A series of studies was conducted to examine the feasiblity of a bottom-up approach to the study of judgment of affective feeling states from facial behavior. Previous work on the judgment of emotion from facial expressions has taken a more top-down approach; observers judged the emotional meaning of a wholistic facial expression. Individual facial movements have sometimes then been identified within that complex expression, but the meaning of those individual movements has not been studied. A bottom-up approach begins by exploring the meaning of individual facial movements instead of complex facial expressions. In this approach the relationship between the emotional meaning of individual facial movements and complex facial expressions can be explored. It is argued that such an approach has the potential to explain judgment of not only a limited set of basic emotional expressions, but the full range of emotionally tinged feelings that individuals both experience in themselves and judge in others. Individual action units, as scored by Ekman and Friesen's (1978) Facial Action Coding System (FACS), and selected combinations of action units were presented to observers in three pairs of studies. Filmstrip sequences were used in the first pair of studies, and still photographs in the other two pairs. In the first study of each pair, observers judged the degree of pleasure and arousal expressed by the face. In the second study of each pair, observers rated how well each of a set of emotion terms described the feeling expressed by the face. Observers were found to reliably attribute meaning to individual action units on both scales. Additionally, pleasure and arousal judgments predicted emotion term ratings. The meaning attributed to combinations of action units was found to be related to the meanings of the individual action units occurring alone. Resultant ratings were shown to be meaningful within a dimensional model of emotion space.

No description available.

Objective: To determine the magnitude of the skeletal and dental movements in subjects with different facial patterns following Class II correction using the XbowTM appliance. Materials and Methods: A retrospective sample of 134 subjects exhibiting Class II malocclusions was used. Subjects were categorized into three growth types according to pre-treatment cephalometric variables (MPA and Y-axis), which yielded 27 brachycephalic, 70 mesocephalic, and 37 dolichocephalic subjects. A ANOVA test statistic was used to investigate the differences between the three facial groups at pre and post-treatment time points. Results: Dental changes induced by the XbowTM appliance included: proclination of the lower incisors (L1-MP 7.3-12.3o±1.0o), protrusion of the lower incisors (L1-APo 2.1-3.8mm±0.3mm), mesial movement of the mandibular first molar (5.5-6.9mm±0.7mm) and retrusion of the maxillary incisor (2.4-3.1mm±0.4mm). Retroclination of the maxillary incisor (U1-PP 0.2-0.8o±0.7o) and distal movement of the maxillary molar (0.4-0.7mm±0.3mm) were not significantly influenced by XbowTM treatment. Reduction of the skeletal Class II relationship was represented by a significant decrease of the Wits value (2.4-4.5mm±0.5mm) in all three groups. The p value was considered significant at <0.05. Conclusions: Class II correction with the XbowTM appliance is the result of mesial movement of the mandibular molar, proclination/protrusion of the lower incisor and retrusion of the upper incisor. Skeletal correction must be validated by more than one cephalometric variable. Facial growth pattern appears to be unrelated to the amount of dental movement and there is a trend for pronounced dental movements of the lower incisor in brachycephalic patients.

This present research is concerned with the design, development and implementation of three-dimensional computer-generated facial images capable of expression gesture and speech. A review of previous work in chapter one shows that to date the model of computer-generated faces has been one in which construction and animation were not separated and which therefore possessed only a limited expressive range. It is argued in chapter two that the physical description of the face cannot be seen as originating from a single generic mould. Chapter three therefore describes data acquisition techniques employed in the computer generation of free-form surfaces which are applicable to three-dimensional faces. Expressions are the result of the distortion of the surface of the skin by the complex interactions of bone, muscle and skin. Chapter four demonstrates with static images and short animation sequences in video that a muscle model process algorithm can simulate the primary characteristics of the facial muscles. Three-dimensional speech synchronization was the most complex problem to achieve effectively. Chapter five describes two successful approaches: the direct mapping of mouth shapes in two dimensions to the model in three dimensions, and geometric distortions of the mouth created by the contraction of specified muscle combinations. Chapter six describes the implementation of software for this research and argues the case for a parametric approach. Chapter seven is concerned with the control of facial articulations and discusses a more biological approach to these. Finally chapter eight draws conclusions from the present research and suggests further extensions.

No description available.

The communication of facial affect is a poorly understood process. In a subthreshold priming task, subjects were asked to rate photographs of faces displayed in a tachistoscope. Faces exhibiting strong positive and negative expressions were shown at 10% below the subject's recognition level and masked. Following this, a photograph of the same individual exhibiting no expression, or neutrality, was exposed at a rate that was well above the subject's recognition level. The subject was asked to rate the second photograph, or target, as being either positive or negative. It was hypothesized that the evaluations of target photographs would be biased by the prior subthreshold presentation of a strong positive or negative prime. The results did not support the hypothesis. Subjects rated the neutral faces as being negative regardless of the prime. It is possible that the experimental procedure produced a negative bias that counteracted the potential biasing effect of the primes.

Objective: To determine the magnitude of the skeletal and dental movements in subjects with different facial patterns following Class II correction using the XbowTM appliance. Materials and Methods: A retrospective sample of 134 subjects exhibiting Class II malocclusions was used. Subjects were categorized into three growth types according to pre-treatment cephalometric variables (MPA and Y-axis), which yielded 27 brachycephalic, 70 mesocephalic, and 37 dolichocephalic subjects. A ANOVA test statistic was used to investigate the differences between the three facial groups at pre and post-treatment time points. Results: Dental changes induced by the XbowTM appliance included: proclination of the lower incisors (L1-MP 7.3-12.3o±1.0o), protrusion of the lower incisors (L1-APo 2.1-3.8mm±0.3mm), mesial movement of the mandibular first molar (5.5-6.9mm±0.7mm) and retrusion of the maxillary incisor (2.4-3.1mm±0.4mm). Retroclination of the maxillary incisor (U1-PP 0.2-0.8o±0.7o) and distal movement of the maxillary molar (0.4-0.7mm±0.3mm) were not significantly influenced by XbowTM treatment. Reduction of the skeletal Class II relationship was represented by a significant decrease of the Wits value (2.4-4.5mm±0.5mm) in all three groups. The p value was considered significant at <0.05. Conclusions: Class II correction with the XbowTM appliance is the result of mesial movement of the mandibular molar, proclination/protrusion of the lower incisor and retrusion of the upper incisor. Skeletal correction must be validated by more than one cephalometric variable. Facial growth pattern appears to be unrelated to the amount of dental movement and there is a trend for pronounced dental movements of the lower incisor in brachycephalic patients.

No description available.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1975. / Bibliography: leaves [98]-101. / vi, 101 leaves ill

Thesis (M.A.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Psychology Department, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.