Low levels of physiological arousal in response to stress (e.g., low skin conductance level reactivity; SCLR) have long been conceptualized as a marker of fearlessness and a risk factor for physical aggression (e.g., hitting). Less is known, however, about how individual differences in children’s SCLR and early caregiving experiences interact to produce aggressive behavior. Preliminary evidence suggests that children with low SCLR may be at an increased risk of aggression in the context of highly negative or low positive parenting. Additionally, although most early parenting socialization research has focused on physical aggression, mounting evidence implicates parenting style in the development of relational aggression (i.e., inflicting harm by damaging one’s relationships). In a community sample of 236 pre-adolescent children, we examined children’s SCLR, assessed during a standard laboratory interview, as a moderator of the link between parents’ self-reported positive (i.e., authoritative) and negative (i.e., permissive, authoritarian, psychologically controlling) parenting styles and children’s relational aggression, reported by teachers. Results indicated that increased levels of negative parenting predicted increased relational aggression; however, only permissive parenting marginally interacted with SCLR (p = .076), such that higher levels of permissive parenting predicted increased relational aggression for children with low, but not high, SCLR. No significant main effects or interactions were found with positive parenting. Overall, the results from the present study suggest that decreasing rates of negative parenting may be key to decreasing children’s relational aggression, and that behavioral monitoring and limit-setting with follow-through may be especially important facets of parenting for children with low physiological reactivity.

<p> Fearlessness is often discussed in relation to clinical and personality research (e.g., Davies & Craske, 2018; Lilienfeld & Widows, 2005). However, there is a paucity of research focusing on its empirical structure, in particular with from self-report measures. The present study examined the hierarchical structure of self-reported fearlessness and compared this structure to external criterion measures. Using a pre-registered analytical approach, we found evidence for the multidimensionality of fearlessness, and that a six-factor model fit the data best. Criterion variables measuring boldness, fear, anxiety, psychopathy, personality, and impulsivity, were correlated with the factor scores at each factor level of the model. The six-factor solution emerged as comprehensive and labeled Boldness, Anxiety, Surgency, Recklessness, Adventurousness, and Daring. The findings from this study elucidate how trait fearlessness unfolds at varying levels and how these factors relate to and diverge from various outcomes.</p> <p><br></p>

<p dir="ltr">Fearlessness is a construct often discussed in clinical and personality psychology. However, at the self-report trait level, there is little work focusing on its empirical structure and how that applies to measurement. The present study examined the IPIP-Fearlessness scale using experience sampling methodology to examine how scores on the measure predict behaviors in daily life. Using a pre-registered analytical approach, participants completed a baseline survey and brief daily surveys six times daily for one full week. The final sample consisted of 241 participants. Criterion variables measuring boldness, general personality, sensation seeking, and sensitivity to reward and punishment were also correlated with the IPIP-Fearlessness measure’s subscales, and a confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the measure’s structure.</p><p dir="ltr">Results showed that two of the IPIP-Fearless subscales (Low Anxiety and Sociability) did predict daily behaviors, whereas there were not significant predictions found for the other behaviors. Affect (negative, positive, anxious, bored) was also found to be significant predictor for several of the behavioral outcome variables, as well as interpersonal status. Additional exploratory analyses were also conducted. The findings from this study continue to elucidate how we can use empirically derived self-report trait fearlessness, and its relationship to additional constructs and behaviors.</p>

Abstract This paper aims to analyze Kuan-yin Tzu-lin Chi (Compassionate Grove of Kuan-yin) compiled by Hung-tsan in Ching Dynasty. One part of Kuan-yin Tzu-lin Chi includes eleven pieces of classics related to Kuan-yin, and the other part contains kan-ying (stimulus and response) tales, composed of two subsections. The latter part of Kuan-yin Tzu-lin Chi involves 154 kan-ying tales about Kuan-yin (including nine tales from India), which were collected from Ch`in Ch¡¬in to Ching Dynasty and recorded on 26 pieces of Chinese literature. In these tales, people chanted the name of Kuan-yin or recited The Heart Sutra, Kuan-yin Ching (Chapter of Universal Gateway), or The Great Compassionate Dharani to meet their practical needs in life. This paper includes six chapters, and the method adopted is literature analysis. First of all, the derivation of the worship in Kuan-yin and the popularity of such belief among the Asian world are discussed. Subsequently, accounts are given that from possessing the conferral by the Buddha of the prediction of the attainment of Buddhahood in the future, Kuan-yin has been kind and compassionate to the end of all time. In addition, Kuan-yin has vowed to benefit the sentient beings, be profoundly compassionate, and build the relationship in the secular world. In order to save all sentient beings and manifest physically, Kuan-yin can give practical benefits to them, including invoking the name, satisfying two kinds of seeking, deleting three basic evil afflictions, solving eight difficulties, and creating fourteen fearlessness. To prove Kuan-yin¡¦s benevolent power, the kan-ying tales from Kuan-yin Tzu-lin Chi, Kuan-yin Chi-yen Chi, and other literature are cited. Apart from that, with the progress of the Buddha¡¦s teaching, and the extension of kan-ying tales about Kuan-yin, research on Kuna-yin¡¦s impact on literature and Buddhism is conducted to verify the Universal Gateway belief in ¡¥Great kindness is to build absolute trust for all the sentient beings, and great compassion is to save them.¡¦

Some children develop externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at an early age. Previous research has often treated these children as a homogeneous group, the purpose of this study is to show that this group of children is in fact heterogeneous. Data from theSOFIAstudy was used and preschool pedagogues were informants. The sample contained 2121 boys and girls between 3-5 years. Groups of children with the behavior problems and the risk factors AD/HD symptoms, fearlessness and callous-unemotional traits were created. What different constellations of the behavior problems and the risk factors are there, and what constellations of risk factors occur in the constellations of behavior problems? Preschool children with externalizing and internalizing problems is a very heterogeneous group since children with the same constellation of behavior problems have different constellations of risk factors, this also shows heterogeneity regarding the risk factors. / Vissa barn utvecklar tidigt externaliserade och internaliserade beteendeproblem. Tidigare forskning har ofta behandlat dessa barn som en homogen grupp, denna studies syfte är att påvisa att dessa barn istället är en heterogen grupp. Data ifrån SOFIA studien användes där förskolepedagoger var informanter. Urvalet var 2121 pojkar och flickor mellan 3-5 år. Grupper av barn med beteendeproblemen och riskfaktorerna AD/HD symptom, oräddhet och brist i empati - flackt känsloliv skapades. Vilka olika konstellationer av beteendeproblemen och riskfaktorerna finns, och vilka konstellationer av riskfaktorerna förekommer i konstellationerna av beteendeproblemen? Förskolebarn med externaliserade och internaliserade problem är en mycket heterogen grupp då barn med samma konstellationer av beteendeproblemen har olika konstellationer av riskfaktorer närvarande, detta påvisar också heterogenitet vad gäller riskfaktorerna.

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