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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Manutenção de respostas de observação por classes de estímulos formadas por reversões repetidas de discriminações simples simultâneas / Observing responses maintained by stimulus-classes formed through repeated reversal shifts

Ramos, Diana Catalina Serrano 12 July 2013 (has links)
Estudos demonstram que estímulos discriminativos de maiores probabilidades de reforço mantêm respostas de observação. Por sua vez, estímulos que compartilham funções discriminativas podem compor uma classe funcional de estímulos. Em vista disso, esta pesquisa investigou se estímulos que compartilhavam funções discriminativas, ao formar classes funcionais, passariam a reforçar respostas de observação. Dez adultos foram expostos a um treino discriminativo simples simultâneo com dois conjuntos de quatro estímulos cada. Na sequência, de modo a estabelecer classes funcionais, foram realizadas quatro reversões de contingências com tentativas de teste (sonda). Durante todo o procedimento, os participantes usaram um equipamento de rastreamento ocular para mensurar suas respostas de observação. Os resultados mostraram que oito participantes aprenderam as discriminações; sete participantes mostraram formação de classes funcionais com pelo menos um dos conjuntos usados; e, para um participante, não houve formação de classes. A avaliação das respostas de observação mostrou que, para quatro participantes, estímulos que compuseram em classes funcionais passaram a manter correspondentemente respostas de observação, sugerindo que, ao se estabelecerem como classes de estímulos discriminativos, os estímulos passaram a exercer funções reforçadoras condicionadas para respostas de observação. Dessa forma, classes de estímulos discriminativos constituem-se, também, como classes de reforçadores condicionados / Studies have demonstrated that discriminative stimuli paired with high probabilities of reinforcement maintain observing responses in a higher rate than those stimuli paired with low probabilities of reinforcement or extinction. On the other hand, stimuli that share discriminative functions may become a functional stimulus-class. Considering this, the present research evaluated whether stimuli that share discriminative functions by becoming a functional class would also acquire a reinforcing function for observing responses. Ten adults were submitted to a simple simultaneous discriminative training with two sets of four stimuli each. Then, to establish functional classes, four contingency reversals with test trials were conducted. Throughout the procedure, participants observing responses were measured with an eye-tracker device. Eight participants learned the discriminations. Seven participants showed evidence of functional class formation for at least one of the sets used, and one participant showed no evidence of functional class formation. Observing measures showed that the stimulus-set that became functional classes for four participants also maintained their observing responses. These data suggest that, when a set of stimuli becomes a discriminative stimulus-class, the stimuli in the set acquire conditioned reinforcement functions for observing responses. This evidence suggests that discriminative stimulus-classes are classes of conditioned reinforcers
12

Respostas de observação em reversões de contingências / Observing responses in contingencies reversals

Nicolau Kuckartz Pergher 05 September 2007 (has links)
Respostas de observação são mantidas pela produção de estímulos discriminativos. A maioria das pesquisas tem mostrado que apenas as respostas de observação que produzem S+ são mantidas, o que tem sido explicado pela hipótese do reforçamento condicionado. De acordo com essa hipótese, apenas os estímulos pareados com reforço, ou temporalmente mais próximos do reforço, adquiririam propriedades reforçadoras condicionadas. Entretanto, existem pesquisas mostrando que ambos S+ e S- podem manter a observação, o que tem sido explicado pela hipótese da redução da incerteza. De acordo com essa hipótese, as informações providas por ambos estímulos são reforçadoras, pois reduzem a incerteza acerca das contingências em vigor. A presente pesquisa procurou estudar as respostas de observação em situações de reversões de contingências. De acordo com a hipótese do reforçamento condicionado, a cada reversão, apenas os estímulos pareados com reforço, ou temporalmente mais próximos, deveriam manter a observação. De acordo com a hipótese da redução da incerteza, independentemente da realização das reversões, ambos os estímulos, manteriam as respostas de observação, pois ambos informam sobre as contingências em vigor. Foram realizados três experimentos, nos quais utilizou-se um equipamento de rastreamento do olhar para registrar as observações. No Experimento 1, participaram três adultos com desenvolvimento típico. As contingências utilizadas no Experimento 1 (VR 10 Extinção) não foram eficientes para estabelecer discriminação, o que impossibilitou a realização de reversões. No Experimento 2, participaram outros três adultos. Foi empregada punição (perda de pontos) para as respostas de pressão à barra de espaço do teclado emitidas na presença de S-. Com isso, a discriminação foi estabelecida, e as a reversões puderam ser realizadas. Os resultados mostraram que S- foi observado com maior duração e/ou maior freqüência do que S+, tanto no estabelecimento de discriminação quanto nas reversões. O valor reforçador condicionado de S- é discutido em termos do aumento da probabilidade de fuga da punição. No Experimento 3, participaram dois adultos. Foram utilizados dois conjuntos de estímulos. Ao longo do experimento, os S- mantinham as respostas de observação com maior duração e freqüência do que S+. Para um dos participantes, ao realizar as reversões, a partir do primeiro estímulo apresentado, a observação de todos os demais S- passava a ocorrer com maior duração e freqüência do que a observação dos demais S+ apresentados. Esses resultados indicam que, além de uma classe funcional de estímulos, teria sido formada uma classe de reforçadores condicionados. O efeito discriminativo dos estímulos sobre a movimentação dos olhos é discutido. Sugere-se que seja avaliado o efeito reforçador de outros elementos presentes na tarefa experimental, tais como o contador de pontos e as instruções, os quais podem manter a observação e concorrer com a observação dos estímulos em si. / Observing responses are maintained by discriminative stimuli. Most researches have shown that observing responses are maintained by S+, a fact that has being explained by conditioned reinforcement hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement would acquire conditioned reinforcement proprieties. There are researches that have shown both S+ and S- maintaing observing, a fact that has being explained by uncertainty reduction hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, both stimuli provide information\'s and reduce uncertainty about contingencies. The present research intended to study observing responses in contingencies reversals. According to conditioned reinforcement hypothesis, in every reversal, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement, or nearer to reinforcement, should reinforce observing. According to uncertainty reduction hypothesis, in every reversal, both stimuli should maintain observing because both inform about contingencies. Three experiments were done. An eye tracker equipment was used to register observing responses. In Experiment 1, three adults with typical development participated. Contingencies in Experiment 1 (VR Extinction) were not efficient in establishing discrimination and reversals were not implemented. In Experiment 2, three other adults participated. It was used punition (points lost) for responding in the presence of S-. Discrimination was established and reversals were carried through. Results show that S-was observed with longer duration and/or higher frequencies than S+. S- conditioned reinforcement properties are discussed in terms of increasing escape probability. In Experiment 3, two adults participated. Two groups of stimuli were used. Throughout the experiment, S- maintained observing with longer durations and higher frequencies than S+. One of the participants, when exposed to reversals, from the first stimulus presented, S-observation becomes higher to the other S- than to the other S+. These results indicated that, besides functional stimuli classes, it was created conditioned reinforcement classes. Discriminative effects of stimuli over eye movements are discussed. It is suggested that reinforcement effect of other elements, like points and instructions must be evaluated. This elements can maintain observing and concur with observation of stimulus in itself.
13

Manutenção de respostas de observação por classes de estímulos formadas por reversões repetidas de discriminações simples simultâneas / Observing responses maintained by stimulus-classes formed through repeated reversal shifts

Diana Catalina Serrano Ramos 12 July 2013 (has links)
Estudos demonstram que estímulos discriminativos de maiores probabilidades de reforço mantêm respostas de observação. Por sua vez, estímulos que compartilham funções discriminativas podem compor uma classe funcional de estímulos. Em vista disso, esta pesquisa investigou se estímulos que compartilhavam funções discriminativas, ao formar classes funcionais, passariam a reforçar respostas de observação. Dez adultos foram expostos a um treino discriminativo simples simultâneo com dois conjuntos de quatro estímulos cada. Na sequência, de modo a estabelecer classes funcionais, foram realizadas quatro reversões de contingências com tentativas de teste (sonda). Durante todo o procedimento, os participantes usaram um equipamento de rastreamento ocular para mensurar suas respostas de observação. Os resultados mostraram que oito participantes aprenderam as discriminações; sete participantes mostraram formação de classes funcionais com pelo menos um dos conjuntos usados; e, para um participante, não houve formação de classes. A avaliação das respostas de observação mostrou que, para quatro participantes, estímulos que compuseram em classes funcionais passaram a manter correspondentemente respostas de observação, sugerindo que, ao se estabelecerem como classes de estímulos discriminativos, os estímulos passaram a exercer funções reforçadoras condicionadas para respostas de observação. Dessa forma, classes de estímulos discriminativos constituem-se, também, como classes de reforçadores condicionados / Studies have demonstrated that discriminative stimuli paired with high probabilities of reinforcement maintain observing responses in a higher rate than those stimuli paired with low probabilities of reinforcement or extinction. On the other hand, stimuli that share discriminative functions may become a functional stimulus-class. Considering this, the present research evaluated whether stimuli that share discriminative functions by becoming a functional class would also acquire a reinforcing function for observing responses. Ten adults were submitted to a simple simultaneous discriminative training with two sets of four stimuli each. Then, to establish functional classes, four contingency reversals with test trials were conducted. Throughout the procedure, participants observing responses were measured with an eye-tracker device. Eight participants learned the discriminations. Seven participants showed evidence of functional class formation for at least one of the sets used, and one participant showed no evidence of functional class formation. Observing measures showed that the stimulus-set that became functional classes for four participants also maintained their observing responses. These data suggest that, when a set of stimuli becomes a discriminative stimulus-class, the stimuli in the set acquire conditioned reinforcement functions for observing responses. This evidence suggests that discriminative stimulus-classes are classes of conditioned reinforcers
14

Visual Flow Analysis and Saliency Prediction

Srinivas, Kruthiventi S S January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Nowadays, we have millions of cameras in public places such as traffic junctions, railway stations etc., and capturing video data round the clock. This humongous data has resulted in an increased need for automation of visual surveillance. Analysis of crowd and traffic flows is an important step towards achieving this goal. In this work, we present our algorithms for identifying and segmenting dominant ows in surveillance scenarios. In the second part, we present our work aiming at predicting the visual saliency. The ability of humans to discriminate and selectively pay attention to few regions in the scene over the others is a key attentional mechanism. Here, we present our algorithms for predicting human eye fixations and segmenting salient objects in the scene. (i) Flow Analysis in Surveillance Videos: We propose algorithms for segmenting flows of static and dynamic nature in surveillance videos in an unsupervised manner. In static flows scenarios, we assume the motion patterns to be consistent over the entire duration of video and analyze them in the compressed domain using H.264 motion vectors. Our approach is based on modeling the motion vector field as a Conditional Random Field (CRF) and obtaining oriented motion segments which are merged to obtain the final flow segments. This approach in compressed domain is shown to be both accurate and computationally efficient. In the case of dynamic flow videos (e.g. flows at a traffic junction), we propose a method for segmenting the individual object flows over long durations. This long-term flow segmentation is achieved in the framework of CRF using local color and motion features. We propose a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) based distance measure between flow segments for clustering them and generate representative dominant ow models. Using these dominant flow models, we perform path prediction for the vehicles entering the camera's field-of-view and detect anomalous motions. (ii) Visual Saliency Prediction using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: We propose a deep fully convolutional neural network (CNN) - DeepFix, for accurately predicting eye fixations in the form of saliency maps. Unlike classical works which characterize the saliency map using various hand-crafted features, our model automatically learns features in a hierarchical fashion and predicts saliency map in an end-to-end manner. DeepFix is designed to capture visual semantics at multiple scales while taking global context into account. Generally, fully convolutional nets are spatially invariant which prevents them from modeling location dependent patterns (e.g. centre-bias). Our network overcomes this limitation by incorporating a novel Location Biased Convolutional layer. We experimentally show that our network outperforms other recent approaches by a significant margin. In general, human eye fixations correlate with locations of salient objects in the scene. However, only a handful of approaches have attempted to simultaneously address these related aspects of eye fixations and object saliency. In our work, we also propose a deep convolutional network capable of simultaneously predicting eye fixations and segmenting salient objects in a unified framework. We design the initial network layers, shared between both the tasks, such that they capture the global contextual aspects of saliency, while the deeper layers of the network address task specific aspects. Our network shows a significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art for both eye fixation prediction and salient object segmentation across a number of challenging datasets.

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