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Faba bean (Vicia faba Roth) is grown worldwide as a protein source for food, used for animal feed, and is a common cover crop in Europe, but is underutilized in Midwest farming systems. Faba bean, field pea (Pisum sativum L.), and forage pea were evaluated for biomass and chemical composition when sown after wheat. Faba bean, forage pea, balansa clover (Trifolium michelanium Savi), red clover (T. pratense L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) were evaluated similarly when intersown into maize. Cover crops after wheat had no significant biomass differences, averaging 1210 kg ha-1, enough to support 1.5 animal unit month (AUM) ha-1 for a 450 kg cow with calf. Rye yielded the greatest (374 kg ha-1) of the intercrops with faba bean averaging similarly and other intercrops averaging significantly less. Intercrops did not affect maize yield. Faba bean has similar potential as other commonly used cover crops in the Midwest.

The overarching goal of this research was to investigate the differences in the physicochemical and functional properties of protein isolates produced from seven different faba bean genotypes (CDC Fatima, Taboar, SSNS-1, FB9-4, FB18-20, Snowbird and CDC Snowdrop) grown at different locations in Canada (Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba) in 2011 and 2012. The protein isolates were prepared by alkaline extraction (pH 9.5) followed by isoelectric precipitation at pH 4.5. The isolates had an average protein content of ~94% and average protein and isolate yields of ~77% and ~25%, respectively. The physicochemical properties assessed in this study included surface charge/zeta potential (ZP), surface hydrophobicity (SH), and surface and interfacial tension (ST and IT). The functional properties tested included foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS), emulsion capacity (EC) and creaming stability (CS), emulsion activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI), oil holding capacity (OHC), and protein solubility. The findings indicated that all physicochemical properties for all isolates were independent of genotype. Overall, an average ZP of + 22.1 mV, SH of 47.2 arbitrary units, and ST and IT of 65.0 mN/m and 10.7 mN/m, respectively, were observed. However, with the exception of ZP considerable differences were observed due to the effect of environment. The ratio of the major globulin protein fractions [legumin:vicilin (L/V)] was found to shift during processing, from 3.8 (range: 3.4-4.6) in the flour to 4.5 (range 4.0-4.9) in the isolates. The L/V ratio for faba bean flour and isolate samples was also found to be independent of genotype. For all genotypes, with the exception of the zero-tannin varieties (Snowbird and CDC Snowdrop), the L/V ratio was affected by the environment. Similar to the physicochemical properties, all functional attributes were found to be independent of genotype. However, environmental effects were observed for all functional properties with the exception of EAI and ESI. Average values for FC of 162.0%, for FS of 65.0%, for EC of 184.0 g/g, for CS of 94.0%, for OHC of 5.7 g/g, for EAI of 13.0 m2/g, for ESI of 10.7 min and for solubility of 81.0% were reported. Zeta potential was observed to be positively correlated with CS (r = 0.46; p<0.05) and FS (r = 0.54; p<0.01), whereas SH and L/V ratio were not. The L/V ratio in the isolate, however, was correlated positively with SH (r = 0.40; p<0.05) and negatively with ZP (r = -0.39; p<0.05). Moreover, the solubility of faba bean isolates was found to be positively correlated with ZP (r = 0.44; p<0.05) and negatively correlated with both IT (r = -0.38; p<0.05) and OHC (r = -0.38; p<0.05). The functional properties of some commercial protein isolates (soy, pea, whey, egg and wheat) were evaluated for comparative purposes. The OHC of the faba bean isolate was found to be higher than that of any of the commercial isolates. With the exception of CS (soy and pea) and FC (egg), all of the emulsifying (EC, EAI and ESI) and foaming (FC and FS) properties of the faba bean protein isolates were comparable to those of soy, pea and egg isolates. In contrast, values for most of the other functional properties were greater for faba bean isolates than for the pea and wheat isolates, but lower than for the whey isolate. For example, the solubility of the protein isolates was observed to decrease in the following order: whey (89.0%) = egg (88.1%) > faba bean (81.0%) > soybean (30.5%) > pea (20.1%) > wheat (10.7%).

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a cool season crop that uses symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation to obtain atmospheric nitrogen (N), a limiting macronutrient, for growth and maintenance of the plant. Most cool season legumes like faba bean transport N from the nodules as amides, which are metabolized in destination tissues. Ureide metabolism is a catabolic process that produces N rich compounds from purine rings. Many warm season legumes such as soybean and common bean produce ureides (allantoin and allantoate) in their root nodules and then use these molecules to transport fixed nitrogen from root to shoot. Non-ureide exporting plants such as faba bean also produce ureides in normal purine recycling whereby these compounds may play a role in response to abiotic stress. This research aims to examine possible differences in ureide metabolism across genotypes and to assess the role of ureides in response to water limitation. In field grown faba bean, total ureides were found in highest concentrations in leaf tissue, followed by reproductive parts, stems, and nodules, but were not found to differ significantly among genotypes. Ureide concentrations varied throughout the growing season, decreasing over time as the plants reached physiological maturity. A water limitation experiment of faba bean grown in a controlled environment showed that faba bean accumulated the ureides allantoin and allantoate after six to eight days of water limitation when all data were pooled. However, no consistent trend was observed comparing results by genotype, and inoculated versus non-inoculated plants. Overall, results indicate that faba bean likely does not use ureides to transport symbiotically fixed N and that ureide accumulation in field grown plants is most likely in response to abiotic stress or remobilization of purine N from senescing tissues.

Kacang faba (Vicia faba L.) merupakan tanaman alogami yang dapat melakukan pembuahan sendiri maupun pembuahan silang. Pembuahan sendiri terjadi tanpa adanya bantuan polinator maupun rangsangan mekanik eksternal, yang pada kacang faba dikenal dengan istilah autofertilitas. Level autofertilitas bervariasi di antara genotipe. Ketika pembuahan terjadi, baik pembuahan sendiri maupun silang, jumlah dan kualitas biji sangat menentukan. Biji kacang faba kaya akan protein dan mengandung komposisi nutrisi lain yang bernilai tinggi. Namun demikian, kacang faba mengandung senyawa anti nutrisi, seperti vicin dan convicin, yang membatasi pemanfaatannya sebagai pangan dan pakan serta memiliki dampak kesehatan bagi manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini pada bab pertama adalah untuk mempelajari secara genetik dan mengukur level dan variasi autofertilitas pada kacang faba winter yang spesifik dan untuk mengidentifikasi QTL untuk autofertilitas dan karakter terkait. Jadi fokus bab pertama adalah pada pembuahan dan asal biji. Fokus bab kedua adalah pada kualitas biji yang dihasilkan. Penelitian bab kedua bertujuan untuk mengembangkan kalibrasi berbasis NIRS untuk kandungan vicin-convicin pada biji kacang faba, mempelajari heritabilitas dan variasi genetik kandungan vicin-convicin, mengidentifikasi QTL yang berperan untuk variasi genotipe kacang faba yang mengandung vicin-convicin (tipe liar) dan memverifikasi apakah alel mutan yang terdapat pada vicin-convicin alelik dengan QTL pada material yang mengadung vicin-convicin. Sejumlah eksperimen dilakukan di lapang dan laboratorium untuk mempelajari secara genetik karakter reproduksi dan kualitas biji kacang faba. Materi genetik utama yang digunakan pada penelitian ini melibatkan 200 galur murni, bernama set-Q, yang terdiri dari 189 galur set-A (galur murni untuk studi asosiasi), tujuh galur kacang faba winter dan empat galur kacang faba spring. Set-A berasal dari Göttingen Winter Bean Population (GWBP). Studi fitur reproduksi dilakukan pada rumah isolasi bebas lebah pada 2013, 2014 dan 2015. Perlakuan “tripped” dan “un-tripped” diterapkan pada bunga faba selama musim berbunga. Studi kualitas biji (kandungan vicin-convicin) dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisa HPLC dan spektrofotometri NIR pada biji yang dihasilkan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Kami mengembangkan kalibarsi NIRS untuk memprediksi kandungan vicin-convicin berbasis NIRS. Analisis asosiasi seluruh genom (GWAS) antara penanda DNA dengan karakter fenotipik dilakukan dengan menggunakan TASSEL version 3.0. Sebanyak 2018 penanda polimorfik digunakan yang terdiri dari 189 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) dan 1829 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). Untuk menentukan autofertilitas, penelitian difokuskan pada karakter prosentase pembuahan, potensi pengisian polong dan pengisian polong sebenarnya, terutama pada perlakuan ‘un-tripped’. Prosentase pembuahan pada perlakuan ‘un-tripped’ rendah, dengan nilai maksimum 37,14% dan heritabiltasnya tinggi. Tripping secara nyata meningkatkan nilai rata-rata ketiga aspek autofertilitas tersebut. Heritabilitas prosentase pembuahan pada perlakuan ‘tripped’ lebih tinggi daripada ‘un-tripped’ yang mengindikasikan perbedaan reaksi tripping merupakan faktor genetik. Tripping yang intens juga mengkonfirmasi hasil tersebut dan menunjukkan bahwa tidak satupun genotype menghasilkan prosentase pembuahan 100%. Hasil penting dari penelitian ini adalah kacang faba winter memiliki level autofertilitas yang berbeda dan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kacang faba spring. Teknologi NIRS dapat diterapkan untuk memprediksi kandungan vicin-convicin pada kacang faba. Diperoleh persamaan kalibrasi yang baik dan dapat diterapkan untuk menganalisa contoh biji kacang faba yang dihasilkan pada pengulangan, perlakuan dan tahun yang berbeda. Diperoleh variasi kandungan vicin-convicin yang lebar dan signifikan dengan nilai heritabilitas yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini juga menghasilkan beberapa penanda DNA putatif yang secara signifikan terasosiasi dengan beberapa karakter agronomi dan juga kandungan vicin-convicin. Satu penanda AFLP berasosiasi signifikan terhadap variasi vicin-convicin pada genotype, dan dengan menganalisa lebih jauh tiga peta keterpautan yang berbeda dan hubungan sinteni dengan Medicago truncatula, posisi QTL tersebut sangat mungkin berada pada kromosom 5 Vicia faba. Penemuan ini merupakan langkah awal untuk penelitian dan pemuliaan kacang faba winter Eropa yang tinggi fertilitas dengan kualitas biji yang baik.