En elevs tankar om sig själv som matematisk tenderar att påverka valet av eftergymnasial utbildning inom matematik. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka på vilka sätt som elever på natur- och teknikprogrammet ser på sig själva i relation till matematik. Till hjälp har vi utformat två forskningsfrågor; 1) På vilka sätt kan elever på natur- och teknikprogrammet se sig som matematiska? och 2) På vilka sätt kan föreställningar om kön ha en inverkan på upplevelsen av sig själv som matematisk för elever på natur- och teknikprogrammet? För att besvara forskningsfrågorna användes kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar fyra kategorier av egenskaper som eleverna menar utgör en matematisk person; Den flitiga eleven, Den hängivna eleven, Den smarta eleven och Den kreativa eleven. Med utgångspunkt i teoribildningen doing gender visar resultatet även hur två respondenter ger uttryck för att deras upplevelse av sig själva som matematiska har påverkats av föreställningar av kön i relation till matematik. / Student's thoughts about themselves as being mathematical tend to influence their choice of university education in mathematics. The aim of this study is to investigate the ways in which students in the nature and technology program identify themselves in relation to mathematics. For this, we have designed two research questions; 1) In what ways can students in the nature and technology program see themselves as mathematical? and 2) In what ways can conceptions of gender have an impact on the experience of oneself as mathematical for students in the nature and technology program? To answer the research questions, qualitative semi-structured interviews were used. The result shows four categories of attributes that the students consider to be a mathematical person; The hard-working student, The dedicated student, The smart student and The creative student. Based on the theory formation doing gender, the result also shows how two respondents express that their experience of themselves as mathematical has been influenced by conceptions of gender in relation to mathematics.

I denna studie undersöks hur föreställningar om kön framställs i socialtjänstens handlingsplaner mot våld i nära relation. Syftet med studien är att ge en djupare uppfattning till vilka föreställningar kön kopplat till strukturella förutsättningar, föräldraskap och sexualitet som finns i olika kommuners handlingsplaner. Studien utgörs av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen bygger på att identifiera latenta och manifesta innehåll ur analysenheter. I denna studie är handlingsplanerna våra analysenheter. Vidare talar man om textenheter, vilka är de textstycken som valts ut från analysenheterna. Fortsatt bygger studien på en socialkonstruktivistisk ansats. Som stöd i denna studie för att skapa en närmare förståelse nyttjas teorier och tidigare forskning inom ämnet. Tidigare studier bekräftas i denna studie som förklarar delar av det resultat som framkommit. Studien har klargjort flera latenta och manifesta innehåll i handlingsplanerna som å ena sidan överraskat men å andra sidan inte. Det som kunnat utläsas är vem som enligt normen blir utsatt för våld i nära relation av vem, att ålder ses som en avkönad text och den bristande jämställdheten könen emellan. Vidare har vi kunnat tolka vem som är förälder, hos vem ansvaret ligger när det kommer till föräldraskap, bristen av information till par i samkönade relationer samt det faktum att män inte bara utövar våld utan att de även kan vara våldsutsatta i nära relation.

<p>This paper is about research carried out at a hospital at which managers had taken a course in gender equality. The aim was to get a deepened understanding of them and their work on gender equality. I wanted to find out if they themselves felt that they had obtained any new knowledge and if they had changed anything at their workplace because of this new knowledge. I also wanted to know if they had experienced any problems in this process. I found that the course has been more or less decisive in order for them to start working with questions concerning gender equality. I also found that the awareness of the shortcomings and the conditions concerning gender equality at the hospital is good, and that there is a willingness to change this. However, there seem to be some difficulties at the hospital in knowing how to move forward with information retrieved in local surveys at the hospitals about whether or not male and female patients are treated equally. Difficulties also arise from the fact that the work on gender equality is carried out in a area of work – health care – that is based to a large extent on sex and the human body. Here, the will to give the best possible care to both men and women collides with gender stereotypes among the medical staff. There is an awareness of this but at the same time they say that it is important for the balance in the workgroups that there are both men and women. In society in general there are discussions about the importance of quantitative equality, which is reflected in the work done on gender equality at the hospital. As the idea that time in it self will rectify problems concerning gender equality. Their role as managers becomes prominent as the importance of them showing the significance of gender equality.</p> / <p>Denna uppsats är en studie på ett sjukhus där chefer har gått en jämställdhetsutbildning. Syftet var att få en fördjupad förståelse av chefer som gått den certifierade jämställdhetsutbildningen och deras arbete med jämställdhet. Jag ville ta reda på om de upplever att de erhållit nya kunskaper, om det kan vara så att de har förändrat något på sin arbetsplats eller om de upplevt eventuella problem. Det jag fann var att jämställdhetsutbildningen förefaller mer eller mindre avgörande för att informanterna började arbeta med jämställdhet. Det finns en ganska god medvetenhet om vilka brister, möjligheter och förutsättningar som finns på sjukhuset och en vilja att förändra detta. Däremot förefaller det lite mer problematiskt att veta hur man ska gå vidare med resultat från lokala undersökningar där man studerat om män och kvinnor får olika vård. Problemet ligger också i att jämställdhetsarbetet finner sig i ett yrkesområde, sjukvården, som baserar mycket av sitt arbete på just kroppen. Här krockar viljan att ge den bästa vården för män och kvinnor med föreställningar om att könen står för ganska olika saker. Det finns en form av medvetenhet runt detta samtidigt som man säger att det är viktigt för balansen i arbetsgrupperna att det finns både män och kvinnor. I samhället i stort talas det mycket om kvantitativ jämställdhet, dvs. antalet kvinnor och män, vilket avspeglas på sjukhuset. Likaså att tiden ska avhjälpa jämställdhetsproblem. Chefskapet blir framträdande i jämställdhetsarbetet och informanterna pekar på vikten av att chefen visar att jämställdhetsarbetet är angeläget.</p>

This paper is about research carried out at a hospital at which managers had taken a course in gender equality. The aim was to get a deepened understanding of them and their work on gender equality. I wanted to find out if they themselves felt that they had obtained any new knowledge and if they had changed anything at their workplace because of this new knowledge. I also wanted to know if they had experienced any problems in this process. I found that the course has been more or less decisive in order for them to start working with questions concerning gender equality. I also found that the awareness of the shortcomings and the conditions concerning gender equality at the hospital is good, and that there is a willingness to change this. However, there seem to be some difficulties at the hospital in knowing how to move forward with information retrieved in local surveys at the hospitals about whether or not male and female patients are treated equally. Difficulties also arise from the fact that the work on gender equality is carried out in a area of work – health care – that is based to a large extent on sex and the human body. Here, the will to give the best possible care to both men and women collides with gender stereotypes among the medical staff. There is an awareness of this but at the same time they say that it is important for the balance in the workgroups that there are both men and women. In society in general there are discussions about the importance of quantitative equality, which is reflected in the work done on gender equality at the hospital. As the idea that time in it self will rectify problems concerning gender equality. Their role as managers becomes prominent as the importance of them showing the significance of gender equality. / Denna uppsats är en studie på ett sjukhus där chefer har gått en jämställdhetsutbildning. Syftet var att få en fördjupad förståelse av chefer som gått den certifierade jämställdhetsutbildningen och deras arbete med jämställdhet. Jag ville ta reda på om de upplever att de erhållit nya kunskaper, om det kan vara så att de har förändrat något på sin arbetsplats eller om de upplevt eventuella problem. Det jag fann var att jämställdhetsutbildningen förefaller mer eller mindre avgörande för att informanterna började arbeta med jämställdhet. Det finns en ganska god medvetenhet om vilka brister, möjligheter och förutsättningar som finns på sjukhuset och en vilja att förändra detta. Däremot förefaller det lite mer problematiskt att veta hur man ska gå vidare med resultat från lokala undersökningar där man studerat om män och kvinnor får olika vård. Problemet ligger också i att jämställdhetsarbetet finner sig i ett yrkesområde, sjukvården, som baserar mycket av sitt arbete på just kroppen. Här krockar viljan att ge den bästa vården för män och kvinnor med föreställningar om att könen står för ganska olika saker. Det finns en form av medvetenhet runt detta samtidigt som man säger att det är viktigt för balansen i arbetsgrupperna att det finns både män och kvinnor. I samhället i stort talas det mycket om kvantitativ jämställdhet, dvs. antalet kvinnor och män, vilket avspeglas på sjukhuset. Likaså att tiden ska avhjälpa jämställdhetsproblem. Chefskapet blir framträdande i jämställdhetsarbetet och informanterna pekar på vikten av att chefen visar att jämställdhetsarbetet är angeläget.

The inclusion of a gender perspective in medicine has shown that gender is an essential factor in health and disease, in medical encounters and also in medical students’ educational environment. The aim of this study was to explore attitudes, preconceptions and norms regarding gender within medical education and processes of gender bias. First, we explored medical students gendered beliefs about patients. Second, we examined the medical students ideas about their future careers. Third, we compared awareness on gender issues among medical students in Sweden and the Netherlands. Method and material The analyses were based on data from two different sources: one experimental study based on authentic patient narratives about being diagnosed with cancer and one extensive questionaire exploring different aspects of gender issues in medical education. Both studies had a design which enabled both qualitative and quantitative research and mixed methods was used. Study I (Paper I and II): Eighty-one anonymous letters from patients were read by 130 students of medicine and psychology. For each letter the students were asked to state the patient’s sex and explain their choice. In paper I the students’ success rates were analysed statistically and the explanations to four letters were used to illustrate the students’ reasoning. Paper II examined the 87 medical students’ explanations closer to examine gender beliefs about patients. Study II (Paper III and IV): The questionaire started with an open question where medical students were asked to describe their ideal future, it also included a validated scale designed to estimate gender awareness. Paper III examined 507 swedish medical students descriptions about their ideal future and compared answers from male and female students in the beginning and at the end of medical school. Paper IV compared gender awareness among 1096 Swedish and Dutch medical students in first term. Findings with reflections Paper I showed that the patient’s sex was correctly identified in 62% of the cases. There were no difference between the results of male and female students. However, large differences between letters were observed, i.e. there were some letters were almost all students correctly identified the patient´s sex, others were almost all students were incorrect and most letters were found somewhere in the middle. Another significant finding was that the same expressions were interpreted differently depending on which initial guess the medical student had made regarding the sex of the patient. Paper II identified 21 categories of justifications within the students’ explanations, twelve of which were significantly associated with an assumption of either a male or female patient. Only three categories led to more correct identifications of the patients’ sex and two were more often associated with incorrect assignments. The results illustrate how beliefs about gender difference, even though they might be recognizable on a group level, are not applicable on individuals. Furthermore, the results show that medical students enter the education with beliefs about male and female patients, which could have consequenses and cause bias in their future work as doctors. Paper III found that almost all students, both male and female, were work-oriented. However, the female students even more so than their male counterparts. This result is particularly interesting in regards to the debate about the “feminization of medicine” in which the increasing number of female students has been adressed as a problem. When reflecting on their own lifes and their future its obvious that medical students nowadays, male and female, expect more to life than work, especially those who are on the doorstep to their professional life. Paper IV found that the national and cultural setting was the most crucial impact factor in relation to the medical students preconceptions and awareness about gender. The Swedish students expressed less stereotypic thinking about patients and doctors, while the Dutch students were more sensitive to gender difference. In both countries, the students’ sex mattered for gender stereotyping, with male students agreeing more to stereotypes. Conclusions A gender perspective is important in medical education. Our studies show that such initiatives needs to take cultural aspects, gender attitudes and students’ gender into account. Moreover, reflections on assumptions about men and women, patients as well as doctors, need to be included in medical curricula and the impact of implicit gender beliefs needs to be included in discussions on gender bias in health care. Also, the next generation of doctors want more to life than work. Future Swedish doctors, both female and male, intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure. This attitudinal change towards their future work as doctors will provide the health care system with a challenge to establish more adaptive and flexible work conditions.