Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-01T13:54:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AplicacaoPinturaCromossomica.pdf: 7084687 bytes, checksum: 45760e0919b92bb5a78aa175d66fb9e7 (MD5) / Rejected by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br), reason: Tese de Neurociências para alterar on 2014-10-01T14:12:09Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-01T14:13:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AplicacaoPinturaCromossomica.pdf: 7084687 bytes, checksum: 45760e0919b92bb5a78aa175d66fb9e7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-07T14:15:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AplicacaoPinturaCromossomica.pdf: 7084687 bytes, checksum: 45760e0919b92bb5a78aa175d66fb9e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-07T14:15:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AplicacaoPinturaCromossomica.pdf: 7084687 bytes, checksum: 45760e0919b92bb5a78aa175d66fb9e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As análises citogenéticas de diversos Falconiformes mostraram que os acipitrídeos têm uma organização cromossômica atípica na classe Aves, com um número diplóide relativamente baixo (média de 2n= 66) e poucos pares de microcromossomos (4 a 6 pares). Propostas baseadas em citogenética clássica sugeriram que esse fato devia-se à fusão de microcromossomos presentes no cariótipo ancestral das Aves. No intuito de contribuir para o esclarecimento das questões referentes à evolução cromossômica e filogenética dessa família, três espécies da subfamília Buteoninae (Rupornis magnirostris, Buteogallus meridionales e Asturina nitida) e duas espécies da subfamília Harpiinae (Harpia harpyja e Morphnus guianensis) foram analisados citogeneticamente através da aplicação de técnicas de citogenética clássica e molecular. As espécies de Buteoninae apresentaram cariótipos muito semelhantes, com número diplóide igual a 68; o número de cromossomos de dois braços entre 17 e 21, o cromossomo Z submetacêntrico e o W metacêntrico em R. magnirostris e submetacêntrico em Asturina nitida. O uso de sondas de 18/28S rDNA mostrou a localização de regiões organizadoras de nucléolo em um par submetacêntrico médio nas três espécies, correspondendo ao braço curto do par 7. Sequências teloméricas foram mapeadas não só na região terminal dos braços, mas também em algumas posições intersticiais. Sondas de cromossomo inteiro derivadas dos pares 1 a 10 de Gallus gallus (GGA) produziram o mesmo número de sinais nessas três espécies. A disponibilidade das sondas de cromossomos totais derivadas de Leucopternis albicollis confirmou a existência de uma assinatura citogenética comum para as espécies de Buteoninae analisadas por FISH, que se trata da associação entre GGA1p e GGA6, inclusive com um sítio de sequência telomérica intersticial reforçando esse fato. As espécies de Harpiinae analisadas mostraram que o número diplóide das espécies de H. harpyja e M. guianensis foi igual a 58 e 54, respectivamente, e que ambas as espécies apresentam vinte e dois pares de cromossomos de dois braços, mesmo Harpia apresentando dois pares a mais. 18/28S rDNA produziram sinais no braço curto do par 1 em M. guianensis e em dois pares em H. harpyja (pares 6 e 25). Sequências teloméricas intersticiais também foram observadas em alguns pares. Apesar da similaridade na morfologia cromossômica, não foram observadas associações compartilhadas por essas duas espécies. As diferentes associações observadas em Morphnus e Harpia mostram que essas espécies sofreram uma reorganização genômica expressiva após sua separação em linhagens independentes. Além disso, ausência de associações semelhantes sugere que houve fissões nos macrocromossomos do ancestral em comum desse grupo, e as fusões foram subsequentes ao seu isolamento como linhagens diferentes. Os resultados aqui apresentados, somados àqueles publicados anteriormente com outras espécies de Accipitridae indicam que os processos de fissões envolvendo os macrocromossomos de GGA e fusões entre esses segmentos e entre esses e microcromossomos são rearranjos recorrentes nesse grupo. Apesar dos Falconidae também apresentarem cariótipos atípicos, e números diploides baixos, os dados globais da citogenética de Accipitridae indicam que, assim como postulado para as semelhanças morfológicas entre esses dois grupos, os cariótipos rearranjados corresponderiam a homoplasias, do ponto de vista evolutivo, apoiando que essas duas famílias não formam um grupo monofilético. / Cytogenetic analyses of Falconiformes have showed that Accipitridae have atypical chromosomal organization among birds, with relatively low diploid numbers (mean of 2n=66) and a few pairs of microchromosomes (4 to 6 pairs). Proposals based on classical cytogenetics suggested that this fact was a result of fusions of microchromosomes found in the Avian putative ancestor karyotype. With the aim of contributing to clarify questions concerning chromosomal evolution and phylogenetics of this family, we analyzed three species of subfamily Buteoninae (Rupornis magnirostris, Buteogallus meridionales e Asturina nítida) and two of subfamily Harpiinae (Harpia harpyja e Morphnus guianensis) by means of classical and molecular cytogenetics. Buteoninae species showed karyotypes with diploid number 68 and FN varying from 100 to 102; the number of biarmed chromosomes varied between 17 and 21, Z chromosome was submetacentric and W chromosome was metacentric in R. magnirostris and submetacentric in Asturina nitida. 18/28 rDNA probes showed that nucleolar organizer regions are located in a medium-sized submetacentric pair, corresponding to the short arm of pair 7. Telomeric sequences were found not only on terminal region of the chromosomes, but also on some interstitial regions. Whole-chromosome paints derived from pairs 1 to 11 of Gallus gallus (GGA) produced the same number of signals in these species. The availability of whole-chromosome probes derived of Leucopternis albicollis confirmed the presence of a common cytogenetic signature for Buteoninae species, corresponding to the association between GGA1p and GGA6. An interstitital telomeric sequence found in this pair reinforces this fact. Concerning the species of Harpiinae, the conventional staining analyses showed that H. harpyja and M. guianensis have 2n=58 and 2n=56, respectively. Both species have 22 pairs of biarmed chromosomes, although H. harpyja has two more chromosomes than M. guianensis. 18/28S rDNA mapped on the short arm of pair 1 in M. guianensis and in two pairs in H, harpyja (6 and 25). Telomeric sequences were found on the terminal regions, but also on interstitial locations in some chromosomes. Despite the apparent karyotypic similarity, no common associations were found in these two species. The different associations observed in Morphnus and Harpia indicate that these species suffered an extensive genomic reorganization after their separation in two independent lineages. Moreover, the absence of shared associations suggests that the fissions of macrochromosomes have occurred in the common ancestor of this group, and that fusions were subsequent to their isolation as different lineages. Our results, together with previous reports in other species of Accipitridae, indicate that the processes of fissions involving the macrochromosomes of GGA and fusions between these segments and between them and microchromosomes are recurrent rearrangements in this group. Although Falconidae species also show atypical karyotypes, with low diploid numbers, global cytogenetic data of Accipitridae indicate that, similarly to the morphological traits between these two families, the rearranged karyotypes would correspond to homoplasies, from the evolutionary point of view, supporting the idea that these families do not form a monophyletic group.

The diurnal behavior and nocturnal roosting patterns of 28 bald eagles outfitted with tail-mounted radios were investigated in Rush Valley, Utah between January and March 1982-1984. Casting analysis and feeding observations indicated the principal food source was jackrabbit carrion. Jackrabbit availability declined from 1982 to 1984 and eagles responded by; 1) roosting closer to feeding sites, 2) shifting from canyon to valley roosts, 3) arriving later at and departing earlier from roosts, 4) decreasing diurnal activity, and 5) decreasing residence time. Foraging efficiency appeared to be maximized by experienced eagles using familiar feeding areas and by naive birds monitoring their activity. There appeared to be a slight (8.6%) energetic advantage to roosting at valley sites because of their proximity to feeding areas. This saving was presumably dissipated under adverse weather conditions when eagles selected the sheltered microclimate of canyon slopes. Twelve eagles were tracked during spring migration and all followed northward routes.

Wildlife trade is a significant factor affecting situation of some species in the wild. Especially its illegal part, which is also very profitable similarly as arms trade and drugs trade, may be fatal for some species. Today, birds of prey are one of the most often traded groups of birds in the world and falconry is the main driving force of this trade. Although development of methods of captive breeding of birds of prey was an important turning point for their protection, it was not able to fully suppress taking them from the wild. Until recently, the European market was a large consumer of imported birds but European Union policy makes imports, especially for wild birds, more and more difficult. Thus it supports another aspect which is historically rooted in this area, namely breeding. A keeping and captive breeding of birds of prey is increasing in Europe and it takes part in global market. The goal of this thesis was to analyse content and volume of the trade with live specimens of birds of prey within EU for period 2000-2017. In addition to the EU as a whole, data for the Czech Republic were also processed. The EU has proven to be an important exporter with an upward trend, whereas imports have been restricted, especially since 2006, and still decrease. In general, the most traded birds are hybrid falcons and also a Gyrfalcon which is determined by Middle East demand. Although there are almost only captive birds in European export, there still are wild birds in some imports, especially vultures from Guinea. The Czech Republic copies European trends more or less. It seems that there is more birds of Accipitriformes order in the intra-European trade than in the trade with third countries. It emerged that European legislations can have a significant impact on the trade, even in global terms. An unpleasant finding was that used sources (especially the CITES database) have to be taken with discretion because they contain many mistakes and inconsistencies which may dramatically affect the results.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-06-01T18:45:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diversidade_sazonalidade.pdf: 1974162 bytes, checksum: 1339725def3f25ce1b288ad92aaad7a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-01T18:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diversidade_sazonalidade.pdf: 1974162 bytes, checksum: 1339725def3f25ce1b288ad92aaad7a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Nenhuma / Os rapinantes, assim como os demais predadores, possuem grande importância na regulação das populações de presas e por isso influenciam na manutenção dos ecossistemas onde estão incluídos. Assim, a presença destes indivíduos produz efeitos ao longo das cadeias tróficas influenciando até mesmo a comunidade vegetal envolvida. Em função disso, conhecer as comunidades de rapinantes, e também avaliar como estes táxons interagem com as alterações dos ambientes onde vivem permitem explicar a capacidade de adaptação destas espécies. Em especial, a análise das escolhas de diferentes locais por estas aves, elucidam quais características dos ambientes são determinantes para a permanência destes indivíduos no habitat referido. Neste sentido, este trabalho avaliou a comunidade de aves de rapinas diurnas em um ambiente fragmentado no sul do Planalto das Araucárias, analisando características da estrutura da comunidade e sazonalidade, bem como uso e tendência de seleção de habitats em relação a um ambiente heterogêneo e com a presença de ação antrópica. Na área de estudo foram classificados quatro ambientes distintos (campo nativo, agrícola, mata nativa e talhão de Pinus sp.) e foram avaliados 3 fragmentos de cada um destes habitats. Para o levantamento dos rapinantes diurnos realizou-se três pontos amostrais, em cada um dos 12 fragmentos. Como metodologia complementar, realizaram-se 8 transectos de carro, ao longo da área de estudo, abrangendo áreas dos quatro habitats descritos. Registraram-se 16 espécies de rapinantes, que apresentaram diferença significativa em sua abundância ao longo das estações, o que pode ser em função das diferenças climáticas que alteram os recursos disponíveis no ambiente. As aves de rapinas diurnas utilizaram diferentes ambientes para a realização de seus comportamentos e por isso não foi encontrada similaridade na composição das espécies em relação aos pontos amostrais. Em relação ao uso de ambientes, as espécies utilizaram as áreas abertas em maior quantidade, apresentando grande utilização dos ambientes agrícolas, o que confirma a adaptação destes indivíduos à estas áreas. As espécies generalistas utilizaram, em geral, os ambientes na proporção disponível no local, inclusive apresentando em alguns casos, tendência de seleção positiva aos ambientes alterados, enfatizando sua adaptação às alterações ambientais. Por outro lado, algumas espécies especialistas apresentaram uso de áreas mais conservadas, podendo por isso serem utilizadas como espécies indicadoras de qualidade ambiental. / The raptors, like other predators, have great importance in the regulation of prey populations and therefore influence the maintenance of ecosystems which are included. So, the presence of these individuals produces effects along the trophic chains influencing even the plant community involved. Because of that, knowing the communities of raptors, and also to evaluate how these taxa interact with changes to the environments in which they live, can explain the adaptability of these species. In particular, analysis of the choice of different places for these birds, elucidate which features of the environment are essential to the permanence of these individuals that the habitat. Thus, this study evaluated the community of diurnal birds of prey in a fragmented environment in the south of the Araucaria Plateau, analyzing characteristics of community structure and seasonality, as well as use and habitat selection tendency in relation to a heterogeneous environment with the presence of human action. In the study area were classified four distinct environments (native grassland, agricultural, native forest and planting of Pinus sp.) And were evaluated 3 fragments of each of these habitats. To survey the diurnal raptors three sampling points was performed on each of the 12 fragments. As a complementary methodology, there were 8 car transects along the study area, covering the four areas described habitats. We recorded 16 species of raptors, which showed significant differences in abundance throughout the seasons, which may be due to climatic differences that alter the resources available in the environment. The diurnal birds of prey used different environments to perform their behaviors and therefore no similarity was found in species composition in relation to the sampling points. Regarding the use of environments, the species used the open areas in greater quantities, with great use of agricultural environments, which confirms the adaptation of these individuals to these areas. The generalist species used, in general, environments in the proportion available in the area even featuring, in some cases, significant and positive selection to altered environments, emphasizing adaptation to environmental changes. On the other hand, some specialists species showed use of the most conserved areas and can therefore be used as indicator species of environmental quality.