The Baton Rouge Fault (BRF), a growth fault, traverses Baton Rouge Parish, the study area. This fault is a part of the Baton Rouge Fault System (BRFS), located in South Louisiana. There are ten aquifers in the Baton Rouge area, which are the main source of freshwater. Beds dip and thicken toward the south. Aquifers in the Baton Rouge area are disrupted by the BRF. Aquifers contain fresh water in the updip (north of the BRF) and saline water in the downdip (south of the BRF) directions. Saline water has intruded into some of the aquifers north of the BRF as a result of overpumping. It was assumed until 2000 that the BRF is acting as a leaky barrier for the movement of saline water north of the fault. Later, in 2002 two abstracts assert that this fault is acting as a conduit. The main purpose of this work was to analyze this controversy by reviewing previous literature, modeling, and chemical analysis. This work has been done using the USGS model "MOCDENSE", a density-driven 2-D fluid flow. Five different scenarios have been developed. Chemical analysis has been done using available USGS data sources and data collected by Professor Stoessell. Modeling indicates that the fault can act as either a leaky barrier or a conduit for saline water to migrate north of the fault. Chemical analysis also shows a dual role is likely.

Electrical transmission and distribution networks are prone to short circuit faults since they span over long distances to deliver the electrical power from generating units to where the energy is required. These faults are usually caused by vegetation growing underneath bare overhead conductors, large birds short circuiting the phases, mechanical failure of pin-type insulators or even insulation failure of cables due to wear and tear, resulting in creepage current. Short circuit faults are highly undesirable for distribution network companies since they cause interruption of supply, thus affecting the reliability of their network, leading to a loss of revenue for the companies. Therefore, accurate offline fault location is required to quickly tackle the repair of permanent faults on the system so as to improve system reliability. Moreover, it also provides a tool to identify weak spots on the system following transient fault events such that these future potential sources of system failure can be checked during preventive maintenance. With these aims in mind, a novel fault location technique has been developed to accurately determine the location of short circuit faults in a distribution network consisting of feeders and spurs, using only the phase currents measured at the outgoing end of the feeder in the substation. These phase currents are analysed using the Discrete Wavelet Transform to identify distinct features for each type of fault. To achieve better accuracy and success, the scheme firstly uses these distinct features to train an Artificial Neural Network based algorithm to identify the type of fault on the system. Another Artificial Neural Network based algorithm dedicated to this type of fault then identifies the location of the fault on the feeder or spur. Finally, a series of Artificial Neural Network based algorithms estimate the distance to the point of fault along the feeder or spur. The impact of wind farm connections consisting of doubly-fed induction generators and permanent magnet synchronous generators on the accuracy of the developed algorithms has also been investigated using detailed models of these wind turbine generator types in Simulink. The results obtained showed that the developed scheme allows the accurate location of the short circuit faults in an active distribution network. Further sensitivity tests such as the change in fault inception angle, fault impedance, line length, wind farm capacity, network configuration and white noise confirm the robustness of the novel fault location technique in active distribution networks.

Wong, Tsz-Yeung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-79). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Related Work --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Progressive Fault-Tolerant Mechanism --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of This Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Contribution of The Thesis --- p.8 / Chapter 2 --- Server Failure Detection and Recovery --- p.9 / Chapter 3 --- Agent Failure Detection and Recovery --- p.12 / Chapter 3.1 --- System Architecture --- p.12 / Chapter 3.2 --- Protocol Design --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3 --- Failure and Recovery Scenarios --- p.16 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- When fails to receive msgiarrive --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Whenwi-1 fails to receive msgieave --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Failures of the witness agents and recovery scenarios --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Catastrophic failures --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- Simplification --- p.24 / Chapter 4 --- Fault-Tolerant Mechanism Analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1 --- Definitions and Notations --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Assumptions --- p.29 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Algorithm --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Informal algorithm descriptions --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Formal algorithm descriptions --- p.32 / Chapter 4.4 --- Liveness Proof --- p.39 / Chapter 4.5 --- Simplification Analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 5 --- Link Failure Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1 --- Problems of Link Failure --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2 --- Solution --- p.62 / Chapter 6 --- Reliability Evaluation --- p.67 / Chapter 6.1 --- Server Failure Detection Analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 6.2 --- Agent Failure Detection Analysis --- p.71 / Bibliography --- p.77 / A Glossary --- p.80

This document presents the Centralized Energy Management System (CEMS), a dynamic fault-tolerant reclustering protocol for wireless sensor networks. CEMS reconfigures a homogeneous network both periodically and in response to critical events (e.g. cluster head death). A global TDMA schedule prevents costly retransmissions due to collision, and a genetic algorithm running on the base station computes cluster assignments in concert with a head selection algorithm. CEMS' performance is compared to the LEACH-C protocol in both normal and failure-prone conditions, with an emphasis on each protocol's ability to recover from unexpected loss of cluster heads.

Les aspérités géométriques d'un plan de faille contrôlent en partie toutes les étapes de la rupture sismique, depuis sa nucléation jusqu'à l'arrêt du séisme. L'objectif de ce travail est de caractériser la morphologie des surfaces de faille sur la large gamme d'échelles spatiales impliquées dans les tremblements de terre, puis d'explorer son influence sur l'organisation spatiale du glissement et des contraintes. L'approche utilisée inclue des observations de terrain couplées à une étude numérique et théorique. La combinaison de méthodes récentes de mesures topographiques (LiDAR, rugosimètre laser, interféromètre à lumière blanche), qui couvrent des gammes d'échelles spatiales complémentaires, permet de proposer un modèle géométrique cohérent de cinq zones de failles étudiées (Alpes françaises, Apennins, Turquie, Californie, Nevada). La rugosité des surfaces de failles montre des propriétés de dépendance d'échelle, et plus précisément suit un régime auto-affine anisotrope (l'exposant de rugosité est Hpara = 0.6 dans la direction du glissement et Hperp = 0.8 dans la direction perpendiculaire) depuis la centaine de micromètres jusqu'à plusieurs dizaines de mètres. En complément, l'analyse de la rugosité des ruptures de surface de huit tremblements de terre continentaux majeurs montre qu'un unique régime auto-affine anisotropique et sans longueur caractéristique est maintenu jusqu'à l'épaisseur de la croute sismogénique. Cette description de la géométrie des surfaces de failles et des traces de ruptures, est indépendante du contexte géologique. Plus particulièrement, cette étude met en avant que dès lors qu'un glissement cumulé métrique est atteint sur une faille, la complexité géométrique des portions actives des zones de failles est maintenue quel que soit le déplacement supplémentaire accommodé. Finalement, motivé par des observations de terrain, il est proposé que le processus dominant à l'origine de la rugosité des surfaces de failles puisse être l'interaction mécanique et la coalescence de segments multi-échelles. Deux conséquences émergent de cet état de rugosité. Les distributions spatiales du champ de glissement d'une part et du champ des contraintes lors d'un tremblement de terre d'autre part peuvent être expliquées par la présence de deux interfaces rugueuses auto-affines pressées élastiquement et cisaillées. Notamment, en utilisant un modèle numérique de propagation d'une rupture sur une interface hétérogène, la corrélation entre la rugosité 3-D des failles et la distribution spatiale 2-D du glissement dans le plan est clarifiée. Il est proposé que les hétérogénéités spatiales du glissement visibles sur les modèles cinématiques de rupture sismique soient préférentiellement dominées par les complexités géométriques locales plutôt que par la dynamique du front de rupture lui-même. Par ailleurs, les propriétés auto-affines des lèvres de la faille impliquent que les fluctuations spatiales de la chute de contrainte lors d'un séisme augmentent vers les courtes longueurs d'ondes ; ce qui est confirmé par des observations sismologiques. En considérant un modèle de rupture en cascade, il est alors probable que les failles sont fortement inhomogènes, avec des grands tremblements de terre composés d'une somme de petites aspérités multi-échelles qui subissent de fortes chutes de contrainte. Cette étude met en lumière l'importance des hétérogénéités locales en contrainte et en glissement dans la mécanique des tremblements de terre, et propose de les relier à des propriétés morphologiques self-affines de la surface de faille. / Geometrical asperities on fault planes partially control all stages of earthquake genesis, from the nucleation of a rupture, to its arrest. The present study aims at characterizing the geometrical morphology of fault surfaces on the wide range of spatial length scales involved in earthquakes, and exploring its influence on the spatial organization of slip and stresses during an earthquake. The approach combines field observations, numerical analysis and theory. Using recent methods of high resolution topographic measurements (LiDAR, laser profilometer, white light interferometer), spanning complementary ranges of spatial length scales, a consistent geometrical model emerges for the five fault zones (French Alps, Apennines, Turkey, California, Nevada) studied here. The morphology of the fault surface, i.e. its roughness, is scale dependent, and more specifically follows a self-affine anisotropic regime (the roughness exponent is Hpara = 0.6 in the slip direction and Hperp = 0.8 perpendicular to it) from the scale of hundred of micrometers to several tens of meters. In addition, the roughness analysis of the surface rupture of height major continental earthquakes shows that a single self-affine regime is maintained up to the thickness of the seismogenic crust, without any characteristic length scale. This description of the geometry of the fault scarps and rupture traces is independent of the geological context. More particularly, this study highlights that once a fault has achieved a cumulated a small offset no larger than one meter, the roughness of the active portion of the fault zone is maintained even if further slip is accommodated. Finally, motivated by field observations, it is proposed that the main process causing the roughness of fault surfaces can be the mechanical interaction and coalescence of multi-scale segments. Based on a numerical and theoretical approach, the spatial distribution of both the slip and stress fields during an earthquake can be understood by the presence of two self-affine rough interfaces elastically squeezed and sheared. Using a numerical model of rupture propagation on a heterogeneous interface, the link between the 3-D fault roughness and the 2-D spatial distribution of the slip is clarified. It is proposed that the spatial heterogeneity of the slip observed on kinematic models of earthquake rupture is preferentially dominated by the local geometrical complexity rather than the dynamic of rupture itself. Moreover, the self-affine properties of the fault interfaces imply that the spatial fluctuations of the stress drop after a rupture event increase towards shorter wavelengths. Considering a rupture cascade model, it is likely that the faults may be considered as highly inhomogeneous with large earthquakes composed by a sum of multi-scales ruptures of small asperities with large stress drop within an average fault surface with small stress drop. This study emphasizes the importance of local stress and slip heterogeneities on the mechanics of earthquakes and proposes to relate these parameters to the self-affine morphology of the fault surfaces.

Le fluage asismique des failles dans la croûte supérieure est un mécanisme de déformation crucial le long des limites des plaques tectoniques. Il contribue au bilan énergétique du cycle sismique, retardant ou déclenchant le développement des grands tremblements de terre. Un enjeu majeur est de comprendre quels sont les paramètres qui contrôlent la partition entre déformations sismiques et asismiques dans les failles actives tels que la lithologie ou les transformations sous contrainte à toutes échelles et comment cette partition évolue dans le temps. Des observations géologiques réalisées dans ce travail le long de la Faille Nord Anatolienne en Turquie, combinées à des analyses de laboratoire et des traitements d’images, permettent de donner un éclairage nouveau sur ces mécanismes de fluage. En plus, les relations entre déformation finie et transfert de matière ont été utilisées en parallèle avec des données géodésiques pour comprendre l’évolution de ces mécanismes de fluage depuis le début du déplacement de cette faille.Une corrélation claire est observée entre fluage superficiel et composition des gouges de la faille : les segments sismiques sont composés de calcaires massifs sans gouge de faille argileuse alors que les segments asismiques qui fluent comprennent des gouges argileuses résultant de la transformation progressive de roches volcaniques. Dans ces zones de fluage une schistosité espacée se développe durant le premier stade de la déformation conduisant à un litage tectonique de type foliation, au début oblique puis subparallèle à la faille, qui accommode une part de la déformation asismique par dissolution cristallisation sous contrainte. En conséquence, les minéraux solubles comme le quartz et les feldspaths sont dissous conduisant à la concentration passive des phyllosilicates dans les gouges de failles qui sont ensuite altérés par des circulations de fluides produisant des minéraux argileux à faible friction. Dans le même temps les zones endommagées autour de la gouge sont fracturées et les fractures scellées par des carbonates. Ces transformations minérales et structurales amollissent les gouges de failles et durcissent les zones endommagées conduisant à une évolution de la déformation sismique – asismique de diffuse à localisée.Des modèles qui intègrent déformation finie et transfert de matière révèlent deux échelles d’espace de la déformation qui correspondent à une alternance de deux types de bandes de cisaillement avec une schistosité soit oblique soit subparallèle à la faille. Diverses valeurs de la déformation finie ont été estimées pour calculer la proportion de déplacement asismique par rapport au déplacement total sismique et asismique de la faille (80 km). Cette proportion qui dépend de la lithologie de la zone de faille varie de 0.002% dans les zones sismiques calcaires et évolue dans le temps dans les zones asismiques des roches volcaniques de 59% pour les stades précoces à 18% pour les stages récents. / Aseismic fault creep in the upper crust is a key deformation process along tectonic plate boundaries. It contributes to the energy budget during the seismic cycle, delaying or triggering the occurrence of large earthquakes. One of the greatest challenges is to understand which parameters control the partition between seismic and aseismic deformation in active faults, such as lithology or stress-driven transformations at all scales and how this partition evolves with time. Geological observations along the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey combined with laboratory analyses and imaging techniques performed in the present study shed new light on these mechanisms of fault creep. Moreover, the relationship between finite strain and mass change was compared with geodesy data in order to understand the evolution of these creep mechanisms since the beginning of this fault displacement.A clear correlation is shown between shallow creep and near-surface fault gouge composition: seismic segments of the fault are mostly composed of massive limestone without clay gouges, whereas aseismic creeping segments comprising clay gouges result from a progressive change of volcanic rocks. Within these creeping zones, anastomosing cleavage develops during the first stage of deformation, leading to tectonic layering that forms a foliation, oblique at first and then sub-parallel to the fault. This foliation accommodates part of the aseismic creep by pressure solution. Consequently, the soluble minerals such as quartz and feldspars are dissolved, leading to the passive concentration of phyllosilicates in the gouges where alteration transformations by fluid flow produce low friction clay minerals. At the same time damage zones are fractured and fractures are sealed by carbonates. As a result, these mineralogical and structural transformations weaken the gouge and strengthen the damage zone leading to the change from diffuse to localized seismic-aseismic zones.Models integrating finite strain and mass change reveal two spatial scales of strain that correspond to the alternation of two types of shear bands, with cleavages oriented either oblique or sub-parallel to the fault zone. Various total strain values were estimated in order to calculate the aseismic part of the total 80 km displacement along the locked and creeping sections. The aseismic strain fraction of the total tectonic strain in the fault depends on the fault lithology and varies from 0.002% in seismic zones made of limestone and evolves with time in the creeping zones made of volcanic rocks from 59% in the early stages of fault development to 18% in the recent times.

Continued reduction in the size of a transistor has affected the reliability of pro- cessors built using them. This is primarily due to factors such as inaccuracies while manufacturing, as well as non-ideal operating conditions, causing transistors to slow down consistently, eventually leading to permanent breakdown and erroneous operation of the processor. Permanent transistor breakdown, or faults, can occur at any point in time in the processor's lifetime. Errors are the discrepancies in the output of faulty circuits. This dissertation shows that the components containing faults can continue operating if the errors caused by them are within certain bounds. Further, the lifetime of a processor can be increased by adding supportive structures that start working once the processor develops these hard errors. This dissertation has three major contributions, namely REPAIR, FaultSim and PreFix. REPAIR is a fault tolerant system with minimal changes to the processor design. It uses an external Instruction Re-execution Unit (IRU) to perform operations, which the faulty processor might have erroneously executed. Instructions that are found to use faulty hardware are then re-executed on the IRU. REPAIR shows that the performance overhead of such targeted re-execution is low for a limited number of faults. FaultSim is a fast fault-simulator capable of simulating large circuits at the transistor level. It is developed in this dissertation to understand the effect of faults on different circuits. It performs digital logic based simulations, trading off analogue accuracy with speed, while still being able to support most fault models. A 32-bit addition takes under 15 micro-seconds, while simulating more than 1500 transistors. It can also be integrated into an architectural simulator, which added a performance overhead of 10 to 26 percent to a simulation. The results obtained show that single faults cause an error in an adder in less than 10 percent of the inputs. PreFix brings together the fault models created using FaultSim and the design directions found using REPAIR. PreFix performs re-execution of instructions on a remote core, which pick up instructions to execute using a global instruction buffer. Error prediction and detection are used to reduce the number of re-executed instructions. PreFix has an area overhead of 3.5 percent in the setup used, and the performance overhead is within 5 percent of a fault-free case. This dissertation shows that faults in processors can be tolerated without explicitly switching off any component, and minimal redundancy is sufficient to achieve the same.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

This report aims to raise awareness of the hazards of surface fault rupture and to identify parameters that influence structural performance during earthquake fault rupture. In researching structures subject to surface rupture, both damaged and sound, guidelines and procedures to evaluate buildings in potential hazard areas are developed herein. Little to no guidance on how to design for surface fault offset exists in current codes and design guides. Thus it is important create tools for designers to appropriately analyze structures by developing guidance and requirements to aid designers in their strength assessment of a structure subject to this particular hazard. Case studies of structures damaged by fault rupture, detailed in Section 4.0, provide important clues as to how structures respond when subject to surface offset. These case studies highlight structures that have been tested under the imposed deformations of the ground, providing insight into how building layout and construction techniques can protect the structure, even under extreme offsets. A sample evaluation for Bowles Hall (UC Berkeley) is provided herein in addition to preliminary code equations that may be used to verify and determine a structure’s resistance to surface rupture.

Our current understanding of thrust fault kinematics predicts that thrust faults nucleate on low angle, weak surfaces before they propagate upward and forms a higher angle ramp. While this classic kinematic and geometric model serves well in some settings, it does not fully consider the observations of footwall deformation beneath some thrust faults. We examine an alternative end-member model of thrust fault formation called “ramp-first” fault formation. This model hypothesizes that in mechanically layered rocks, thrust ramps nucleate in the structurally strong units, and that faults can propagate both upward and downward into weaker units forming folds at both fault tips. To explore this model, we integrate traditional structural geology field methods, two dimensional cross section reconstructions, and finite element modeling. Field data and retro-deformable cross sections suggest that thrust faults at the Ketobe Knob, in Utah nucleated in strong layers and propagated upward and downward creating folds in weak layers. These findings support the hypothesis that thrust faults and associated folds at the Ketobe Knob developed in accordance with the ramp-first kinematic model.We can apply this understanding of the mechanics behind thrust fault nucleation and propagation in mechanically layered stratigraphy to a wide range of geological disciplines like structural geology and tectonics, seismology, and petroleum geology. By incorporating our knowledge of lithology into fault models, geologists are more likely to correctly interpret structures with limited data sets.