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O dano produzido por radiação em monocristais de KCl contendo centros U, (íons de H- ou D- substitucionais) mostrou ser dependente tanto da temperatura como da pureza espectral da radiação u.v. utilizada. A interação entre centros F e U2 (átomos de H&#176 ou D&#176 intersticiais), produtos da irradiação, dá origem a novas transições óticas na região do espectro visível, em concordância com as previsões de um modelo proposto. Foi estudado o efeito isotópico sobre os defeitos produzidos pela radiação e sobre a largura das bandas de absorção. Experiências sobre irradiação por u.v. e por raios x em KCl com pares H- H- alinhados são também discutidas / The radiation damage of KCl single crystals containing U centers (substitutional H- ou D- ions) is found to be dependent on the temperature and on the spectral purity of the u.v. radiation used. The interaction between F centers and U centers, (interstitial H&#176 or D&#176 atoms), products of the radiation damage, gives rise to new optical transitions in the visible part of the spectra according to the predictions of a proposed model. The isotope effect on the radiation damage by u.v. and by X-rays on KCl with H- H- aligned pairs are also discussed

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-165). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept of Slavic Languages and Literatures, June 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Aberdeen (U.K.), 1993. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. [266]-284) and indexes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02455.pdf: 1496860 bytes, checksum: 707ae6d051d3717f9af83f373858fd65 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

O dano produzido por radiação em monocristais de KCl contendo centros U, (íons de H- ou D- substitucionais) mostrou ser dependente tanto da temperatura como da pureza espectral da radiação u.v. utilizada. A interação entre centros F e U2 (átomos de H&#176 ou D&#176 intersticiais), produtos da irradiação, dá origem a novas transições óticas na região do espectro visível, em concordância com as previsões de um modelo proposto. Foi estudado o efeito isotópico sobre os defeitos produzidos pela radiação e sobre a largura das bandas de absorção. Experiências sobre irradiação por u.v. e por raios x em KCl com pares H- H- alinhados são também discutidas / The radiation damage of KCl single crystals containing U centers (substitutional H- ou D- ions) is found to be dependent on the temperature and on the spectral purity of the u.v. radiation used. The interaction between F centers and U centers, (interstitial H&#176 or D&#176 atoms), products of the radiation damage, gives rise to new optical transitions in the visible part of the spectra according to the predictions of a proposed model. The isotope effect on the radiation damage by u.v. and by X-rays on KCl with H- H- aligned pairs are also discussed

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02455.pdf: 1496860 bytes, checksum: 707ae6d051d3717f9af83f373858fd65 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Les composés fluorés sont très utilisés dans les agents de contraste ultrasonore (ACU) pour faciliter le diagnostic de nombreuses maladies par imagerie en temps réel. Tous les ACU commerciaux sont des microbulles de gaz perfluoré stabilisé par une monocouche de phospholipides, protéines ou tensioactifs. Cependant, l'application théranostique (de la contraction de thérapeutique et de diagnostic) de ces matériaux est sévèrement limitée par (i) la faible stabilité du composé fluoré, (ii) leur taille micrométrique et (iii) le manque de compartiments efficaces pour l'encapsulation d’un principe actif. Nous avons proposé deux stratégies différentes pour améliorer la stabilité du cœur fluoré et fournir simultanément des interfaces fonctionnelles pour l'encapsulation d’un principe actif.La première approche a consisté à intercaler le chitosane avec des phospholipides (DSPC) pour augmenter la stabilité de microvésicules contenant du gaz fluoré décafluorobutane (C4F10). L'affinité du DSPC et du chitosane a été révélée par des techniques de caractérisation de surface et par microscopie à fluorescence. Les microvésicules contenant du chitosane ont présenté des signaux intenses de la composante gazeuse en résonance magnétique nucléaire du fluor (RMN 19F) et en échographie in vitro après 48 h, deux fois plus longtemps que les échantillons sans chitosane. Le chitosane permet ainsi d’augmenter la stabilité des microvésicules et constitue une plateforme appropriée pour l'encapsulation de médicaments. La coque de chitosane-phospholipide pourrait donc améliorer le potentiel théranostique de ces microvésicules. Cependant, l'utilisation d'un coeur gazeux a rendu la stabilisation de vésicules submicrométriques difficile. Par conséquent, la deuxième stratégie s’est focalisée sur le développement d'un agent théranostique à l'échelle nanométrique en piégeant un coeur fluoré liquide de perfluorohexane (PFH; C6F14) dans une enveloppe polymère rigide de polylactide (PLA). Pour améliorer l'interaction des polymères biodégradables avec les perfluorocarbones, nous avons synthétisé des polymères PLA contenant cinq longueurs différentes de groupes terminaux fluorés (de C3F7 à C13F27) par polymérisation par ouverture de cycle du D,L-lactide. Les mesures de temps de relaxation spin-spin 19F ont démontré la présence d’interactions fluorophiles intenses entre les chaînons fluorés et le PFH. Les polymères ont ensuite été formulés en nanocapsules (NCs) sphériques de 150 nm de diamètre, comme vérifié par microscopie électronique en transmission. La RMN 19F a montré que l'efficacité d'encapsulation du PFH dans les capsules est doublée grâce à l’utilisation des polymères fluorés comparé aux dérivés non fluorés. Par conséquent, la réponse acoustique des NCs a été multipliée par dix avec les deux modes d'imagerie fondamentale et harmonique. En outre, l’utilisation d’ultrasons focalisés a permis la vaporisation acoustique de gouttelettes de PFH, confirmée par l’observation de morphologies fragmentées ou perturbées dans de nombreux échantillons. Les effets des groupes terminaux fluorés ont été davantage explorés par une évaluation morphologique des microcapsules (MCs) produites avec les polymères. Finalement, les NCs et MCs présentent un potentiel théranostique intéressant, puisqu’elles permettent d'effectuer un diagnostic assisté par ultrasons et de libérer potentiellement un principe actif lorsqu'elles sont soumises à des pressions acoustiques élevées. / Fluorinated materials are intensively used as ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) to facilitate the diagnosis of many diseases by real-time imaging. All the commercially available UCAs are microbubbles constituted by a perfluorinated gaseous-core stabilized by a monolayer of phospholipids, proteins or surfactants. Unfortunately, the theranostic application (i.e. therapeutic and diagnostic ability) of such materials are severely limited by the (i) poor stability of the fluorinated component, (ii) inherent micrometer size range and (iii) lack of effective compartments for drug accumulation. To overcome these limitations, we proposed two different strategies to improve the persistence of the fluorinated core and simultaneously provide functional interfaces for drug encapsulation.The first approach involves intercalating chitosan with phospholipids (DSPC) to increase the stability of microvesicles containing the fluorinated gas decafluorobutane (C4F10). The affinity of DSPC and chitosan was disclosed by surface sensitive techniques and fluorescence microscopy. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-NMR) and in vitro ultrasound of chitosan-coated microvesicles exhibited intense signals of the gaseous-component after 48 h, twice as long compared to plain samples. Altogether, chitosan increased the stability of microvesicles and is a suitable platform for drug accumulation. As a result, the chitosan-phospholipid shell may enhance the theranostic potential of related microvesicles. However, the use of a fluorinated gas-core imposed an important restriction to stabilize sub-micrometric vesicles. Therefore, the second strategy was focused in developing a theranostic agent at the nanoscale by entrapping a liquid fluorinated core of perfluorohexane (PFH; C6F14) into a rigid polymeric shell of polylactide (PLA). To enhance the interaction of biodegradable polymers with perfluorocarbons, we synthesized PLA polymers containing five distinct lengths of fluorinated end-groups (from C3F7 until C13F27) by ring-opening polymerization of D,L-lactide. A greater extent of fluorous interactions was indicated by 19F spin-spin relaxation time and, subsequently, all the block copolymers were formulated into spherical nanocapsules (NC) with average diameter of 150 nm as verified by transmission electron microscopy. 19F-NMR showed that NC produced with fluorinated polymers increased two-fold the encapsulation efficiency of PFH compared with non-fluorinated derivatives. As a result, the NC echogenicity increased 10-fold for both fundamental and harmonic ultrasound imaging modalities. In addition, acoustic drop vaporization of PFH was successfully attained by focused ultrasound as observed by fragmented or disrupted morphologies in many samples. Effects of the fluorinated end-groups were further explored by a morphological evaluation of microcapsules (MC) produced with the polymers. Finally, both NC and MC present an interesting theranostic potential, being able to perform ultrasound-assisted diagnosis and potentially release drug contents when irradiated by high acoustic pressures.

A graph G is 2-stratified if its vertex set is partitioned into two nonempty classes (each of which is a stratum or a color class). We color the vertices in one color class red and the other color class blue. Let F be a 2-stratified graph with one fixed blue vertex v specified. We say that F is rooted at v. The F-domination number of a graph G is the minimum number of red vertices of G in a red-blue coloring of the vertices of G such that for every blue vertex v of G, there is a copy of F in G rooted at v. In this paper, we survey recent results on the F-domination number for various 2-stratified graphs F.