Atualmente o Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) vem sendo largamente utilizado para determinar os fatores de projetos e processos mais significativos afetando uma variável resposta e para estabelecer modelos empíricos entre os fatores, entretanto este método ainda é pouco utilizado e processo de forjamento a quente. O presente trabalho analisa a influência individual e cumulativa de alguns parâmetros controláveis de um processo de forjamento a quente em matriz fechada na força de prensagem necessária para sua realização. Esta análise foi realizada utilizando a técnica de Projeto de Experimentos (DOE). Para a determinação da influência dos parâmetros de processo selecionados na variável resposta do Projeto de Experimentos (DOE), uma série de ensaios variando o lubrificante utilizado, o diâmetro da geratriz e a temperatura de forjamento foram realizados. A variável resposta para o experimento foi definida como a força de prensagem exigida do equipamento para a realização do forjamento. Para este trabalho foi utilizado o material ABNT 4140 fornecido em barras trefiladas de 28,6mm (1.1/8″) posteriormente forjado a quente em matriz fechada. Os resultados mostraram que o fator que mais influencia na força de prensagem para a situação ensaiada é o lubrificante. Os demais fatores, mesmo combinados, não apresentaram uma influência significativa na variável resposta. O presente estudo demonstra que é possível a utilização de técnicas de ajuste e definição de parâmetros de processo de forjamento a quente de maneira confiável e sem a necesside da aplicação dos complexos programas de simulação computacional e os métodos de tentativa e erro ainda presentes na indústria. Finalmente este trabalho reforça a versatilidade do Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) ainda pouco aplicado em processos de forjamento. / Nowadays the Design of Experiments (DOE) has been widely used to determine the most significant project and process factors affecting a response variable and to establish empirical models among the factors, although this method is still little used and the process of hot forging. This work analyzes the individual and cumulative influence of some controllable parameters in a closed die hot forging process in the pressing force required for its realization. This analysis was performed using a Design of Experiments (DOE) method. To determine the influence of variable factors selected in response Design of Experiments (DOE), a several tests varying the lubricant, the diameter of the billet and the forging temperature was performed. The response variable for the experiment was defined as pressing force. For this study, it was used the ABNT 4140 steel provided in drawn bars of 28,6mm (1 1/8 ″). The fator that had more influence over the pressing force was the lubricant. Other factors, whether or not combined, did not show a significant influence on the response variable. This study demonstrates that it is possible use techniques to set hot forging process parameters reliably and without necesside the application of complex computer simulation programs or the trial and error system. Finally, this work reinforces the versatility of Design of Experiments (DOE) wich is still little used in forging processes.

Submitted by Rodrigo De Lima Luiz (rodrigodelimaluiz@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-21T19:51:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO DEFINITIVA.pdf: 3442563 bytes, checksum: a1ec4acfa5218338bbc6cc71e90ad441 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-11-22T10:50:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luiz_rl_me_prud.pdf: 3385709 bytes, checksum: 3b7f3df96984f568b958099cfbebbdf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-22T10:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luiz_rl_me_prud.pdf: 3385709 bytes, checksum: 3b7f3df96984f568b958099cfbebbdf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-01 / Neste trabalho, foi pesquisada uma forma alternativa de aplicação de experimentos em sala de aula, na qual os alunos foram responsáveis pela confecção deles e não meros expectadores que observaram o professor realizar a atividade experimental. Assim, os estudantes produziram, executaram e tiraram suas conclusões acerca das atividades propostas. Propôs-se, neste trabalho, a aplicação de uma sequência didática para abordar eletrostática utilizando atividades experimentais, como metodologia de aprendizagem significativa, proposta por David Ausubel. Antes da realização dos experimentos, o tema foi contextualizado através de vídeos que mostravam situações intrigantes no cotidiano dos alunos, envolvendo eletrostática. Também foi abordada a história da eletricidade com suas principais descobertas e como os conceitos científicos foram evoluindo ao longo do tempo. Em seguida, utilizando materiais de baixo custo e fáceis de serem encontrados e seguindo roteiros experimentais, os alunos construíram experimentos que permitiram a verificação dos três processos de eletrização: atrito, contato e indução. Também, verificaram a distribuição de cargas em condutores em equilíbrio eletrostático, a blindagem eletrostática e o poder das pontas. O trabalho visou despertar o interesse e motivação dos alunos nas aulas de Física, desenvolvendo suas habilidades em seguir roteiros simples, coletar e analisar dados, além de aplicar os conceitos, abordados em sala, em situações de seu cotidiano. / In this work, an alternative way of applying experiments in the classroom has been investigated, in which the students were responsible by their confections and not mere spectators who observed the teacher to perform an experimental activity. Thus, students produced, performed, and concluded on the proposed activities. It was proposed, in this work, the application of a Didactic Sequence to approach electrostatic using experimental activities, as significant learning methodology, proposed by David Ausubel. Before the experiments, the theme was contextualized through videos that showed intriguing situations in the daily life of students, involving electrostatics. It was also discussed the electricity history with its main discoveries, and how scientific concepts were developed over time. Then, using inexpensive, easy-to-find materials and following experimental script, the students constructed experiments that allowed the verification of the three electrification processes: friction, contact and induction. Also, they verified the charges distribution in conductors in electrostatic equilibrium, the electrostatic shield and the power of the tips. The aim of this work was to arouse student’s interest and motivation in physics classes, developing their skills in following simple scripts, collecting and analyzing data, and applying the concepts, addressed in the classroom, in everyday situations.

This thesis explores subjective and objective understandings of civic duty, obligation and good citizenship. Despite the importance of these drivers of behaviour, a lack of empirical understanding about what these drivers are and how they are understood has left a significant gap in our understanding of voting behaviour. My research contributes to the field by examining three central themes; Are duty, obligation and good citizenship understood the same? Are one or more of these traits suitable for cross-national research? Can a new conceptual model of civic duty help further the use of civic duty in studies of voting behaviour? In order to do this, this thesis analyses the following issues: (1) objectively exploring duty, obligation and good citizenship (2) analysing subjective understandings of these concepts (3) demonstrating individual level drivers of these concepts (4) demonstrating the impact of institutions, and cross-national differences have upon duty, obligation and good citizenship (5) showing how these concepts relate to voting behaviour (6) by testing and proving that a new approach to measuring civic duty can provide a model that explains not only long term immutable voting habits, but why individuals may vote out of duty sometimes, and abstain at others and (7) finally providing substantial evidence from what is an exploratory study to help in the formation of future representative research and to demonstrate the importance of taking civic duty seriously in forthcoming voting behaviour research. Using the theoretical and philosophical literature, I argue that despite the empirical literature treating obligation, good citizenship and civic duty as the same concept and driver of voting behaviour, that individuals understand these traits uniquely, and that they are all separate motivators, with duty being contingent on external forces (social capital) and obligation being contingent on personal or inward pressures. I argue that given the limited literature on good citizenship, there is no clear idea of what it means and that good citizenship will be contingent on what an individual deems to be "good". Finally, I argue that old models of civic duty are outdated, and that a new conceptual framework of duty needs to be introduced to accurately demonstrate how individuals understand it, and actually demonstrate its impact upon individual level voting behaviour. Using data from a pilot study, with an embedded survey experiment (N=735) collected in the United Kingdom, the United States, New Zealand, Australia and Ireland, I demonstrate that not only are duty, obligation and good citizenship understood differently, but the drivers of the concepts are significantly different. While obligation shows no relationship to voting behaviour within or across countries, good citizenship appears to be a good driver of second order elections while civic duty appears to drive first order and high saliency elections. Duty appears to be contingent upon external factors, while good citizenship appears to be contingent upon the behaviour of politicians, and citizenship education suggesting a social contract type relationship. Institutional factors appear to indirectly impact voting behaviour with a mediating effect on the strengths of duty and good citizenship. Finally, evidence suggests that previous notions of an "immutable" sense of duty are unfounded, and that an individuals’ sense of duty is contingent on a range of internal and external pressures. The first empirical chapter focuses on individual level understandings of duty, obligation and good citizenship, before the second empirical chapter expands this to look at cross-national differences in the understanding of, and drivers of duty obligation and good citizenship. Finally, the third empirical analyses a new model of civic duty and suggests that its previous use has been limited by ineffective measures. While the evidence presented in this thesis is exploratory and not generalisable or representative of any of the countries sampled, the evidence from the sample strongly suggests that future development of the study of civic duty, and further analysis of how duty, obligation and good citizenship are understood in representative samples are needed to confirm the findings presented in this thesis, and build upon what is a successful pilot study. This research finds its limitations in the number of survey items available to build a complete picture of all drivers of individual understandings of duty, obligation and good citizenship.

Lava flows are common at volcanoes around the world and on other terrestrial planets, but their behavior is not fully understood. In Hawai`i, advances in remote sensing are offering new insights into lava flow emplacement. In this dissertation, I develop new techniques using satellite-based synthetic aperature radar, aerial photographs, and airborne lidar to produce three-dimensional high-resolution maps of lava flows from data collected before, during, and after emplacement. These new datasets highlight complex lava channel networks within these flows, which are not incorporated into current predictive or probabilistic lava flow models yet may affect flow behavior. I investigate the origin and influence of these channel networks through morphologic analysis of underlying topography, network topology, and flow morphology and volume. Channel network geometries range from distributary systems dominated by flow branching around local obstacles to tributary systems constricted by topography. I find that flow branching occurs where the flow thins over steeper slopes and that the degree of flow branching, network connectivity, and longevity of flow segments all influence the final flow morphology. Furthermore, because channel networks govern the distribution of lava supply within a flow, changes in the channel topology can dramatically alter the effective volumetric flux in any one branch, which affects both flow length and advance rate. Specifically, branching will slow and shorten flows, while merging can accelerate and lengthen them. To test these observations from historic eruptions and morphologic analysis, I use analogue experiments to simulate the interaction of a lava flow with a topographic obstacle and determine the conditions under which the flow branches and the effects of the bifurcation on flow advance rate. These experiments support the earlier results but also demonstrate the importance of flow dynamics and obstacle morphology on governing when flows may overtop obstacles. Consideration of channel networks is thus important for predicting lava flow behavior and mitigating flow hazards with diversion barriers. One video of Kilauea lava flow activity from 2003-2010 accompanies this dissertation as a supplemental file. This dissertation includes both previously published and unpublished co-authored material.

Calcium is a ubiquitous intracellular signal responsible for controlling numerous cellular responses including development and proliferation. Calcium (Ca²⁺) is stored in both neutral and acidic stores and its release through gated channels has been implicated in regulating development in Dictyostelium discoideum. This thesis aims to understand the roles of the calcium channel proteins, in particular the two-pore channel proteins (TPCs), found on acidic stores in Ca²⁺ signalling during Dictyostelium development. Bioinformatic analysis indicates conservation of a gene encoding an orthologue of TPC2 in Dictyostelia and, similar to plant TPCs, a Ca²⁺ sensing domain is predicted along with a novel potential calmodulin binding site. To investigate the role of intracellular Ca²⁺ channels, a series of strains was generated, disrupted in one or more of genes encoding the channels TPC2 and mucolipin (TRP-ML), predicted to be located on acidic stores, and IplA, located on neutral stores. All disrupted strains, including one lacking all three channels, are able to complete development. However, strains lacking TPC2 show a pronounced delay in early development, correlating with reduced expression of some early developmental genes. Vesicles derived from tpc2-null cells show normal Ca²⁺ release compared to parental cells but an increased rate of Ca²⁺ uptake. During early development, the pH of acidic vesicles is increased in the absence of TPC2. However development of tpc2-null cells showed increased sensitivity to weak bases in producing fewer aggregates but resistance to sodium chloride and weak bases in later development suggesting a complex role for TPC during development. In vivo cytosolic Ca²⁺ responses were analysed in strains expressing an ultra-sensitive Ca²⁺ indicator YC-Nano 15. Growing tpc2^- and iplA^- cells have lower basal cytosolic Ca²⁺ than parental Ax2 cells. Intercellular Ca²⁺ waves were observed in aggregates from Ax2, mcln^- and tpc2^- cells but were greatly reduced in iplA- aggregates, as was the increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ in response to extracellular cAMP. In tpc2- aggregates, wave frequencies were reduced and the response to cAMP addition abolished after treatment with caffeine, a known adenylyl cyclase inhibitor in Dictyostelium. This work demonstrates that TPC2 plays a role in the early stages of Dictyostelium development. TPC2 is important for pH regulation in acidic vesicles and cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels, either or both of which could influence development either directly or via changes in early developmental gene expression.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leal_f_dr_guara.pdf: 1508454 bytes, checksum: 6fb895a4a4112ad5c2402cf1919b9b45 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em vários problemas relacionados à análise de falhas em processos de manufatura, os efeitos das falhas são analisados de forma independente. Porém, em alguns sistemas, as falhas podem apresentar um efeito de interação. Se este efeito interativo for ignorado, o risco da falha também será subestimado. Deste modo, este trabalho objetivou analisar o efeito interativo de falhas em processos através de projeto de experimentos simulados. Para esta análise, realizou-se uma modelagem conceitual do processo e das falhas, através da técnica desenvolvida e nomeada de IDEF-SIM. Os experimentos simulados foram delineados, a fim de se verificar os efeitos principais dos modos de falha e de suas interações. Dois objetos de estudo do setor de autopeças foram escolhidos para esta pesquisa. Concluiu-se o trabalho com a hierarquização dos modos de falha e interações de acordo com o impacto na produção. Esta hierarquização foi apresentada segundo os efeitos locais e globais do modo de falha, através da apresentação de seis cenários. Desta forma, definem-se como principais aspectos originais deste trabalho: a determinação do efeito interativo de falhas em processos através do projeto de experimentos simulados e a modelagem conceitual de processos e falhas para a simulação, através de uma técnica proposta, o IDEF-SIM. / In several problems related to failures analysis in manufacturing processes, their effects are analyzed in an independent way. Even so, in some systems, the failures can present an interactive effect. If this interactive effect is ignored, the risk of the failure will also be underestimated. In this way, this work aims to analyze the failures interactive effect in processes through design of simulated experiments. For this analysis, a conceptual modeling was used to model processes and failures, through a proposed technique named IDEF-SIM. The simulated experiments were designed in order to verify the main effects of the failures modes and their interactions. Two studies from the automotive industry were chosen for this research. This work was concluded by ranking the failures modes and interactions, in accordance with the production impact. This hierarchization was presented according to the local and global effects of the failures modes by means of six sceneries. In this manner, the main original aspects of this work is defined as the determination of failures interactive effect in processes through the design of simulated experiments and the conceptual modeling for simulation of processes and failures through the proposed IDEF-SIM technique.

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Thesis (Master Diploma (Medical Technology) -- Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1992 / The steady state in a tumour rapidly changes with its growth and the subsequent deteriorating blood and nutrient supply. This adaptation in the steady state of the tumour is shown in the increased lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity in the tumour during it's growth. These alterations in the tumour metabolism places an increased burden on the body to supply nutrient and to discard the waste products of the tumour. This is demonstrated at the macroscopic level by the decreasing body weight and food intake when the tumour burden increases, and also at the metabolic levels by the responses of certain glycolytic and Cori cycle enzymes. Furthermore three distinct stages were observed in the Corl cycle response to the influence of the tumour namely, a silent or preclinical stage, a hypermetabolic stage and a hypometabolic stage. Although the decreasing body weight cannot be directly linked to the process of gluconeogenesis, the onset of anorexia appeared to coincide with the end of the hypermetabolic stage and the beginning of the hypometabolic stage in gluconeogenesis. This clearly shows that the body's steady state is adversely affected by the presence of the tumour and that the conditions at the metabolic level seem to cause the anorexia. Furthermore, it is well known that the success of cancer therapies depends entirely on the effectiveness o{the modality to kill the tumour cell and on the ability . of the host to absorb the damage caused by the modality without being destroyed in the process itself. The second part of this study demonstrates the radioprotective effects of ATP at all levels. It is clear from this work that ATP had a bigger influence in protecting the normal tissue than it had on the tumour tissue. This was demonstrated by the response of acid phosphatase (AP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) in the tumour and testis. Furthermore, it would seem that ATP has a multifactorial interaction with the cell, two possible mechanisms of protection are indicated by these results. The fIrst of these interactions is through the receptors of the cell to stimulate enhanced glycolysis, for higher energy production and thus repair. The second possibility is the interaction of ATP with the receptor of the cell to inhibit the production of free radicals and thus damage, as demonstrated by the response of G-6-PDH and AP.

Thesis (BTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Technikon, 1992. / The steady state in a tumour rapidly changes with its growth and the subsequent deteriorating blood and nutrient supply. This adaptation in the steady state of the tumour is shown in the increased lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity in the tumour during it's growth. These alterations in the tumour metabolism places an increased burden on the body to supply nutrient and to discard the waste products of the tumour. This is demonstrated at the macroscopic level by the decreasing body weight and food intake when the tumour burden increases, and also at the metabolic levels by the responses of certain glycolytic and Cori cycle enzymes. Furthermore three distinct stages were observed in the Cori cycle response to the influence of the tumour namely, a silent or preclinical stage, a hypermetabolic stage and a hypo metabolic stage. Although the decreasing body weight cannot be directly linked to the process of gluconeogenesis, the onset of anorexia appeared to coincide with the end of the hypermetabolic stage and the beginning of the hypometabolic stage in gluconeogenesis. This clearly shows that the body's steady state is adversely affected by the presence of the tumour and that the conditions at the metabolic level seem to cause the anorexia. Furthermore, it is well known that the success of cancer therapies depends entirely on the effectiveness ofthe modality to kill the tumour cell and on the ability' of the host to absorb the damage caused by the modality without being destroyed in the process itself. The second part of this study demonstrates the radioprotective effects of ATP at all levels. It is clear from this work that ATP had a bigger influence in protecting the normal tissue than it had on the tumour tissue. This was demonstrated by the response of acid phosphatase (AP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) in the tumour and testis. Furthermore, it would seem that ATP has a multifactorial interaction with the cell, two possible mechanisms of protection are indicated by these results. The first of these interactions is through the receptors of the cell to stimulate enhanced glycolysis, for higher energy production and thus repair. The second possibility is the interaction of ATP with the receptor of the cell to inhibit the production of free radicals and thus damage, as demonstrated by the response of G-6-PDH and AP.