Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 89 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-89).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-80). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Computer Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-152). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11814

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Computer Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-159). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11828

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000739913.pdf: 3500532 bytes, checksum: d1f5204e156e6108ea196d3ebbee589a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A perda do bulbo ocular compromete não só a estética, mas também a tonicidade muscular da região facial do paciente, uma vez que com a ausência do globo ocular os músculos orbiculares dos olhos podem sofrer atrofia. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a atividade elétrica dos músculos orbiculares, antes e após a instalação de próteses oculares em pacientes que foram submetidos à enucleação unilateral do bulbo ocular. Foram selecionados, por meio de anamnese e exame clínico, 12 pacientes voluntários com indicação de prótese. O sinal eletromiográfico foi realizado com o auxílio do eletromiógrafo, em quatro situações clínicas: Repouso (R), Abertura e Fechamento Normal das Pálpebras (AFN), Abertura e Fechamento Rápido das Pálpebras (AFR) e Apertamento (A). Esses registros foram realizados antes da instalação da prótese ocular, e após 7, 30 e 60 dias da instalação e uso da mesma. Os mesmos ensaios foram realizados no músculo orbicular do olho sadio do paciente, resultados que serviram como controle do estudo. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo programa SPSS (p<0.05) e o t-teste foi utilizado para comparar os músculos superior e inferior por período de tratamento (inicial, 7, 14, 30 e 60 dias), para as quatro condições clínicas. Nas quatro condições clínicas avaliadas foi verificado diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao período inicial e após 7 dias da instalação da prótese. O fascículo superior do músculo orbicular do olho apresentou maiores valores de atividade elétrica em relação ao fascículo inferior em todas as situações clínicas avaliadas. Os menores valores de atividade elétrica foram observados durante o período inicial para a condição de repouso (OS 8.418 / OI 5.933) e os maiores após 60 dias na condição... / The eye loss besides affecting patient’s aesthetics, it compromises the muscle tone of the facial region owing to the atrophy of orbicular muscles. Thus, although the use of ocular prosthesis does not return patient’s vision, it fills the anophtalmic cavity restoring the cosmetic and muscle tone. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the electrical activity of orbicular muscles before and after ocular prosthesis insertion of patients who underwent unilateral enucleation of eyeball. The electrical activity of the orbicular muscles was assessed through the Myosystem BR1 electromyograph in four clinical situations: (1) rest, (2) normal opening and closing of the eyelid, (3) fast opening and closing of the eyelids, and (4) clenching. The electrodes were placed in the fascicles of upper (UO) and lower (LO) orbicular muscles. Electromyographic examinations were performed before and after 7, 14, 30 and 60 days of prosthesis insertion. T-test (p<.05) was used to compare the upper and lower orbicular muscles for each period of evaluation in all clinical conditions. A total of 12 patients of both genders were treated and they aged from 42 to 80 years. Several factors were the cause of anophthalmia and the trauma during job accident was the main reason. A statistical significant difference in the electromyographic data was observed for all four clinical conditions when comparing the baseline with the 7-day prosthesis insertion periods. The UO exhibited higher values of electrical activity than LO for all clinical situations. The lowest electrical activity was noted for the baseline period during the rest condition (UO 8.418 /LO 5.933), while the greatest one after 60 days of prosthesis insertion during clenching (UO 131.504 / LO 117.123). After ocular prosthesis insertion, a significant increase in the electrical activity values of the orbicular muscles was observed.

No description available.

Value based decisions are among the most common types of decisions made by humans. A considerable body of work has investigated how different types of information guide such decisions, as well as how evaluations of their outcomes retroactively inform the parameters that were used to inform them. Several open questions remain regarding the nature of the underlying representations of decision-relevant information. Of particular relevance is whether or not positive and negative information (i.e. rewards/gains vs. punishments/losses/costs) are treated as categorically distinct, or whether they are represented on a common scale. This question was examined across three different studies utilizing a variety of methods (traditional event-related potentials, multivariate pattern classification, and eye tracking) to obtain a more comprehensive picture of how decision-relevant information is represented A common theme among the three studies was that positive and negative types of information seems to be, at least initially, represented as categorically distinct (whether it be information about gains vs. losses, or value vs. effort). Additionally, integration of different types of information appears to take place during the later phases of the decision period, which may also be when distortions in the representation of value information (ex. loss aversion) may occur. Overall, this body of work advances our understanding of the underpinnings of value based decisions by providing additional insight about how decision-relevant information is represented in a dynamic and flexible manner.

The research contributes to the field of video analysis by proposing novel approaches to automatically generating human observer performance patterns that can be effectively used in advancing the modern video analytic and forensic algorithms. Eye tracker and eye movement analysis technology are employed in medical research, psychology, cognitive science and advertising. The data collected on human eye movement from the eye tracker can be analyzed using the machine and statistical learning approaches. Therefore, the study attempts to understand the visual attention pattern of people when observing a captured CCTV footage. It intends to prove whether the eye gaze of the observer which determines their behaviour is dependent on the given instructions or the knowledge they learn from the surveillance task. The research attempts to understand whether the attention of the observer on human objects is differently identified and tracked considering the different areas of the body of the tracked object. It attempts to know whether pattern analysis and machine learning can effectively replace the current conceptual and statistical approaches to the analysis of eye-tracking data captured within a CCTV surveillance task. A pilot study was employed that took around 30 minutes for each participant. It involved observing 13 different pre-recorded CCTV clips of public space. The participants are provided with a clear written description of the targets they should find in each video. The study included a total of 24 participants with varying levels of experience in analyzing CCTV video. A Tobii eye tracking system was employed to record the eye movements of the participants. The data captured by the eye tracking sensor is analyzed using statistical data analysis approaches like SPSS and machine learning algorithms using WEKA. The research concluded the existence of differences in behavioural patterns which could be used to classify participants of study is appropriate machine learning algorithms are employed. The research conducted on video analytics was perceived to be limited to few iii projects where the human object being observed was viewed as one object, and hence the detailed analysis of human observer attention pattern based on human body part articulation has not been investigated. All previous attempts in human observer visual attention pattern analysis on CCTV video analytics and forensics either used conceptual or statistical approaches. These methods were limited with regards to making predictions and the detection of hidden patterns. A novel approach to articulating human objects to be identified and tracked in a visual surveillance task led to constrained results, which demanded the use of advanced machine learning algorithms for classification of participants The research conducted within the context of this thesis resulted in several practical data collection and analysis challenges during formal CCTV operator based surveillance tasks. These made it difficult to obtain the appropriate cooperation from the expert operators of CCTV for data collection. Therefore, if expert operators were employed in the study rather than novice operator, a more discriminative and accurate classification would have been achieved. Machine learning approaches like ensemble learning and tree based algorithms can be applied in cases where a more detailed analysis of the human behaviour is needed. Traditional machine learning approaches are challenged by recent advances in the field of convolutional neural networks and deep learning. Therefore, future research can replace the traditional machine learning approaches employed in this study, with convolutional neural networks. The current research was limited to 13 different videos with different descriptions given to the participants for identifying and tracking different individuals. The research can be expanded to include any complicated demands with regards to changes in the analysis process.

La recherche présentée ici constitue l’une des applications du projet de recherche « InterHumain », et son objectif principal est double : développer les connaissances dont on dispose actuellement sur le fonctionnement de l’interaction en général ; et, décrire avec plus de précision les capacités interactionnelles des schizophrènes dans le but de contribuer à l’élaboration de techniques de prise en charge adaptées à leurs troubles cognitifs. Afin de concevoir un modèle de l’interaction plurimodal, nous avons analysé des interactions en face à face entre un expérimentateur (psychologue) et un schizophrène. Cela nous a amené à comparer certaines propriétés des compétences interactionnelles des sujets « normaux » à celles des sujets schizophrènes afin d’identifier les capacités et les difficultés qu’ils manifestent au niveau du langage et des mouvements oculaires. Nous centrons les analyses dans ce manuscrit sur deux aspects de l’interaction : la séquentialité du discours et les saccades oculaires. Ce modèle sera éprouvé au moyen du système faceLAB5. Il s’agit d’un système d’enregistrement et de suivi des mouvements oculaires (« eye-tracking ») que nous avons doublé afin d’obtenir des données sur les deux interlocuteurs en situation d’interaction. De plus, les résultats seront mis en perspective avec les données issues de bilans neuropsychologiques afin, notamment, de déterminer le rôle que pourrait jouer le lobe frontal dans le maintien de l’interaction. Les principaux résultats sont en accord avec ceux issus de nombreuses études antérieures utilisant un seul système d’ « eye-tracking » antérieures, notamment que les patients schizophrènes produisent plus de mouvements de saccades oculaires que les participants témoins. Mais le dispositif, tel que nous l’avons conçu, permet également l’analyse du fonctionnement de l’interlocuteur donc de l’expérimentateur. Celui-ci manifeste une baisse de sa production de saccades oculaires lorsqu’il est en interaction avec les patients schizophrènes. De plus, les résultats aux tests neuropsychologiques montrent que malgré certaines déficiences déjà identifiées chez les patients schizophrènes, certaines capacités cognitives semblent préservées. Cette observation pourraient être le point d’ancrage d’une restauration des capacités cognitives actuellement en déclins voir déficitaires chez certains patients schizophrènes, par la mise au point de thérapies spécifiques et adaptées. Cela leur permettrait d’exploiter au mieux toutes leurs capacités cognitives, soit au quotidien, soit en vue d’une insertion sociale et professionnelle à long terme. / The research presented here is one of the application of the research project “inter-human” and it has a twofold objective: to develop the knowledge currently available on the functioning of the interaction in general; and to describe more accurately interactional skills of schizophrenic patients in order to contribute to the development of care techniques appropriate to their cognitive disorders. In order to design a model of multimodal interaction, we analyzed face to face interactions between an experimenter (psychologist) and a schizophrenic patient. This led us to compare some properties of interactional skills of “normal” subjects to those of schizophrenic patients in order to identify the capabilities and challenges they manifest via language and eye movements. In this thesis, we focus the analyzes on two aspects of interaction: sequentiality of speech and saccadic eye movements. This model will be tested using the faceLAB5 system. This system is a recording and monitoring system of eye movements ("eye-tracking") that we doubled to get data on both parties in a situation of interaction. In addition, the results will be put into perspective with data taken from neuropsychological evaluations, in order to identify the possible role of the frontal lobe in maintaining the interaction. The main results are consistent with those from many other studies that used an earlier single “eye-tracking” system, in particular that schizophrenic patients produce more saccadic eye movements than “normal” participants. But designed as it was, the device also allows the analysis of the behavior of the interlocutor, that is to say the experimenter. This shows a decrease in production of saccadic eye movements from the experimenter when interacting with schizophrenic patients. In addition, the results on neuropsychological tests show that despite some disabilities already identified in schizophrenic patients, some cognitive abilities seem to be preserved.This observation could be the cornerstone of the restoration of cognitive capacities that are declining or are deficient in some schizophrenia patients, by the development of specific and appropriate therapies. This would allow them to exploit all their cognitive abilities, either daily or in a view to a social and professional long term integration.