Yes / This research investigated how accurately people infer what others are thinking after observing a brief sample of their behaviour and whether culture/similarity is a relevant factor. Target participants (14 British and 14 Mediterraneans) were cued to think about either positive or negative events they had experienced. Subsequently, perceiver participants (16 British and 16 Mediterraneans) watched videos of the targets thinking about these things. Perceivers (both groups) were significantly accurate in judging when targets had been cued to think of something positive versus something negative, indicating notable inferential ability. Additionally, Mediterranean perceivers were better than British perceivers in making such inferences, irrespective of nationality of the targets, something that was statistically accounted for by corresponding group differences in levels of independently measured collectivism. The results point to the need for further research to investigate the possibility that being reared in a collectivist culture fosters ability in interpreting others’ behaviour. / The authors received no specific funding for this work other than from the University of Nottingham.

Larval mortality of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, due to the biotic environment in Virginia was determined to be approximately 62.7% during the sumer of 1967 in preliminary studies. This was based on the difference in numbers of pupae resulting from an insect~accessible tray and an insect~proof tray, Each was filled with bovine manure and both contained approximately equal numbers of eggs or new first—instar larvae when placed in the field, Pupae of the major species of coprophagous Diptera resulting from pasture droppings of bovine feces were collected in sandboxes and furnels from three areas of Montgomery County, Virginie during 1967. The pupae were separated according to species, incubated, and examined afterwards to determine the fate of each pupas, Special emphasis was placed on the parasites involved and the portion of total porasitization contributed by each species, Primary interest was in biological reculation of face fly populations, Other flies were studied for comparison and to determine natural reservoirs of parasites, Comparisons of data from sandboxes with those from funnels showed a higher over-all rate of parasitism in the sandboxes than in the funnels. Other techniques for attempting to obtain new parasites of the face fly were also employed, Adult face flies were examined for nematodes, Heterotylenchus autumnalis Nickle. Approximately 16% of the natural population were infested during 1966-7. Available data for mortality during different life stages were combined into a preliminary life table for the face fly. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, a pteromalid parasite, was recovered in low numbers from face fly pupae during 1966 field studies, It has been successfully propagated in the laboratory on face fly pupae by mechanically cracking the fly puparia to aid emergence of the parasites, Parasitism is normally accomplished by penetration of the ovipositor throush the posterior spiracles of the host, The ovipositor of one female was observed to penetrate the anterior spiracle of a face fly pupa. Muscidifurax ravtor is not limited to the spiracles for penetration of house fly pupae. Muscidifurex raptor was found on several hosts in nature. Eucoila sp., Xyalophora quinouelineata (Say), Aleochora tristis Gravenhorst, and A. bimaculata Gravenhorst, which are parasites of coprophagous Diptera, were hyperparasitized by M. raptor. Studies on the biology and behavlor of M. raptor were conducted in the laboratoiy, Its effectiveness in parisitizing different hosts was compared on house fly and face Fly pupae. / Ph. D.

Yes / We introduce a novel approach to face models, which exploits the use of Partial Differential Equations (PDE) to generate the 3D face. This addresses some common problems of existing face models. The PDE face benefits from seamless merging of surface patches by using only a relatively small number of parameters based on boundary curves. The PDE face also provides users with a great degree of freedom to individualise the 3D face by adjusting a set of facial boundary curves. Furthermore, we introduce a uv-mesh texture mapping method. By associating the texels of the texture map with the vertices of the uv mesh in the PDE face, the new texture mapping method eliminates the 3D-to-2D association routine in texture mapping. Any specific PDE face can be textured without the need for the facial expression in the texture map to match exactly that of the 3D face model.

A laboratory study on the face fly reported herein was conducted at Blacksburg, Virginia, from July through September, 1962, to ascertain the biology of each stage of the life cycle, and to determine the relationship of certain environmental factors on the fly activity under laboratory conditions. Morphological descriptions of each life stage were made in order to distinguish this insect from other related muscoid flies. Temperature and humidity were found to be two essential environmental factors which influenced the development and activities of the face fly. Rate of development in each stage under different ranges of temperature was emphasized. Similarly, observations were also made to determine the characteristic behavior of both larvae and adults in response to these environmental factors. Little has been published on food habits of this insect; thus, emphasis was laid on a study of the effect of diet on sexual development and reproduction. Results obtained have shown that sugar and milk appeared to be two vital nutrients for the adult fly, and that bovine blood could increase sexual maturation and egg production. Considerable attention was also given to the relationship between illumination and sexual development and reproduction. It was found that increased illumination resulted in acceleration of sexual maturation and increased egg production. / Master of Science

No / The application of computer vision in face processing remains an important research field. The aim of this chapter is to provide an up-to-date review of research efforts of computer vision scientist in facial image processing, especially in the areas of entertainment industry, surveillance, and other human computer interaction applications. To be more specific, this chapter reviews and demonstrates the techniques of visible facial analysis, regardless of specific application areas. First, the chapter makes a thorough survey and comparison of face detection techniques. It provides some demonstrations on the effect of computer vision algorithms and colour segmentation on face images. Then, it reviews the facial expression recognition from the psychological aspect (Facial Action Coding System, FACS) and from the computer animation aspect (MPEG-4 Standard). The chapter also discusses two popular existing facial feature detection techniques: Gabor feature based boosted classifiers and Active Appearance Models, and demonstrate the performance on our in-house dataset. Finally, the chapter concludes with the future challenges and future research direction of facial image processing.

This dissertation reports the development of a technique for automated face recognition, using color images. One of the more powerful techniques for recognition of faces in monochromatic images has been extended to color by the use of hypercomplex numbers called quaternions. Two software implementations have been written of the new method and the analogous method for use on monochromatic images. Test results show that the new method is superior in accuracy to the analogous monochrome method. Although color images are generally collected, the great majority of published research efforts and of commercially available systems use only the intensity features. This surprising fact provided motivation to the three thesis statements proposed in this dissertation. The first is that the use of color information can increase face recognition accuracy. Face images contain many features, some of which are only easily distinguishable using color while others would seem more robust to illumination variation when color is considered. The second thesis statement is that the currently popular technique of graph-based face analysis and matching of features extracted from application of a family of Gabor filters can be extended to use with color. A particular method of defining a filter appropriate for color images is used; the usual complex Gabor filter is adapted to the domain of quaternions.. Four alternative approaches to the extension of complex Gabor filters to quaternions are defined and discussed; the most promising is selected and used as the basis for subsequent implementation and experimentation. The third thesis statement is that statistical analysis can identify portions of the face image that are highly relevant — i.e., locations that are especially well suited for use in face recognition systems. Conventionally, the Gabor-based graph method extracts features at locations that are equally spaced, or perhaps selected manually on a non-uniform graph. We have defined a relevance image, in which the intensity values are computed from the intensity variance across a number of images from different individuals and the mutual information between the pixel distributions of sets of images from different individuals and the same individual. A complete software implementation of the new face recognition method has been developed. Feature vectors called jets are extracted by application of the novel quaternion Gabor filter, and matched against models of other faces. In order to test the validity of the thesis statements, a parallel software implementation of the conventional monochromatic Gabor graph method has been developed and side-by-side testing has been conducted. Testing results show accuracy increases of 3% to 17% in the new color-based method over the conventional monochromatic method. These testing results demonstrate that color information can indeed provide a significant increase in accuracy, that the extension of Gabor filters to color through the use of quaternions does give a viable feature set, and that the face landmarks chosen via statistical methods do have high relevance for face discrimination. / Ph. D.

This thesis explores the causes of the face inversion effect, which is a substantial decrement in performance in recognising facial stimuli when they are presented upside down (Yin,1969). I will provide results from both behavioural and electrophysiological (EEG) experiments to aid in the analysis of this effect. Over the course of six chapters I summarise my work during the four years of my PhD, and propose an explanation of the face inversion effect that is based on the general mechanisms for learning that we also share with other animals. In Chapter 1 I describe and discuss some of the main theories of face inversion. Chapter 2 used behavioural and EEG techniques to test one of the most popular explanations of the face inversion effect proposed by Diamond and Carey (1986). They proposed that it is the disruption of the expertise needed to exploit configural information that leads to the inversion effect. The experiments reported in Chapter 2 were published as in the Proceedings of the 34th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society. In Chapter 3 I explore other potential causes of the inversion effect confirming that not only configural information is involved, but also single feature orientation information plays an important part in the inversion effect. All the experiments included in Chapter 3 are part of a paper accepted for publication in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Chapter 4 of this thesis went on to attempt to answer the question of whether configural information is really necessary to obtain an inversion effect. All the experiments presented in Chapter 4 are part of a manuscript in preparation for submission to the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Chapter 5 includes some of the most innovative experiments from my PhD work. In particular it offers some behavioural and electrophysiological evidence that shows that it is possible to apply an associative approach to face inversion. Chapter 5 is a key component of this thesis because on the one hand it explains the face inversion effect using general mechanisms of perceptual learning (MKM model). On the other hand it also shows that there seems to be something extra needed to explain face recognition entirely. All the experiments included in Chapter 5 were reported in a paper submitted to the Journal of Experimental Psychology; Animal Behaviour Processes. Finally in Chapter 6 I summarise the implications that this work will have for explanations of the face inversion effect and some of the general processes involved in face perception.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 E46 / Master of Science

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how asylum seekers may experience different interview methods in the asylum investigation in Sweden. An inductive qualitative data collection technique was used in this study, where semi-structured interviews were conducted with six asylum seekers in four different cities in Sweden. This study was influenced by the grounded theory approach in the way of creating codes, concepts and themes from the empirical data analyzed in thematic and constant comparison method. The results show three different themes, namely ‘‘the expressions of the feelings, possibilities to expressions and possibilities and difficulties.’’ as they present the asylum seekers views of different interview methods. The role theory was chosen in relation to the asylum seekers different behavior toward the interview methods. The results indicated the possibilities for different roles as: ‘‘psychological unbalanced role, technology skilled role, technology challenged role and the apprehensive role’’

La présente étude vérifie l’existence de relations significatives entre la consommation maternelle pré et postnatale de psychotropes (nicotine, alcool et drogues) et deux dimensions importantes du tempérament de l’enfant âgé entre 0 et 3 ans (Gartstein et Rothbart, 2003), soit la détresse face aux limitations (DL; prédisposition à l’irritabilité, à la frustration et à la colère) et la détresse face à la nouveauté (DN; crainte, peur, inhibition). De plus, elle examine les contributions relatives de la consommation maternelle de psychotropes pré et postnatale au tempérament de l’enfant ainsi que l’effet modérateur potentiel du sexe de l’enfant dans ces relations. L’échantillon comprenait 90 dyades mère-enfant issues d’un projet plus vaste s’intéressant au développement d’enfants nés de jeunes mères considérées à risque sur le plan psychosocial. La consommation maternelle a été évaluée à l’aide de questionnaires à trois reprises, soit à environ cinq mois de grossesse et à environ trois et huit mois suite à l’accouchement. Pour le tempérament, lors des visites à trois et huit mois de vie, la mère a également complété un questionnaire élaboré par Gartstein et Rothbart (2003) qui permet d’évaluer 14 dimensions du tempérament dont celles de détresse face aux limitations et de détresse face à la nouveauté. Diverses analyses statistiques (descriptives, corrélations, tests de comparaison de moyennes et régressions multiples) ont été effectuées afin d’atteindre les objectifs à l’étude. Les résultats ne montrent aucune relation significative entre la consommation pré et postnatale d’alcool et de nicotine et les deux dimensions du tempérament de l’enfant. Cependant, l’exposition in utero à la marijuana durant les premiers mois de grossesse et après l’accouchement est associée positivement à la dimension de crainte (DN) chez l’enfant de trois mois (mais pas à la dimension de colère, DL). De plus, les résultats suggèrent parfois un poids plus important de la présence de consommation prénatale dans l’explication de la DN comparativement à la présence de consommation postnatale et parfois, le contraire. La fréquence de consommation de drogues suggèrent toutefois que la fréquence de consommation prénatale a plus d'importance dans l'explication de la DN chez l'enfant que la fréquence de consommation postnatale. En ce qui concerne la modération par le sexe de l’enfant, les résultats montrent qu’il n’existe pas d’effet modérateur du sexe de l’enfant dans la relation étudiée. Pris dans leur ensemble, les résultats font ressortir la complexité existant dans la relation entre la consommation maternelle et le tempérament du nourrisson. Tant au niveau de la recherche que de la pratique, la présente étude suggère également l’importance d’utiliser des mesures et des interventions différenciées selon le psychotrope utilisé par les mères et le moment de la consommation (pré et/ou postnatal).