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'n Beskouing van streekekonomiese ontwikkelingsbeleid in Suider-Afrika met verwysing na uitvoervervaardigingsgebiede26 May 2014 (has links)
Ph.D. (Economics) / Until 1946 economists paid little attention to regional development. Economic development was mainly viewed in a national context. Even since the Second World War there remain important differences of opinion among economists on regional development theories. The aim of this study was first of all to make an analysis of the various theories. Secondly the instruments and results of decentralisation policies in Western Europe and Southern Africa during the period 1960 to 1980 were researched and discussed. The third aim was to discuss the term "Export Processing Zone".and to research the application thereof in various countries. Fourthly, the Gross Geographic Product and economically active popUlation of nine regions in Southern Africa were analised. Lastly the regional development strategies including the possible application of Export Processing Zones in Southern Africa were discussed in the light of the urgent need for employment creation - especially for Black workers. In the discussion of various regional development theories mention was made of the important role of technology, productivity, domestic and international price levels in addition to capital and labour for the optimum development of regions. Therefore the process of Cumulative Causation combined with export led development are important factors for a successful development strategy.
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Human resources managers' perceptions of training incentives as a motivation for companies to relocate to export processing zones in South AfricaMare, Pieter Daniel 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The economic construct within South Africa has been in a state of flux during the last decade.
The challenge of meeting the demands placed on this economy by the leading industrialised
developed economies, whilst developing human capacity that would meet these demands, is
of great importance.
Developing human capacity through training is regarded as the key building block in this
endeavour. Cost implications associated with training are considered a major stumbling block
for many organisations where bottom line margins are under continuous threat.
Traditionally, many institutions regarded training as an unnecessary evil and the tendency was
to spend as little money as possible on this variable overhead. This short-sighted approach,
operating within a political framework where the majority of the workers did not enjoy
democratic institutions, compounded the training and skills dilemma facing South Africa.
Since 1994 all South Africans have been afforded a new political dispensation. The newly
elected government, in an attempt to redress past inadequacy, introduced various labour acts
that would meet the development needs of that part of the population that was classified as
previously disadvantaged. The Skills Development Act provides guidelines on training and development requirements
within the various economic sectors, and is therefore of particular importance. This
legislation, which implies that organisations spend a certain percentage of their payroll on
training, places new financial demands and obligations on organisations, some of which
cannot afford it.
A positive alternative associated with training cost is the establishment of Export Processing
Zones (EPZs). EPZs offer incentives to lure organisations into moving to a demarcated
processing zone where relaxed labour practices are enjoyed, low taxes are paid and incentives
for training their workforces are offered.
In order to test the perception of employers regarding training incentives as a motivation to
consider moving to EPZs, a questionnaire was sent to one hundred organisations. Quantitative
and qualitative data was obtained by means of processing the responses to these
questionnaires to establish the viability of and demand for the establishment of EPZs.
Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that the development of an EPZ should
become a part of the strategic initiative of the South African Department of Trade and
Industry whilst ensuring support from other key stakeholders such as the Department of
Labour, workers' unions and industrialists. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ekonomiese konstruk in Suid-Afrika was gedurende die afgelope dekade in 'n toestand
van onsekerheid.
Die uitdaging om aan die vereistes wat deur die toonaangewende ontwikkelde
nywerheidsekonomieë afgedwing word te voldoen, terwyl die menslike kapasiteit
terselfdertyd ontwikkel word om aan hierdie vereistes te voldoen, is uiters belangrik.
Opleiding word beskou as 'n kern boublok in hierdie strewe om menslike kapasiteit te
ontwikkel. Talle maatskappye beskou die koste implikasies wat met opleiding gepaard gaan
as 'n reuse struikelblok.
Baie instansies het opleiding in die verlede as 'n onnodige euwel beskou en daar was 'n
neiging om so min as moontlik aan hierdie veranderlike oorhoofse koste te spandeer. Hierdie
kortsigtige benadering het binne 'n politieke raamwerk fungeer waar die meerderheid werkers
geen toegang tot demokratiese instellings gehad het nie. Dit het die opleidings- en
vaardigheidsdilemma waarmee Suid-Afrika gekonfronteer word, vererger.
Alle Suid-Afrikaners geniet egter sedert 1994 'n nuwe politieke bedeling. Ten einde te poog
om vroeëre tekortkominge aan te spreek, het die nuut verkose regering verskeie
arbeidswetgewings ingestel om aan die ontwikkelingsbehoeftes te voldoen van diegene wat
geklassifiseer word as agtergeblewenes. Die Vaardigheidsontwikkelingswetgewing bied riglyne vir opleidings- en
ontwikkelingsbehoeftes binne die verskeie ekonomiese sektore en is dus van besondere
belang. Hierdie wetgewing bepaal dat 'n maatskappy 'n sekere persentasie van sy betaalrol
moet spandeer aan opleiding. Dit plaas addisionele finansiële druk op maatskappye en
sommige maatskappye kan dit net eenvoudig nie bekostig nie.
Die daarstelling van 'n Uitvoer Verwerkingsone (UVS) is 'n positiewe alternatief wat met
opleidingskoste geassosieer kan word. 'n UVS bied insentiewe aan maatskappye om hul te
lok om na hierdie afgebakende gebied(e) te beweeg waar verslapte arbeidspraktyke geld, lae
belastings betaal word en insentiewe aangebied word vir die opleiding van hul werkersmag.
'n Vraelys is aan een honderd maatskappye gestuur ten einde die persepsies van werkgewers
ten opsigte van opleidingsintensiewe as motivering om na 'n UVS te beweeg te toets.
Kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data is bekom deur die verwerking van die antwoorde op die
vraelys en daardeur die lewensvatbaarheid van en die behoefte aan die daarstelling van 'n
UVS te bepaal.
Gebaseer op die bevindinge van hierdie studie word daar aanbeveel dat die ontwikkeling van
'n UVS deel moet vorm van die strategiese inisiatief van die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement
van Handel en Nywerheid terwyl die ondersteuning van ander sleutel belanghebbendes soos
die Departement van Arbeid, werkersunies en nyweraars verseker word.
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An evaluative analysis of industrial development zones and export processing zones with reference to the Coega Industrial Development ZoneBrand, Daleen 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis ((MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is experiencing similar problems as those occurring in other developing
countries. Such problems include: large scale poverty; unequal regional development;
inefficient policies; fragmented transport systems. The list goes on. This is largely
due to apartheid policiesthat were implemented.
After 1994 a series of new policies and programmes was implemented. Their aim
was to eradicate apartheid planning; to provide equal and fair development for
everyone and to stimulate and boost the economy. The Reconstruction and
Development Programme (RDP) was the first policy of its kind, followed by the
Growth, Employment and Redistribution programme (GEAR). The aim of these two
policies was to stimulate the economy, especially in areas where there is a need for
an economic boost. This ultimately led to programmes such as the Spatial
Development Initiative (SDI); Local Economic Development and Export Processing
Zones or as they are better known in South Africa, Industrial Development Zones.
Programmes or initiative such as these were aimed at boosting the economy,
providing employment and utilising resources in a region. This is the shift that has
taken place in development planning, from traditional regional policies towards
incentive driven policiesthat try to attract investment into under-developed regions.
Programmessuch as Industrial Development Zones however have a long history, not
all of it positive. These zones have been known as sweatshops and that they use
child labour. The largest problem of these zones is that labour legislation is almost
non-existent.
In 2001 South Africa declared Coega the first Industrial Development Zone in the
country. The zone will link to the Spatial Development Initiative programme that
was implemented in 1996. An uproar followed when labour organisations such as
COSATUlearned that the government is going to use Industrial Development Zones,
which are similar to Export ProcessingZones, to stimulate the economy and to solve
the problem of unemployment in specific areas of the country. However the labour legislation of South Africa will be applied in the Industrial
Development Zones. That just leaves the problem of efficiency and effectiveness.
Will these zones really address and solve the employment problems in South Africa?
Zones such as those in Mauritius have been a success, but there are cases where the
zones did not create employment and more money was spend on putting in the
infrastructure and services in the zones, than was made in the zone. Time will be the
judge in the case of Coega Industrial Development Zone. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ondervind basies dieselfde probleme as wat ander onderontwikkelde
lande ondervind. Die probleme sluit in: grootskaalse armoede; ongelyke
streekontwikkeling; ondoeltreffende beleide. Die probleem spruit grootliks uit die
apartheidsbeleide.
Na 1994 is daar egter 'n reeks van nuwe beleide en programme geïmplementeer.
Die beleide moes apartheidsbeplanning uitwis; moes gelyke ontwikkeling aan almal
voorsien en die ekonomie stimuleer. Die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram was
een van die eerste beleide, en is gevolg deur die "Growth, Employment and
Redistribution" program. Die twee beleide se doel was om die ekonomie te stimuleer,
veral in gebiede waar daar 'n behoefte aan ekonomiese groei is. Dit het dan ook
gelei tot programme soos "Spatial Development Initiatives", "Local Economic
Development" and "Export Processing Zones" of soos wat dit in Suid-Afrika bekend
staan "Industrial Development Zones". Programme of inisiatiewe soos die se doel is
om die ekonomie van 'n streek te versterk, om werksgeleenthede te skep en om
gebruik te maak van die hulpbronne in die spesifieke streek. Die programme het 'n
groot verandering in ontwikkelingsbeplanning meegebring, vanaf tradisionele
streekbeleide tot inisiatief-gedrewe beleide wat poog om beleggings in
onderontwikkelde streke te versterk.
Programme soos "Industrial Development Zones" het 'n lang geskiedenis, en nie
almal is posititief nie. Hierdie sones het 'n algemene naam van "sweatshops" gekry
waar kinderarbeid gebruik word. Die grootste probleem van hierdie sones is dat
arbeidwetgewing gewoonlik nie toegepas word binne die sones nie. In 2001 is Coega
as die eerste "Industrial Development Zone" verklaar in Suid Afrika. Die sone is
verbind tot die "Spatial Development Initiative" programme wat geïmplementeerd is
in 1996. Dit is egter sterk deur die arbeidsorganisasie COSATU veroordeel, toe hulle
hoor dat die regering nou "Industrial Development Zones", wat basies dieselfde is as
"Export Processing Zones", gaan gebruik om die ekonomie te stimuleer en die hoë
werkloosheid in die land te verminder. Maar, in hierdie sones sal arbeid wetgewing toegepas word. Dit los net die probleem
van effektiwiteit en doeltreffendheid. Gaan hierdie sones die werkloosheids
probleem van Suid Afrika oplos? Sones soos in Mauritius was suksesvol, maar daar is
egter talle ander wat nie werkgeleenthed geskep het nie en die uitgawes wat
gemaak is om infrastruktuur en dienste in die sones te voorsien is veel hoër as die
profyt wat gemaak is op die einde. Tyd sal leer in die Coega "Industrial Development
Zone'.
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