Previous research has provided insights into factors influencing attitudes toward advertising in general, and those factors influencing attitudes toward advertising in a particular medium. However, attitudes towards Facebook advertising, especially those of Generation Y, have received relatively little research attention, especially in the South African context. The Generation Y cohort (individuals born between 1986 and 2005) are heavy users of Facebook, and access the site on a daily basis. In South Africa, approximately 20 million of the country’s population of 52 982 000 fall into the Generation Y cohort; this makes them a salient market segment. Those engaged in tertiary education are of particular interest to marketers as a tertiary qualification is often an indication of higher future earning potential, and higher social status within a community. The purpose of this study was to propose and test a model of the possible determinants and inhibitors of Generation Y students‟ attitudes towards advertising, in the Facebook environment, within the South African context. The proposed model suggests that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity and trust in site are predictors of attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment, while invasiveness of advertisements and time cost are inhibitors of attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. The study hypothesised that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity, trust in site, invasiveness of advertisements and time cost impact on Generation Y students‟ perceived value of advertisements on Facebook that in turn directly influence attitudes towards advertising on Facebook. The study followed a descriptive research design using a single cross-sectional sample and a self-administered survey questionnaire. A non-probability convenience sample of 450 students enrolled at three public higher education institutions (HEIs) of South Africa located in the Gauteng Province was drawn for the study. Lecturers at the three HEIs were contacted and asked if they would allow the questionnaire to be distributed to their students during class. Of the questionnaires completed, there were 306 usable self-administered questionnaires. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, Pearson’s Product-Moment correlation analysis and structural equation modelling. Before testing and confirming the hypothesised construct paths, a measurement model was developed based on the exploratory factor analysis and correlation analysis. The results of the correlation analysis showed that invasiveness of advertisements and time cost did not have a significant relationship with the two endogenous constructs of value and attitude towards advertisements on Facebook. As such, the measurement model excluded these two constructs. The measurement model identified seven latent variables identifying attitudes towards advertisements in the Facebook environment as a seven-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and the results confirmed the existence of convergent and discriminant validity. The measuring scale of this study also demonstrated composite reliability. The initial structural model (Structural Model A) hypothesised that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity and site trust directly influence perceived value, which, in turn, influences overall attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. Despite the fit indices indicating the overall fit of the hypothesised structural model as acceptable, the path between self-brand congruity and value, as well as the path between site trust and value, were negative and not significant. As such, a revised model based on the original measurement framework was tested. The revised structural model (Structural Model B) was tested to determine whether self-brand congruency and site trust have a direct positive influence on Generation Y students‟ overall attitude to advertising in the Facebook environment, rather than an indirect influence via their influence on perceived value. In Structural Model B, information value, entertainment value and credibility have a significant positive influence on Generation Y students‟ perceived value of advertisements on Facebook, and perceived value has a significant positive influence on attitudes towards advertisements on Facebook. Similar to the findings of previous studies, Structural Model B revealed that self-brand congruity and site trust have a significant positive and direct influence on Generation Y student‟ overall attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. Furthermore, the revised model (Structural Model B) appears to fit the data better than that of Structural Model B. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the area of attitude towards advertising by empirically testing a model of factors influencing Generation Y‟s attitudes towards advertising in the Facebook environment, and ascertaining which factors act as antecedents to successful advertising on Facebook. It suggested that attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment is a seven-factor structure composed of overall attitude, information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity, trust in site and perceived value. The study also offers recommendations and guidance for marketers who seek to incorporate Facebook in their marketing communication mix. / PhD (Marketing Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

Previous research has provided insights into factors influencing attitudes toward advertising in general, and those factors influencing attitudes toward advertising in a particular medium. However, attitudes towards Facebook advertising, especially those of Generation Y, have received relatively little research attention, especially in the South African context. The Generation Y cohort (individuals born between 1986 and 2005) are heavy users of Facebook, and access the site on a daily basis. In South Africa, approximately 20 million of the country’s population of 52 982 000 fall into the Generation Y cohort; this makes them a salient market segment. Those engaged in tertiary education are of particular interest to marketers as a tertiary qualification is often an indication of higher future earning potential, and higher social status within a community. The purpose of this study was to propose and test a model of the possible determinants and inhibitors of Generation Y students‟ attitudes towards advertising, in the Facebook environment, within the South African context. The proposed model suggests that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity and trust in site are predictors of attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment, while invasiveness of advertisements and time cost are inhibitors of attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. The study hypothesised that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity, trust in site, invasiveness of advertisements and time cost impact on Generation Y students‟ perceived value of advertisements on Facebook that in turn directly influence attitudes towards advertising on Facebook. The study followed a descriptive research design using a single cross-sectional sample and a self-administered survey questionnaire. A non-probability convenience sample of 450 students enrolled at three public higher education institutions (HEIs) of South Africa located in the Gauteng Province was drawn for the study. Lecturers at the three HEIs were contacted and asked if they would allow the questionnaire to be distributed to their students during class. Of the questionnaires completed, there were 306 usable self-administered questionnaires. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, Pearson’s Product-Moment correlation analysis and structural equation modelling. Before testing and confirming the hypothesised construct paths, a measurement model was developed based on the exploratory factor analysis and correlation analysis. The results of the correlation analysis showed that invasiveness of advertisements and time cost did not have a significant relationship with the two endogenous constructs of value and attitude towards advertisements on Facebook. As such, the measurement model excluded these two constructs. The measurement model identified seven latent variables identifying attitudes towards advertisements in the Facebook environment as a seven-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and the results confirmed the existence of convergent and discriminant validity. The measuring scale of this study also demonstrated composite reliability. The initial structural model (Structural Model A) hypothesised that information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity and site trust directly influence perceived value, which, in turn, influences overall attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. Despite the fit indices indicating the overall fit of the hypothesised structural model as acceptable, the path between self-brand congruity and value, as well as the path between site trust and value, were negative and not significant. As such, a revised model based on the original measurement framework was tested. The revised structural model (Structural Model B) was tested to determine whether self-brand congruency and site trust have a direct positive influence on Generation Y students‟ overall attitude to advertising in the Facebook environment, rather than an indirect influence via their influence on perceived value. In Structural Model B, information value, entertainment value and credibility have a significant positive influence on Generation Y students‟ perceived value of advertisements on Facebook, and perceived value has a significant positive influence on attitudes towards advertisements on Facebook. Similar to the findings of previous studies, Structural Model B revealed that self-brand congruity and site trust have a significant positive and direct influence on Generation Y student‟ overall attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment. Furthermore, the revised model (Structural Model B) appears to fit the data better than that of Structural Model B. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the area of attitude towards advertising by empirically testing a model of factors influencing Generation Y‟s attitudes towards advertising in the Facebook environment, and ascertaining which factors act as antecedents to successful advertising on Facebook. It suggested that attitude towards advertising in the Facebook environment is a seven-factor structure composed of overall attitude, information value, entertainment value, credibility, self-brand congruity, trust in site and perceived value. The study also offers recommendations and guidance for marketers who seek to incorporate Facebook in their marketing communication mix. / PhD (Marketing Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

This thesis deals with the analysis of internet social networks and their relationship with users. It also discusses their business model and marketing purposes. The aim is to create an overview of the process of genesis and evolution of social networks in the Czech Republic and the world, the reasons for their formation and to analyze their current business model. The aim is also to describe the opportunities of social networks in business, especially how to use them to advertising, products promotion and customer relationship management. This thesis describes the different types of ads and their properties, then analyzes the major social networks operating in the Czech environment and shows their characteristics in marketing and the opportunities they offer for companies looking for new customers or employees. There's also analyzed the relationship between social networks and users, influence of social network od thein users and their impact on consumption. Then there is described the user view, processing of personal data, risks and threats of social networks. A between users in the most significant Czech social network follows and the resulting recommendations. In this thesis, you can find advices and recommendations on how to use the opportunities of social networks in promoting products and communication of companies with customers.

Sammanfattning Titel: ” Man kan inte springa ifrån ödet och inte annonserna ”- En kvalitativ fokusgruppsstudie i hur konsumenter uppfattar värdet av annonser på sociala medier Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Bente Juel Handledare: Jonas Kågström Datum: 2019-september Syfte: Syftet med studien är att få en ökad förståelse för hur konsumenter uppfattar värdet av annonser på sociala medier utifrån ett antal nyckelfaktorer. Metod: I studien har kvalitativ arbetsmetod använts. Data har samlats in genom fokusgruppsintervjuer, analyserats genom transkribering, kodning och viktningsfaktorer och redovisats i löpande text med koppling till redan genomförd forskning. Respondenterna använder Facebook, är 50 år eller äldre och har olika kulturella bakgrunder. Resultat & slutsats: Det finns kulturella skillnader i konsumenters uppfattning av annonsvärde på sociala medier. Informationsvärde, underhållningsvärde, trovärdighetsvärde, interaktivitetsvärde, förköpsmotivation och social påverkan påverkar annonsvärdet positivt. Irritationsvärde påverkar negativt. Företag bör göra informativa, underhållande och trovärdiga annonser. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien ger värdefulla insikter för marknadsförare och forskare i hur faktorerna undersökta i studien påverkar konsumenters uppfattningar av annonsvärde på sociala medier. Förståelsen för hur konsumenter uppfattar värdet av annonser på sociala medier och Facebook ökar. Studien ger företag insikter i hur de ska utforma sina annonser på sociala medier för att konsumenter ska uppfatta dem som värdefulla.   Förslag till vidare forskning: Vidare forskning bör, utgående från faktorerna i studien, undersöka hur olika åldrar och kön men samma kulturella bakgrund, påverkar hur konsumenter uppfattar annonsvärdet på sociala medier. Även studier av om det finns kulturella skillnader i påverkan av faktorerna i denna studie mellan respondenter av samma kön och ålder med olika kulturella bakgrunder är intressant i vidare forskning.   Nyckelord: ”consumer attitudes”, ”consumer value”, ”ads on Facebook”, ”social network advertising” och ”Facebook advertising”

Although digital marketing and social media advertising for the past decades has become an integral factor for commercial companies in order to succeed, the group of older consumers seems to have been overlooked. The purpose of this study was to explore and increase the understanding about how Facebook advertising better can be utilized for older consumers [55+] in order to provide professionals with insights about how to better capture this opportunity. With the aim of identifying and examining the factors having an effect on older consumers’ attitudes towards Facebook advertising a conceptual framework with the foundation of Ducoff’s advertising value model was created. The factors anticipated to have an effect on older consumers attitudes towards Facebook advertising were informativeness, entertainment, irritation, credibility, emotional appeal, and perceived ad relevance. A quantitative method was used where empirical data was collected by a questionnaire and tested with a regression analysis. The analysis revealed informativeness, entertainment, perceived ad relevance and irritation as having a significant effect on older consumers’ attitudes toward Facebook advertising, whereas entertainment and perceived ad relevance was determined as having the most impact. These results indicated that when targeting older consumers’, the focus should be on entertaining content perceived informative and relevant by the receiver which expands both the theoretical and managerial knowledge about advertising for older consumers.

The focus of this diploma thesis is the development and change in printed media. It is aimed at fashion periodicals from their beginning to present time. Czech mutations of ELLE and Harper's Bazaar were chosen as specific examples. The thesis is divided into several independent sections. In the first one, terms and theoretical solutions are defined and later further examined. The theory of parasocial interaction is used to view the chosen media as if they were individuals able to establish relationships with their readers through social media. Media are also assessed as a constituent of an industry field, in which rivalries take place and therefore it is necessary to adjust to the changing technological environment. Next part of the thesis is an attempt to describe the development of fashion magazines with an extra focus on visual transformation as well as on the change of communication strategies towards readers. Situation abroad and in the Czech Republic is detailed. In the practical section, there is an attempt at answering the research question, what are the communication options and how are they used in the traditional printed fashion magazines in the online setting. This part is based on quality and quantity methods such as questionnaires, elite interview, descriptive analysis of web pages...

Social media is the fastest growing communication medium in history. Integrating it into a company’s marketing plan is becoming a necessity, regardless of the size of the company, for marketers to engage populations and promote their brands. This report is a comprehensive look into the implications of using these newer forms of communication for small businesses and organizations. In addition, there is an emphasis on using Facebook as a marketing tool because of its popularity and the capabilities it provides. First, the author will define the parameters of social media and take a brief look at the various platforms that exist. The report will then cover a more extensive overview of digital channels of communication as compared to traditional outlets as well as types of online marketing and advertising. Next the author will write about what all these new channels of communication can do and how small businesses and organizations can properly execute their own social media plans successfully as a way to interact with current and prospective customers. We will look at several examples of how the digital space has been used by other businesses and organizations including The University of Texas’ Advertising Department. The report will conclude with a look at criticisms, growing trends and the future of social media. / text

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