omtrent die prosesse waar inlaatdruk verhoog en inlaat lugtemperatuur verlaag word, om rem-gemiddelde effektiewe druk van die enjin te verhoog en uitlaatgas emissies te verlaag. 'n 25-punt matriks is opgestel deur die enjin by verskillende inlaatdrukke en inlaat lugtemperture te opereer, en by drie verskillende wringkragwerkstoestande. 'n Aantal belangrike gevolgtrekkings is gemaak omtrent enjinwerking onder verskillende werkstoestande na voltooiing van die enjintoetse, dataverwerking en data-evaluering. Sodoende het die navorser bepaal hoe inlaatdruk en inlaat lugtemperatuur kraglewering, brandstofverbruik, enjinlewensduur en uitlaatgasemissies beïnvloed. Om bogenoemde begrippe verder te ondersteun is 'n meervoudige, lineëre regressiemodel opgestel om te bepaal watter enjinparameters (afhanklike veranderlikes) 'n wesenlike effek op emissiegenerasie en lewensduur het. Van die data word afgelei dat inlaatdruk 'n positiewe effek op die meeste enjinparameters het, omdat hoër inlaatdruk die lugvloeitempo deur die enjin verhoog. Hoër lugmassavloei verminder verbrandingsgastemperatuur as gevolg van 'n hoër oortollige lugverhouding tydens verbranding. 'n Verdere gevolg van 'n hoër oortollige lugverhouding is dat minder roet gevorm word gedurende die eerste verbrandingsfase en meer roet en gedeeltelik verbrande koolwaterstofverbindings oksideer gedurende die finale verbrandingsfase. Dus, met 'n hoër inlaatdruk word Bosch rookemmissies verlaag. Geen wesenlike verandering in rookkonsentrasies word egter gesien met 'n verandering in inlaatlugtemperatuur nie, behalwe by baie lae inlaatdruk- en hoë inlaat lugtemperatuur-toetskondisies waar lae lug/brandstofverhoudings bestaan en 'n klein toename in lugmassavloei as gevolg van laer inlaat lugtempertuur'n groot invloed het. Stikstofmonoksied (NO) emissies is meer afhanklik van inlaat lugtemperatuur as inlaatdruk. Dit is bewys in die meervoudige regressiemodel. Die vlamsone- en die navlamsone- temperatuur speel 'n groot rol in NO vorming. Inlaat lugtemperatuur beïnvloed die temperatuur van die onstekingsmengsel en die daaropvolgende vlamsonetemperatuur. 'n Laer inlaat lugtemperatuur veroorsaak 'n langer onstekingsvertraging en verhoog die aanvanklike verbrandingstempo.

This thesis describes an investigation into the spatial species conversion profiles of a Cu-zeolite SCR under engine conditions at low exhaust gas temperatures; this was then compared with a CFD model that models the catalyst via a porous medium measuring 5 x 5 x 91 cells assuming a uniform cross-sectional flow distribution. Species conversion rates were sampled at fixed points in the axial direction. The analysis of the spatial conversion profiles is a more rigorous method in assessing the ability of a mathematical model to predict the experimental data. It can also assist in the optimisation of the catalyst size, minimising packaging requirements and manufacturing costs. The experiments were undertaken on a light-duty diesel engine at a speed of 1500rpm, and at a load of 6bar BMEP; this provided exhaust gas temeraqtures between 200 and 220°C. NO2:NOx ratios were controlled by changing the size and position of the diesel oxidation catalyst, the inlet NH3: NOx ratio was also also varied, ammonia gas was used instead of urea for the purposes of simlicity. The advantage of testing on an actual engine over lab-babed studies is that the conditions such as exhaust gas composition are more realistic. A 1D CFD model was constructed using the ‘porous medium approach’ with kinetics obtained from open literature. Results from the simulations were then compared with the experimental data for the same engine conditions. It was observed that the majority of the NOx conversion took place in the first half of the brick for all NH3: NOx ratios investigated, and that the formation of N2O via NO2 and ammonia had the same influence as the ‘fast’ SCR reaction just after the inlet, which the CFD model failed to predict for the base case analyses. The influence of the inlet ammonia on the model was also noticed to be greater than in the experiments. Simple transient analyses were also undertaken on the short SCR bricks for NO2: NOx ratios of 0.6 and 0.07, and it was observed that the response time to steady-state was noticeably higher in the experiments than in the model. Modifications made to the model, including decreasing the influence of the ‘fast’ SCR reaction, and the addition of an empirical term onto the ammonia adsorption provided a noticeably better agreement for different NH3: NOx injection ratios. The desorption kinetics in the model were also altered by increasing the strength of the bonding of the ammonia onto the adsorption sites. This improved the transient agreement between the model and the experiments, but reduced the steady-state concentrations at the exit of the brick for all NH3:NOx ratios investigated.