The frequency and seriousness of facial injuries during the First World War account for the presence of disfigured men in significant numbers in European interwar society. Physical reconstruction, psychological and social consequences had long-term consequences for experts and lay people alike. Despite the number of wounded men and the impact of disfigurement, the facially injured soldiers of the First World War have rarely been the focus of academic research. This thesis aims to bridge this gap through a careful investigation of the lives and representations of gueules cassées, as they came to be known in France. It examines the experience and perceptions of facial disfigurement from the moment of the injury and throughout the years following, thereby setting the parameters for a study of the real and the mediated presence of disfigured veterans in interwar society. The chronological frame of this study begins in 1914 and ends in 1939, since the perception and representations of facial disfigurement were of particular significance during the First World War and its aftermath. Using a comparative approach to explore the experience and representations of disfigurement, this study investigates the presence of facially injured combatants and veterans in 1920s and 1930s society. With an interdisciplinary perspective, literary and artistic depictions as well as historical documents are examined in order to complement contemporary descriptions with the voices of the men themselves. This study sheds new light on the history of wounded soldiers of the First World War through in-depth analysis of original documents from France, Germany and Great Britain. This thesis provides the first detailed comparative study of British, French and German disfigured men. It emphasises the at times paradoxical situation of veterans who sought to lead ordinary lives but also became symbols of the war. All five chapters highlight the visibility of facially injured men and explore different responses to their presence whilst also interrogating their role and image in wartime and interwar societies. As such it aims to make a contribution to the cultural history of the First World War and its aftermath.

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Les cages moléculaires covalentes ou de coordination sont des molécules particulièrement intéressantes lorsqu’elles présentent une cavité active en reconnaissance moléculaire ou en réactivité chimique. Le projet consiste en la synthèse et l’étude d’un nouveau type de cage moléculaire, constituée de deux porphyrines reliées par des liaisons covalentes mais flexibles et de huit ligands 3-pyridyles (L) permettant de contrôler la taille de la cavité par un stimulus externe. L’étape-clé de la synthèse de cette cage est la formation d’un dimère de porphyrine par effet template, de sorte à favoriser la fermeture de la cage. Des cations métalliques coordinés par les groupements L ou un ligand ditopique comme le DABCO coordiné entre les métallo-porphyrines ont été utilisés pour pré-assembler le dimère. Ce dernier ayant été obtenu, les chaînes polyéther ont été reliées deux par deux par métathèse des oléfines. Une structure cristallographique de la cage covalente complexant le DABCO a pu être obtenue. La cage synthétisée a, par la suite, été démétallée et le DABCO retiré, la conformation adoptée par cette dernière molécule varie par rapport à son précurseur. / Covalent or coordination molecular cages are particularly interesting molecules when they incorporate an active cavity in molecular recognition or in chemical reactivity. The project consists in the synthesis and the study of a new type of molecular cage, built from two porphyrins linked together by covalent but flexible bonds and eight 3-pyridyl ligands (L) allowing a control of the size of the cavity by an external signal. The key-step in the cage synthesis is the formation of a template dimer in order to favour the covalent cage closing. Several metallic cations coordinated by the L moieties or a ditopic ligand such as DABCO coordinated between two metalloporphyrins have been used for the preorganization of a dimer. Once the latter compound formed, the polyether chains have been linked two-by-two by alkene metathesis. A crystallographic structure of the covalent cage complexing the DABCO has been obtained. Furthermore, the synthesized cage was demetallated and the DABCO removed, the conformation adopted by this molecule doesn’t change a lot from its precursor.